Filmmaking Survey: Film Crew Questionnaire Survey Report

Home , Filmmaking, Film crew, Script supervisor, Unit still photographer, Visual effects

Filmmaking Survey: Film Crew Questionnaire

Survey Report

November 22, 2019 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd.

Contents

1 ABOUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY ...... 1 2 ABOUT THE RESPONDENTS ...... 3 3 PARTICIPATION IN FILMMAKING ...... 18 4 HOW THE RESPONDENTS GOT INTO FILMMAKING ...... 25 5 HOW THE RESPONDENTS GAINED THEIR FILMMAKING SKILLS ...... 26 6 REASONS FOR CONTINUING IN FILMMAKING ...... 27 7 THE FILMMAKING POSITIONS TO WHICH THE RESPONDENTS ASPIRE ...... 28 8 LEVEL OF INTEREST IN WORKING ON AN OVERSEAS FILM PRODUCTION OR WITH AN OVERSEAS FILM COMPANY ...... 29 9 CONCERNS ABOUT FILMMAKING ...... 30 10 JOB AND LIFE SATISFACTION ...... 31 11 HOW LONG RESPONDENTS INTEND TO CONTINUE IN FILMMAKING ...... 32 12 FREELANCERS’ EXPERIENCE WITH CLIENTS (FREELANCERS ONLY) ...... 33

1 Results of Film Crew Questionnaire

1 About the Questionnaire Survey

1.1 Purpose

This survey was conducted among crew members involved in filmmaking. The purpose of the survey was to derive insights that can help the motion picture industry become a more attractive industry, in which people can find their dream job.

Filmmaking positions represented in the sample: Producer, Director, Production team member, Direction team member, Camera team member, Lighting team member, Sound team member, Art team member, Set decoration team member, Costume team member, Hair and make-up team member, Script supervisor, Editing team member, Grip team member, Driver, Unit still photographer, Multi-audio team member, Studio staff, Visual effects team member Filmmaking positions not represented in sample: Cast member, Agent, Screenwriter

1.2 Method

The survey was conducted online by Cross Marketing Inc. Crew members at filmmaking sites received a written briefing contained a URL and QR code for a website where they could submit their responses. Hard copies of survey forms were provided to major filmmaking sites. The following organizations assisted in distributing the leaflets and forms: ・ Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan ・ Motion Picture and Television Engineering Society of Japan ・ Japan Post Production Association ・ All Nippon Producers Association ・ Japan Film Makers Association ・ Directors Guild of Japan ・ Japanese Society of Cinematographers ・ Japan Society of Lighting Directors ・ Japan Cinema and Television Sound Creator Association ・ Association of Production Designers in Japan

・ Japan Society of Editors ・ Japan Society of Script Supervisors

・ Japan Visual Art Council ・ Visual Studio Association

1.3 Survey Response

A total of 1,051 individuals answered at least one of the question items in the survey, four of whom submitted a hard copy of the survey form. Of these, 635 respondents completed all question items, four of whom submitted a hard copy.

1.4 Survey Period

The survey was conducted from June 10 to September 30, 2019.

1.5 Question Items

The survey comprised the following question items:

. Thirteen items about the respondents . Five items about the productions the respondents have worked on . One item on how the respondents got into filmmaking . One item on how the respondents gained their filmmaking skills . One item on why the respondents continue in filmmaking . One item on the filmmaking roles to which the respondents aspire . One item on how interested the respondents would be to work on an overseas film production or with an overseas film company . One item on the respondents’ concerns about filmmaking . One item on job and life satisfaction . One item on how long the respondents intend to continue in filmmaking . Six items about the respondents’ experience with clients (freelancers only)

1.6 Nomenclature

Each of the figures in this report are labeled either “SA” or “MA.”

SA means that the question item concerned was a single-answer question, in which respondents could pick just one choice from a predetermined list.

MA means that the question item concerned was a multiple-answer questions, in which respondents could select all the choices that apply to them, instead of picking just one.

2 About the Respondents

2.1 Current Employment Status

The respondents were asked about their employment status. The most common employment status, representing 73.5% or the sample, was “Freelancer or subcontractor.” The next most common response, at 20.7%, was “Regular employee (full-time, no fixed term),” which was followed by “Contract employee (full-time or irregular hours, fixed term)” at 1.7%. We have divided the respondents into two groups based on their responses to this question item. The first group is (1) “Freelancers” (76.2% of the sample). It contains the respondents who answered “Freelancer or subcontractor,” “Other,” or “Unsure.” The second group is “Employees” (23.8% of the sample). It contains the respondents who answered “Regular employee,” “Contract employee,” “Temporary employee,” or “Casual worker.”

