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Kobon Phonology PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se��e� B - No. 68 KOBON PHONOLOGY by H.J. Davies Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Davies, H.J. Kobon phonology. B-68, vi + 85 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-B68.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the L�ngu�4��c C��cle 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCAS IONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: C.D. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua D. Bradley, University of Melbourne New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. MUhlhausler, Linacre College, Linguistics Oxford W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Linguistics victoria, B.C. G. Grace, University of Hawaii A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polome, University of Texas Linguistics G. Sankoff, Universite de Montreal L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) H.J. Davies. First published 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 211 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abbreviations and Symbols v 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Location 1 1.2. External Relationships of Kobon 1 1.3. Kobon Ecology and Social Organisation 5 1.4. Field Work 5 Map 1 - Geographical Location of the Kobon 2 Map 2 - Papua New Guinea 3 Map 3 - The Kaironk Valley 4 2. The Model 5 3. Segmental Analysis 18 3.1. The Phones 19 3.2. Resegmentation 20 3.2.1. Non-suspect Consonant-vowel and Syllable Patterns 20 3.2.2. The Status of Items which may be either Consonant or Vowel 21 3.2.3. The Status of Items which may be either Sequences or Units 22 3.2.3.1. Vocoid Clusters 22 3.2.3.2. Labia1ised Contoids 23 3.2.3.3. Homorganic Affricates 23 3.2.3.4. Obstruents Preceded by Homorganic Nasals 23 3.2.3.5. Aspirated Obstruents 28 3.3. The Phonemes 29 3.3.1. Outline of Phonemes 29 3.3.2. Description of Phonemes 41 111 iv Page 3.3.2.1. Description of Consonant Phonemes 41 3.3.2.2. Description of Vocalic Phonemes 47 3.4. The Syllable 50 3.4.1. The Structure of the Syllable 50 3.4.2. Syllable Distribution in the Word 51 3.5. Distribution of Phonemes 53 3.5.1. Single Consonants 53 3.5.2. Clusters of Consonants 55 3.5.3. Single Vowels 56 3.5.4. Clusters of Vowels 56 3.6. A Few Comments on the Higher Levels 57 3.6.1. The Phonological Word 57 3.6.1.1. Juncture within the Phonological Word 57 3.6.1.2. Stress within the Phonological Word 58 3.6.2. The Phonological Phrase 59 3.6.2.1. The Structure of the Phonological Phrase 59 3.6.2.2. Juncture within the Phonological Phrase 59 3.6.3. The Phonological Sentence 59 4. The Importance Of Native Speaker Reaction In the Design of a Writing System 59 4.1. Psycholinguistic Tests 60 4.2. Sociolinguistic Tests 62 Appendix A - Sample Text 72 Appendix B - New Guinea Pidgin Words as Pronounced by a Kobon, Aig 74 Bibliog�aphy 76 ABBREVIATIONS ANV SYMBO LS adv . adverb C consonant Fig. figure imp . imperat ive SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics sp . species V vowel vd. voiced vl. voiceless Phonetic and phonemic transcriptions are in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the following exceptions : retroflexed flapped lateral v voiced labiodent al semivowel [tc], Icl voiceless alveopalat al affricate [dz], /jl voiced alveopalat al affricate h pharyngeal fricative .,. flapped vibrant Y palatal semivowel M voiceless bilabial semivowel 5 voiceless alveolar grooved fricat ive lowered and retracted high close front unrounded vocoid U lowered and advanced high close back rounded vocoid " mi d open central spread vocoid voicelessness of consonant s palatisation of preceding cons onant v Davies, H.J. Kobon phonology. B-68, vi + 85 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-B68.