Figure 1: “What is your current employment status?” (SA)

(n = 1051) Unsure Employee Other 0.9% 23.8% 1.8% Regular employee

(full-time, no fixed term) 20.7%

Freelancer or Contract employee (full-time subcontractor or irregular hours, fixed 73.5% term) 1.7%

Temporary employee (registered Freelancer Casual worker to temp agency or other 76.2% 1.0% company) 0.3%

2.2 Age

The respondents were asked about their age. Around a third of the employees were in their 30s. The most common response among employees, at 19.8%, was “35–39,” followed by “40– 44” (16.1%) and “45–49” (14.7%). The most common response among freelancers, at 19.8%, was “35–39,” followed by “40–44” (17.8%), and “30–34” (14.0%). Figure 2: “How old are you?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1.4%

Employees 6.0% 9.2% 10.1% 19.8% 16.1% 14.7% 11.5% 10.6% 0.5% (n =(n 217 2.5%

Freelancers 5.0% 11.8% 14.0% 19.8% 17.8% 12.0% 10.7% 5.2% 1.1% (n =(n 726)

20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44

45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65 or older

2.3 Years of Experience in Filmmaking

2.3.1 Years of experience

The respondents were asked how many years they had worked in filmmaking (discounting any experience during their student days). Just over half of the employees had less than 15 years’ experience. The most common response among employees, at 19.4%, was “10–14 years,” followed by “Less than 5 years” (17.5%) and “5–9 years” (16.1%). Likewise, around half of the freelancers had less than 15 years’ experience. The most common response among freelancers, at 18.6%, was “10–14 years,” followed by “15–19” (17.9%), and “5–9 years” (16.4%). Figure 3: “For how many years have you worked in filmmaking (discounting any experience during student days)?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

6.0% 3.7% ) Employees 17.5% 16.1% 19.4% 11.5% 15.2% 10.1% 0.5% (n =(n 217

6.1% 2.9%

Freelancer 14.7% 16.4% 18.6% 17.9% 13.6% 7.6% 2.2% (n =(n 726)

Less than 5–9 years 10–14 years 15–19 years 20–24 years 5 years 25–29 years 30–34 years 35–39 years 40 years or more

2.3.2 Years of experience in highest-earning position to date

The respondents were asked to indicate how long they had worked in their highest-earning position to date. Around 60% of employees had served in the said position for fewer than 15 years. The most common response among employees, at 20.9%, was “Less than 5 years,” followed by “5–9 years” (19.9%), and “10–14 years” (18.4%). Likewise, around 60% of freelancers had worked in the said position for fewer than 15 years. The most common response among freelancers, at 17.0%, was “5–9 years,” followed by “10–14 years” (18.6%), and “Less than 5 years” (18.6%).

Figure 4: “How long have you worked in your highest-earning position to date?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

6.3%

206 ) 20.9% 19.9% 18.4% 12.6% 11.2% 8.7% Employees 1.9% (n = 4.6% 2.1%

698 ) 17.0% 19.2% 18.6% 16.8% 12.6% 7.2% Freelancers 1.9% (n =

Less than 5–9 years 10–14 years 15–19 years 20–24 years 5 years 25–29 years 30–24 years 35–39 years 40 years or more

2.4 Gender

The respondents were asked to state their gender. Men represented 74.7% of employees and 74.5% of freelancers.

Figure 5: “Please state your gender” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

)

Employees 74.7% 25.3% (n =(n 217

(n=217)

)

Freelancers 74.5% 25.5% (n =(n 726

(n=726)

Male Female

2.5 Educational Attainment

The respondents were asked to state their highest educational qualification. The most common response among employees, at 55.8%, was “University degree,” followed by “Technical college diploma” (24.4%), and “High school diploma” (10.1%). Comparatively fewer freelancers stated “University degree” (43.4%), but comparatively more answered “Technical college diploma” (34.2%).

Figure 6: “Please state your highest educational qualification” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

) 0.9% 0.5%

Employees 10.1% 24.4% 2.8% 55.8% 4.1% 1.4% (n =(n 217

2.2% 0.1% 0.6% )

Freelancers 9.6% 34.2% 3.3% 43.4% 5.5% (n =(n 726 1.1%

Junior high High school diploma Technical college Junior college University degree or completion diploma diploma above Masters degree Doctorate Degree/diploma Other from overseas institution

2.6 Marital Status

When asked whether they were married, 52.1% of employees and 45.0% of freelancers answered that they were.

Figure 7: “Are you married?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

)

Employees 52.1% 47.9% (n =(n 217

(n=217)

)

Freelancers 45.0% 55.0% (n =(n 726

(n=726)

Yes No (I am single, separated, divorced, or a widow/er)

2.7 Children

When asked whether they have any children, 42.9% of employees and 30.1% of freelancers answered that they do.

Figure 8: "Do you have any children?" (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

)

Employees 42.9% 57.1% (n =(n 217

(n=217)

)

Freelancers 30.1% 69.9% (n =(n 725

(n=725)

Yes No

2.8 Current Position(s)

2.8.1 Position(s)

The respondents were asked to state their current position(s). The most common response among employees, at 33.6%, was “Producer,” followed by “Other” (15.6%), and “Visual effects team member” (12.8%). The most common response among freelancers, at 18.0%, was “Direction team member,” followed by “Director” and “Camera team member” (both 17.8%), and then “Production team member” (16.0%).

Figure 9: “In which of the following positions do you work?” (MA)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Producer 33.6% 10.9% 7.1% Director 17.8% 8.1% Production team member 16.0% Direction team member 4.3% 18.0% Camera team member 10.0% 17.8% Lighting team member 5.2% 2.8% 9.5% Sound team member 6.9% Art team member 7.1% 6.6% Set decoration 1.4% team member 4.2% Costume team member 2.5% Hair and make-up team member 1.5% Script supervisor 2.1% 6.6% Editing team member 5.6% Grip team member 2.8% 0.3% 2.4% Driver 1.7% 0.5% Unit still photographer 2.2% Multi-audio team member 5.2% 1.8% Studio staff 0.3% 8.5% Visual effects 12.8% team member 1.8% Other 15.6% 9.3%

(n=211) Employees (n=713) Freelancers

total Producer Director Productio Direction Camera Lighting Sound Art team Set Costume n team team team team team member decorati team member member member member member on team member member total 924 149 142 131 137 148 79 55 62 33 18 100.0% 16.1% 15.4% 14.2% 14.8% 16.0% 8.5% 6.0% 6.7% 3.6% 1.9% Employees 211 71 15 17 9 21 11 6 15 3 0 100.0% 33.6% 7.1% 8.1% 4.3% 10.0% 5.2% 2.8% 7.1% 1.4% 0.0% Freelancers 713 78 127 114 128 127 68 49 47 30 18 100.0% 10.9% 17.8% 16.0% 18.0% 17.8% 9.5% 6.9% 6.6% 4.2% 2.5%

Hair and make- Script Editing Grip team Driver Unit still Multi- Studio Visual Other up team supervisor team member photograph audio staff effects member member er team team member member total 11 15 54 8 17 17 24 20 40 99 1.2% 1.6% 5.8% 0.9% 1.8% 1.8% 2.6% 2.2% 4.3% 10.7% Employees 0 0 14 6 5 1 11 18 27 33 0.0% 0.0% 6.6% 2.8% 2.4% 0.5% 5.2% 8.5% 12.8% 15.6% Freelancers 11 15 40 2 12 16 13 2 13 66 1.5% 2.1% 5.6% 0.3% 1.7% 2.2% 1.8% 0.3% 1.8% 9.3% The respondents were asked to state their highest earning current position. The most common response among employees, at 28.0%, was “Producer,” followed by “Other” (14.7%), and “Visual effects team member” (9.0%). The most common response among freelancers, at 15.1%, was “Camera team member,” followed by “Director” and “Direction team member” (13.6%), and “Production team member” (10.7%).

Figure 10: “Of the positions in which you currently work, which is the highest earning?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.3% 2.8% 1.9% 0.9% 0.5% 0.5%

) 211 Employees 28.0% 5.2% 7.6% 4.3% 5.7% 4.3% 6.2% 9.0% 14.7% (n =

2.4% 2.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.5% 1.5% 0.1% 0.7%

) 6.9% 9.1% 10.7% 13.6% 15.1% 9.1% 6.6% 5.2% 3.1% 7.0% Freelancers (n =(n 713 3.8% 2.0% 0.4% 1.1%

Producer Director Production Direction team Camera team member team member member Lighting team Sound team Art team Set decoration Costume team member member member member team member Hair and make-up Script supervisor Editing team Grip team Driver team member member member Unit still Multi-audio Studio staff Visual effects Other photographer team member team member

Total Producer Director Production Direction Camera Lighting Sound Art Set Costume team team team team team team decoration team member member member member member member team member member

924 108 76 83 103 124 74 51 49 29 16 Total 100.0% 11.7% 8.2% 9.0% 11.1% 13.4% 8.0 % 5.5% 5.3% 3.1% 1.7 % 211 59 11 7 6 16 9 4 12 2 0 Employees 100.0% 28.0% 5.2% 3.3% 2.8% 7.6% 4.3 % 1.9% 5.7% 0.9% 0.0% 713 49 65 76 97 108 65 47 37 27 16 Freelancers 100.0% 6.9% 9.1% 10.7 % 13.6% 15.1% 9.1% 6.6% 5.2% 3.8% 2.2%

Hair and Script Editing Grip team Driv Unit Multi- Studio Visual other make-up supervis team member er still audio staff effects team or membe phot team team member r ogra member member pher 11 14 31 6 9 12 9 14 24 81 Total 1.2% 1.5% 3.4% 0.6 % 1.0% 1.3% 1.0% 1.5% 2.6% 8.8% 0 0 9 5 1 1 6 13 19 31 Employees 0.0% 0.0% 4.3% 2.4% 0.5% 0.5% 2.8% 6.2% 9.0% 14.7% 11 14 22 1 8 11 3 1 5 50 Freelancers 1.5% 2.0% 3.1% 0.1% 1.1% 1.5% 0.4% 0.1% 0.7% 7.0%

2.8.2 Rank (pertains only to producers, production team members, direction team members, camera team members, lighting team members, sound team members)

Respondents who stated that their highest-earning current position was “Line producer,” “Production team member,” “Direction team member,” “Camera team member,” “Lighting team member,” or “Sound team member” were asked to indicate their highest-earning rank. The most common response among the relevant employees, at 60.5%, was “Producer/ director/technician,” followed by “Second assistant” (11.6%). The most common response among the relevant freelancers, at 32.9%, was “Producer/director/technician,” followed by “Chief assistant” (26.5%) and “Second assistant” (20.3%).

Figure 11: “Which of the following is your highest-earning job rank?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Employees 60.5% 9.3% 11.6% 9.3% 9.3% (n =(n 43)

)

Freelancers 32.9% 26.5% 20.3% 12.4% 7.9% (n =(n 404

(n=404)

Producer / director / technician Chief assistant Second assistant Third assistant Other

2.9 Assistants (Pertains to Respondents Who Indicated “Producer/Director/Technician”)

Respondents who stated that their highest-earning rank was “Producer/director/technician” were asked to indicate the kind of people who act as their assistants. The most common response among the relevant employees, at 57.7%, was “Colleagues in my company,” followed by “Friends/acquaintances, or individuals whom a friend/acquaintance recommended” (19.2%), and “Members of a trading partner of my company, or individuals whom said partner recommended” (11.5%). The most common response among the relevant freelancers, at 41.2%, was “Friends/acquaintances, or individuals whom a friend/acquaintance recommended,” followed by “My protégés” (30.5%), and “Other” (19.8%).