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. LOCATION The Kobon language is spoken in the Bismarch-Schrader Ranges on the border of the Madang and We stern Highland Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Most of the 4,000 Kobon live in the Kaironk Valley, which nestles be­ tween the Bismarck and Schrader Ranges. The Kobon name for the Kaironk River is Wa lu ['walt ]. Eastwards from Ainonk and Womok , the Kaironk Valley is inhabited by Kalam and westwards to it s point of union with the Jimi River by Kobon . Population is mo st dense in the Upper Kaironk and become s progressively less dense as one goes westwards and then south­ wards toward the Jimi . Kobons also inhabit the Sal , Knej , Gulo , Wulamur (Kobon [u ' lam tl]), and Singapi (Kobon [haQ 'ga�i]) Valleys. The area to the we st of Singapi is inhabited by Wiap speakers . See Maps 1-3. 1.2. EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF KOBON Wurm (1971:548, 551) includes Kobon in the Kalam (Karam) language l family of the East New Guinea High�ands Stock. Kobon's closest lin­ guistic relat ive is Kalam. Kobon and Kalam are mutually unintelligible . They share only about fifty percent of basic vocabulary , though they are very similar structurally. There has been considerable contact between the Kobon and their Kalam neighbours to the east , and somewhat less with their Wiap neigh­ bours to the we st , notably a periodic assembling for ceremonial and festive purposes (Kobon [�arAm] ). It is often at these periodic assemblies that spouses are chosen . Kobon intermarry with both the �urm (1961, 1962) had earlier classified Kalam as related to but not a member of the East New Guinea Highland Stock. Pawley (1966:167) makes a typological comparison of Kalam and the East New Guinea Highland Stock languages. He shows how the suffixes of proto-Eastern East Central exhibit detailed similarity to the major allomorphs of the subject-marking suffixes in Kalam and Kobon. On this and other typological grounds he argues that Kalam should be included in the Stock. 1 Davies, H.J. Kobon phonology. B-68, vi + 85 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-B68.1 ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Sc \ hrader \ WiAp----�nge MARING .� ....... - Jg ...... , KAlAM� Bismarck Ra�e ./ ��-�------ ----�� -- -- MARING Jimi R. ENGA - i\l·lUA e -- n.l D- ­ . v..\f'Ja g__- seP�- -- --- ................. --- ,....- "'- MElPA Waghi R. o 10 20 30 I I I MAP I: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE KOBON (BASED ON JACKSON 1975) I I EAST SEPIK ,,,/' ' 1,- ...,,-- _ -:': -- " - - ,, --- '� MADANG -- I " 0 I!.. " ENGA ' 0 " : � " ESTERH', � " HIG�LANDS;-·, � '-J ' .. '_'1_, _____ ........ ': M6nd�-"'" , -. , SOUTHERN .......... C IMB l ·Goroka"'� ',JH _U ,'EASTERN, HIGHLANDS IGHLAN - (,_-_ ... '-.� pS ---:-------- - .".... _... ""1.. � " MOROBE --::: , GULF -' : , -- -.... �, -", �-'�::,�--- CENTRAL ,> I • \eopondetta WOODLARK I. I ,_ GOODENOUGH I. '",-NORTHERN � " <J�ERGUSON I. ---- ProvlflCt bouI'Kbry '-\ ... �BU I. y 100 110 km L-�L-�I__________ �I MAP 2: PAPUA NEW GUINEA (THE SHADED AREA IS THAT COVERED BY MAP 1) MAP 3: THE KAIRONK VALLEY (BASED ON JACKSON 1975) 5 Kalam and Wiap and many Kobon living around Ainonk and Womok and in the Upper Sal valley have native fluency in both Kobon and Kalam. The basic relat ionship has , however, been one of mi strust and fear . 1.3. K080N ECOLOGY ANV SOCIAL ORGANISATION In common with their Kalam-speaking neighbours, the Kobon are of short stature . The basis of their economy is gardening, though hunting and gathering are also important . Their staple subsistence crops are sweet potato and taro . Other foods grown are yams , pueraria, bananas , edible pitpit s, beans, gourds , tapioca, cultivated greens , cucumbers , pumpkins , and corn. Pigs and dogs are domesticated. The Kobon live in scattered homesteads , each home stead being occupied by a family or, more usually , an extended family of a man , his wife or wive s and children , his brothers and their wive s and children , and maybe his parents. 1.4. FIELV WORK The dialect of Kobon considered in this study is that spoken at h Salemp (Kobon [lla lemp J) and Sangovak (Kobon [lhaQgo�aJ). This study is based upon some 4,000 ut terances, some spoken in context , some elicited. About twenty months were spent in the field gathering the data. Kobon language assistants have been Jepi, Ugai , Lipgi , and Urumungu , all in their late teens.
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