Figure 12: “Who among the following assists you in your highest-earning job rank?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Employees 57.7% 7.7% 19.2% 11.5% 3.8% (n =(n 26)

Freelancers 3.8% 30.5% 41.2% 4.6% 19.8% (n =(n 131)

Colleagues in my company Individuals listed on an online recruitment agency

My protégés Friends/acquaintances, or individuals whom a friend/acquaintance recommended Members of a trading partner of my Other company, or individuals whom said partner recommended

2.10 Previous Position(s)

Respondents were asked about their previous filmmaking position(s). The most common response among employees, at 32.0%, was “Producer,” followed by “Production team member” (28.0%), “Direction team member” and “Other” (both 15.0%). The most common response among freelancers, at 32.9%, was “Production team member,” followed by “Direction team member” (27.6%), and “Camera team member” (21.6%).

Figure 13: “Which of the following positions have you previously served in?” (MA)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Producer 13.5% 32.0% Director 9.0% 18.6% 28.0% Production team member 32.9% 15.0% Direction team member 27.6% 11.5% Camera team member 21.6% 8.0% Lighting team member 13.2% Sound team member 8.0 9.1% Art team member 9.0% 4.0% 11.8% Set decoration team member 8.9% Costume team member 3.4% Hair and make-up team member 1.6%

Script supervisor 2.8% Editing team member 9.0% 7.3% Grip team member 4.0% 3.2% 2.0% Driver 5.3% Unit still photographer 0.5% 3.7% Multi-audio team member 7.5% 2.9% Studio staff 2.2% 8.5% 13.5% Visual effects team member 2.2% Other 15.0% 9.1%

(n=200) Employees (n=684) Freelancers

Total Producer Director Production Direction Camera Lighting Sound Art team Set team team team team team member decoration member member member member member team member Total 884 156 145 281 219 171 106 78 99 69 100.0% 17.6% 16.4% 31.8% 24.8% 19.3% 12.0% 8.8% 11.2% 7.8% Employees 200 64 18 56 30 23 16 16 18 8 100.0% 32.0% 9.0% 28.0% 15.0% 11.5% 8.0% 8.0% 9.0% 4.0% Freelancers 684 92 127 225 189 148 90 90 81 61 100.0% 13.5% 18.6% 32.9% 27.6 % 21.6% 13.2% 9.1% 11.8% 8.9%

Costume Hair and Script Editing Grip team Driver Unit still Multi-audio Studio Visual Other team make-up supervisor team member photographer team staff effects member team member member team member member Total 23 11 19 68 30 40 26 35 32 42 92 2.6% 1.2% 2.1% 7.7% 3.4% 4.5% 2.9% 4.0% 3.6% 4.8% 10.4% Employees 0 0 0 18 8 4 1 15 17 27 30 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 9.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.5% 7.5% 8.5% 13.5% 15.0% Freelancers 23 11 19 50 22 36 25 20 15 15 62 3.4% 1.6% 2.8% 7.3% 3.2% 5.3% 3.7% 2.9% 2.2% 2.2% 9.1%

The respondents were asked to state the previous filmmaking position that they worked in the longest. The most common response among employees, at 20.5%, was “Producer,” followed by “Other” (13.5%), and “Production team member” (11.0%). The most common response among freelancers, at 16.7%, was “Casting team member,” followed by “Camera team member” (15.1%), and “Production team member” (13.3%).

Figure 14: "Of the positions in which you previously worked, which did you work in the longest?" (S A)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2.0% 1.5% 2.5% 0.5%

Employees 20.5% 3.0%11.0% 5.0%7.5% 5.0% 5.5% 5.0% 3.5%5.0% 8.5% 13.5% (n =(n 200)

(n=200) 0.5% 0.4% 4.5% 4.2% 2.6%1.6% 0.7%

Freelancers 4.4%6.6% 13.3% 16.7% 15.1% 9.7% 6.6% 3.4% 4.5% (n =(n 683)

(n=683) 1.5%2.0% 1.0% 0.4% 0.6% Producer Director Production team member Direction team member Camera team member Lighting team member Sound team member Art team member Set decoration Costume team member Hair and make-up Script supervisor team member team member Grip team member Editing team member Driver Unit still photographer Multi-audio team member Studio staff Visual effects team Other member

Total Producer Director Production Direction Camera Lighting Sound Art team Set team team team team team member decoration member member member member member team member Total 883 71 51 113 124 118 76 49 42 32 100.0% 8.0% 5.8% 12.8% 14.0% 13.4% 8.6% 5.5% 4.8% 3.6% Employees 200 41 6 22 10 15 10 4 11 3 100.0% 20.5% 3.0% 11.0% 5.0% 7.5% 5.0% 2.0% 5.5% 1.5% Freelancers 683 30 45 9.1 114 103 66 45 31 29 100.0% 4.4% 6.6% 13.3% 16.7% 15.1% 9.7% 6.6% 4.5% 4.2%

Costume Hair and Script Editing Grip team Driver Unit still Multi- Studio Visual Other team make-up supervisor team member photograp audio staff effects member team member her team team member member member Total 18 10 14 33 8 8 12 11 13 22 58 2.0% 1.1% 1.6% 3.7% 0.9% 0.9% 1.4% 1.2% 1.5% 2.5% 6.6% Employees 0 0 0 10 5 1 1 7 10 17 27 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0% 2.5% 0.5% 0.5% 3.5% 5.0% 8.5% 13.5% Freelancers 18 10 14 23 3 7 11 4 3 5 31 2.6% 1.5% 2.0% 3.4% 0.4% 1.0% 1.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.7% 4.5%

2.11 Income

2.11.1 Total income

The respondents were asked to indicate the total income they earned in the previous year. Around 60% of employees earned less than 6 million yen. The most common response among employees, at 16.5%, was “4–5 million yen,” followed by “5–6 million yen” (14.6%), and “3–4 million yen” (12.0%). Similarly, around 70% of freelancers earned less than 6 million yen. The most common response among freelancers, at 17.2%, was “3–4 million yen,” followed by “5–6 million yen” (15.3%), and “4–5 million yen” (14.8%).

Figure 15: “Please indicate the total income you earned in the previous year” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.9% 4.4% 3.2%

Employees 10.1% 12.0% 16.5% 14.6% 9.5% 8.9% 9.5% 7.0% (n =(n 158) 2.5% (n=158) 4.9% 4.5% 1.4% 3.1% 2.4%

Freelancers 5.2% 14.2% 17.2% 14.8% 15.3% 10.6% 6.4% (n =(n 576)

(n=576)

Less than 1–2 million yen 2–3 million yen 3–4 million yen 1 million yen 4–5 million yen 5–6 million yen 6–7 million yen 7–8 million yen

8–9 million yen 9–10 million yen 10 million yen Cannot say or more

2.11.2 Freelancers’ Income from Filmmaking (freelancers only)

The freelancers were asked to state the portion of their total income in the previous year that came from filmmaking. Around 60% earned less than 3 million yen from filmmaking. The most common response, at 31.2%, was “Less than 1 million yen,” followed by “2–3 million yen” (17.6%), and “1–2 million yen” (14.5%).

Figure 16: “Of the total income you earned last year, how much was from filmmaking?” (SA)

9–10 million yen 10 million yen or more 0.3% 1.0% Cannot say (n = 573) 8–9 million yen 0.9% 4.7% 7–8 million yen 1.7% 6–7 million yen

4.4% Less than 1 million yen 5–6 million yen 31.2% 4.7% 3–4 million yen 4–5 million yen 11.7% 1–2 million 7.2% 2–3 million yen yen 14.5% 17.6%

2.11.3 Freelancers’ Non-Filmmaking Income (freelancers only)

The freelancers were asked to state the portion of their total income in the previous year that came from sources other than filmmaking. Around 60% earned less than 3 million yen from non-filmmaking sources. The most common response, at 30.9%, was “Less than 1 million yen,” followed by “2–3 million yen” (15.8%), and “1–2 million yen” (15.5%).

Figure 17: “Of the total income you earned last year, how much was from sources other than filmmaking?” (SA)

9–10 million yen 10 million yen or more Cannot say (n = 569) 0.5% 8–9 million yen 3.5% 6.9% 1.4% 7–8 million yen

6–7 million yen 0.7% Less than 1 3.3% 5–6 million yen million yen 2.8% 30.9% 4–5 million yen 3–4 million 7.2% yen 1–2 million yen 11.4% 2–3 million yen 15.5% 15.8%

2.11.4 Freelancers’ Experience Outside Filmmaking (freelancers only)

The freelancers were asked to state whether they had ever performed regular or non- regular work outside of filmmaking (as of 2018). Most, at 72.4%, answered that they had not, while 27.6% answered that they had.

Figure 18: “Have you ever worked outside of filmmaking (as of 2018)?” (SA)

(n=568)

Yes 27.6%

No 72.4%

2.12 Enrolment in Social Insurance

The respondents were asked to indicate the social insurance plans they were enrolled in as of December 31, 2018. The most common response among employees, at 80.3%, was “Pension insurance,” followed by “Health insurance (a publicly provided plan run by the Japan Health Insurance Association) (61.8%),” and “Employment insurance” (45.9%). The most common response among freelancers, at 84.1%, was “National health insurance,” followed by “National pension” (76.6%). and “Employee’s health insurance” (15.8%). Figure 19: “Which of the following plans were you enrolled in as of December 31, 2018?” (MA)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Pension insurance 80.3% 10.8%

National pension 22.3% 76.6% National Health Insurance 28.7% 84.1% Employees' health insurance 61.8% 15.8% Long-term care insurance 22.3% 4.8% Industrial accident insurance 31.8% 3.4% Employment insurance 45.9% 3.4%

Not enrolled in or not paying into any of the above 2.1% Unsure 2.5% 1.6%

(n=157) Employees (n=565) Freelancers

2.13 Employee Health Checks

When asked whether they had undergone an employee health check in 2018, 74.5% of employees said they had, compared to only 32.9% of freelancers.

Figure 20: “Did you undergo an employee health check in 2018?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Employees 74.5% 25.5% (n =(n 157)

(n=157)

Freelancers 32.9% 67.1% (n =(n 563)

(n=563)

Yes No

2.14 Declaration of Filmmaking Income

When asked whether they declared their filmmaking income in their 2018 income tax return, 44.2% of employees said they had done so, compared to as much as 82.7% of freelancers.

Figure 21: “Did you declare your filmmaking income in your 2018 income tax return” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Employees 44.2% 55.8% (n =(n 156)

(n=156)

Freelancers 82.7% 17.3% (n =(n 561)

(n=561)

Yes No

3 Participation in Filmmaking

3.1 Film Productions Worked on During 2018

The respondents were asked about the types of film production in which they participated in 2018. The most common response among employees, at 81.1%, was “Theatrical release,” followed by “TV program/series” (68.9%), and “Commercial” (45.9%). Similarly, the most common response among freelancers, at 90.9%, was “Theatrical release,” followed by “TV TV program/series” (66.7%), and “Commercial” (51.6%).

Figure 22: “On which of the following types of film production did you work in 2018” (MA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 81.1% Theatrical release 90.9% TV program/series 68.9% 66.7% 38.3% Film on streaming service 47.2% Commercial 45.9% 51.6% Promotional film other than 30.1% commercial 32.7% 5.6% Film for personal use 10.9% 26.0% Music video 36.5%

2.6% Other 2.0%

(n=196) Employees (n=682) Freelancers

3.2 Number of Times Respondents Worked on each Type of Production in 2018

The respondents were asked to state the number of productions in which they participated during 2018. Regarding the employees, 60.5% worked on 1– 4 theatrical releases, and 48.3% worked on 1– 4 programs/series. For each of the other types of productions, employees were more likely than not to indicate that they never worked on such a production. That said, employees worked on commercials more frequently than they did on other productions, with as many as 11.0% having worked on such productions 20 times or more.

Freelancers gave similar responses: 76.3% worked on 1– 4 theatrical releases, and 53.1% had worked on 1– 4 TV programs/series. For each of the other types of productions, freelancers were more likely than not to say that they never worked on such a production. However, as with the employees, freelancers worked on commercials more frequently than they did on other productions, with as many as 11.8% having worked on such productions 20 times or more.

Figure 23: “How many times did you work on each of the following types of film production in 2018?”: Employees

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

5.8% Theatrical release 19.2% 60.5% 9.3% 5.2%

(n =(n 172) 4.7%

(n=172)

TV program/series 33.7% 48.3% 7.0% 6.4% (n =(n 172)

(n=172) 1.7%

Film on streaming service 64.5% 27.9% 3.5% 2.3%

(n =(n 172) 5.2% (n=172)

Commercial 57.0% 22.7% 4.1% 11.0% (n =(n 172)

(n=172) 3.5%

Promotional film other than TV commercial 71.5% 18.0% 6.4% 0.6%

(n =(n 172) 1.2%

(n=172)

94.8% 4.1% Film for personal use (n =(n 172)

(n=172) 0.6%

Music video 75.6% 18.0% 3.5% 2.3% (n =(n 172)

(n=172) 1.2%

Other 98.3% 0.6% (n =(n 172)

None 1–4 5–9 10–19 20 or more

Figure 24: “How many times did you work on each of the following types of film production in 2018?”: Freelancers

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2.7% 9.3% 76.3% 10.1% 1.6% Theatrical release (n =(n 625) 3.4%

TV program/series 34.9% 53.1% 5.4% 3.2% (n =(n 625) 2.4%

Film on streaming service 54.6% 38.7% 2.9% 1.4% (n =(n 625) 5.1%

Commercial 50.4% 26.1% 6.6% 11.8% (n =(n 625) 3.5% Promotional film other than TV commercial 69.4% 21.0% 4.0% 2.1% (n =(n 625) 1.4%

Film for personal use 90.4% 7.5% 0.3%

(n =(n 625) 0.3%

1.4% Music video 1.0% 65.3% 29.0% 3.4% (n =(n 625) 0.2%

Other 97.6% 2.2% (n =(n 625)

None 1–4 5–9 10–19 20 or more

3.3 Time Spent on 2018 Productions

The respondents were asked to give a breakdown of the number of productions they worked on in 2018 by the time they spent working on the production. Among the employees, a shorter duration was associated with a higher frequency: 30.1% of employees had worked on 1–4 productions on which they spent less than 1 month, and 29.3% had worked on 1–4 productions on which they spent 1–3 months. As for the freelancers, 37.0% had worked on 1– 4 productions on which they spent less than 1 month, while as many as 58.2% had worked on 1–4 productions on which they spent 1–3 months.

Figure 25: “Please indicate the breakdown of the number of productions you worked on in 2018 by the time you spent working on the production”: Employees 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Less than 1 month 62.4% 30.1% 7.5% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) 1–3 months 64.7% 29.3% 6.0% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) 3-6 months 70.7% 25.6% 3.8% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) 6-12 months 82.7% 12.8% 4.5% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) More than a year 81.2% 16.5% 2.3% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) 3.0% Unsure / Don’t remember 96.2% 0.8% (n =(n 133)

(n=133) None 1–4 5 or more

Figure 26: “Please indicate the breakdown of the number of productions you worked on in 2018 by the time you spent working on the production”: Freelancers

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Less than 1 month 57.9% 37.0% 5.2% (n =(n 541)

(n=541)

1–3 months 37.0% 58.2% 4.8% (n =(n 541)

(n=541)

3-6 months 74.1% 25.0% 0.9% (n =(n 541)

(n=541)

6-12 months 92.6% 7.2% 0.2% (n =(n 541)

(n=541)

More than a year 93.7% 6.3%

(n =(n 541) 1.3% (n=541) Unsure / Don’t 98.3% 0.4% remember (n =(n 541) (n=541) None 1–4 5 or more

3.4 Changes in Volume of Productions Worked On

The respondents were asked to indicate changes in the volume of productions on which they have worked over the past three years. Regarding the employees, when asked about the volume of work in film productions in general, 30.2% said that there was no change, while 42.9% said that the volume had increased, either significantly (24.6%) or slightly (18.3%). When asked about the volume of specific types of production, the employees were likely to answer “No change” in each case, except for streaming service films, for which 75.5% said that the volume had increased, either significantly (36.7%) or slightly (38.8%).

Figure 27: “How much has the volume of work you do on each of the following types of production changed in the last 3 years?”: Employees (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Theatrical release 14.3% 16.2% 40.0% 7.6% 19.0% 2.9% (n =(n 105)

TV program/series 17.4% 20.9% 31.4% 8.1% 18.6% 3.5% (n =(n 86) 2.0% 4.1%

Film on streaming service 36.7% 38.8% 18.4% (n =(n 49)

Commercial 8.3% 11.7% 45.0% 10.0% 18.3% 6.7% (n =(n 60)

Promotional film other than 16.3% 37.2% 9.3% 14.0% 14.0% commercial 9.3% (n =(n 43)

Film for personal use 22.2% 33.3% 33.3% 11.1% (n =(n 9)

Music video 6.7% 20.0% 40.0% 13.3% 13.3% 6.7% (n =(n 30)

= 2) Other 50.0% 50.0% (n

0.8%

All types 24.6% 18.3% 30.2% 11.9% 14.3% (n =(n 126)

Increased Increased No change Decreased Decreased Unsure significantly slightly slightly significantly

As for the freelancers, when asked about the volume of work in film productions in general, 52.5% said that the volume had increased, either significantly (29.1%) or slightly (23.4%). As with the employees, when asked about specific types of production, the freelancers were likely to answer “No change” in each case, except for streaming service films, for which 78.5% said that the volume had increased, either significantly (49.1%) or slightly (29.4%).

Figure 28: “How much has the volume of work you do on each of the following types of production changed in the last 3 years?”: Freelancers (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

105) Theatrical release 16.2% 21.6% 33.2% 13.4% 11.6%4.1% (n =

(n=464)

TV program/series 16.4% 26.2% 32.1% 7.7% 10.1% 7.4% (n =(n 86) 2.2% 0.9% (n=336)

Film on streaming service 49.1% 29.4% 13.2% 5.3% (n =(n 49)

(n=228) Commercial 14.3% 18.1% 35.9% 10.4% 13.9% 7.3% (n =(n 60)

(n=259)

Promotional film other than 14.5% 19.1% 39.5% 5.9% 7.2% 13.8% commercial (n =(n 43) 4.5% (n=152)

Film for personal use 11.4% 54.5% 13.6% 15.9% (n =(n 9)

(n=44)

Music video 8.2% 14.1% 38.8% 10.6% 14.1% 14.1% (n =(n 30)

(n=170)

Other 7.7% 15.4% 46.2% 7.7% 7.7% 15.4% (n =(n 2)

(n=13) 5.3% All types 29.1% 23.4% 21.6% 9.8% 10.8% (n =(n 126)

(n=509) Increased Increased No change Decreased Decreased Unsure significantly slightly slightly significantly

3.5 Filmmaking Experiences that Involved an International Dimension

The respondents were asked to indicate their filmmaking experiences involving an international dimension. The most common response among employees, at 58.7%, was “Flim work was submitted to overseas film festival,” followed by “Film work was screened overseas” (43.8%), and “Participated in overseas location shooting/scouting” (38.1%). The most common response among freelancers, at 68.7%, was “Flim work was submitted to overseas film festival,” followed by “Film work was screened overseas” (55.4%), and “Participated in overseas location shooting/scouting” (50.9%).

Figure 29: “Which of the following activities have you experienced?” (MA)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Film work was submitted 58.7% to overseas film festival 68.7%

43.8% Film work was screened overseas 55.4%

32.5% Film work was streamed on international website 39.4%

Film work was broadcast on overseas TV 14.4% channel (or specialty channel) 15.7%

Film work was distributed on DVD or 28.1% Blu-ray in overseas market 30.1%

38.1% Participated in overseas location shooting/scouting 50.9%

Participated in filmmaking work 34.4% managed with overseas company 44.4%

Participated in production in Japan 26.9% managed by overseas company 46.3%

1.9% Other 1.5%

4.4% Unsure 3.4%

16.2% None of the above 6.7%

(n=160) Employees (n=581) Freelancers

4 How the Respondents Got into Filmmaking

The respondents were asked to indicate how they got into filmmaking. The most common response among employees, at 32.5%, was “I was already involved in the film industry (such as in TV work),” followed by “I applied for a vacancy” (23.4%), and “I had already worked in filmmaking as a part-timer/intern/volunteer” (17.5%). The most common response among freelancers, at 39.1%, was “I got a recommendation from a senior at university,” followed by “I had already worked in filmmaking as a part-timer/intern/volunteer” (25.7%), and “Other” (19.0%).

Figure 30: “How did you get into filmmaking?” (MA)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

I applied for a vacancy 23.4% 8.8%

I had already worked in filmmaking as a part- 17.5% timer / intern / volunteer 25.7%

The films I worked on as a student 9.7% garnered critical acclaim 9.0%

16.9% I got a recommendation from a senior at university 39.1%

I was already involved in the film industry 32.5% (such as in TV work) 18.7%

14.9% Other 19.0%

(n=154) Employees (n=557) Freelancers

5 How the Respondents Gained Their Filmmaking Skills

The respondents were asked to indicate how they acquired their filmmaking skills. The most common response among employees, at 66.2%, was “Through on-the-job training (learning from seniors in the company/in the workplace),” followed by “By studying at an educational institution (university or technical college)” (14.3%), and “Self-taught” (11.7%). Similarly, the most common response among freelancers, at 60.5%, was “Through on-the-job training (learning from seniors in the company/in the workplace),” followed by “By studying at an educational institution (university or technical college)” (16.5%), and “Self-taught” (14.7%).

Figure 31: “How did you gain your filmmaking skills?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.3% 0.6%

1.3% Employees 11.7% 4.5% 14.3% 66.2% (n =(n 154)

(n=154) 1.1% 2.5% 3.1%

14.7% 16.5% 60.5% 1.6% Freelancers (n =(n 557)

(n=557)

Self-taught

Through participating in club activities (at university or locally)

By studying at an educational institution (university or technical college)

By attending film workshops or other programs outside of an educational institution

Through on-the-job training (learning from seniors in the company / in the workplace)

Through working on an overseas production or studying at an overseas educational institution

Other

6 Reasons for Continuing in Filmmaking

The respondents were asked to indicate why they continue to be in filmmaking. The most common response among employees, at 69.3%, was “I like this job,” followed by “I like films” (62.7%), and “I want the pay” (41.8%). The most common response among freelancers, at 74.1%, was “I like films,” followed by “I like this job” (68.5%), and “I want the pay” (54.1%).

Figure 32: “Why do you want to continue in filmmaking?” (MA)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 68.5% I like this job 69.3% 62.7% I like films 74.1% 41.8% I want the pay 54.1% 37.3% I want to demonstrate my potential 44.1% 40.5% I want to be an independent adult 29.8% 20.9% I want a satisfying career 24.1% 25.5% I respect the people 34.9% 23.5% I want critical acclaim 30.4% 13.7% I want to make social commentary 19.5% I feel comfortable and confident 34.6% in this job 32.4% I just feel like I want to continue for 5.2% 10.8% some reason 3.9% Other 5.1%

(n=153) Employees (n=553) Freelancers

7 The Filmmaking Positions to Which the Respondents Aspire

The respondents were asked to state the filmmaking position to which they aspire. The most common response among employees, at 32.9%, was “I’m happy in my current position,” followed by “Director” (24.3%), and “Producer” (15.8%). The most common response among freelancers, at 27.5%, was “Director,” followed by “I’m happy in my current position” (24.6%), and “Producer” (13.9%).

Figure 33: “Which filmmaking position do you aspire to?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2.0%1.3% 2.6% 3.9%

Employees 24.3% 4.6% 15.8% 5.3% 32.9% 7.2% (n =(n 152) (n=152)

1.6% 2.9% 2.0% 3.3%

Freelancers 27.5% 9.2%3.4% 13.9% 24.6% 9.6% (n =(n 553)

(n=553) 1.6% 0.4%

Director Cinematographer Gaffer Production sound mixer Production designer Costume designer Key make-up artist Producer Other Unsure / Haven’t really I’m happy in my None of the above current position thought about it

Total Director Cinematogr Gaffer Production Production Costume Key Producer Other I’m happy in Unsure / None apher sound designer designer make- my current Haven’t of the mixer up artist position really above thought about it Total 705 189 58 22 11 20 9 2 101 19 186 64 24 100.0% 26.8% 8.2% 3.1% 1.6% 2.8% 1.3% 0.3% 14.3% 2.7% 26.4% 9.1% 3.4% Employees 152 37 7 3 2 4 0 0 24 8% 50% 11 6 100.0% 24.3% 4.6% 2.0% 1.3% 2.6% 0.0% 0.0% 15.8% 5.3% 32.9% 7.2% 3.9% Freelancers 553 152 51 19 9 16 9 2 77 11 136 53 18 100.0% 27.5% 9.2% 3.4% 1.6% 2.9% 1.6% 0.4% 13.9% 2.0% 24.6% 9.6% 3.3%

…

8 Level of Interest in Working on an Overseas Film Production or with an Overseas Film Company

The respondents were asked to describe how interested they would be in working on an overseas film production or with an overseas film company. The most common response among employees, at 64.5%, was “Very interested,” followed by “Interested” (21.7%), and “Wouldn’t mind” (9.2%). The most common response among freelancers, at 68.4%, was “Very interested,” followed by “Interested” (21.6%), and “Wouldn’t mind” (7.1%).

Figure 34: “How interested would you be in working on an overseas film production or with an overseas film company?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Employees 64.5% 21.7% 9.2% 4.6% (n =(n 152)

(n=152)

Freelancers 68.4% 21.6% 7.1% 2.9% (n =(n 551)

(n=551)

Very interested Interested Wouldn’t mind Not interested

9 Concerns About Filmmaking

The respondents were asked to indicate their concerns about filmmaking. The most common response among employees, at 67.8%, was “The pay is low,” followed by “It’s hard to get a raise,” “The hours are long,” and “I’m concerned about the industry’s future” (all 61.2%). The most common response among freelancers, at 78.0%, was “The pay is low,” followed by “The hours are long” (75.8%), and “I’m concerned about the industry’s future” (72.9 %).

Figure 35: “Which of the following do you feel are concerns in filmmaking?” (MA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% The pay is low 67.8% 78.0%

It’s hard to get a raise 61.2% 66.4%

I don’t get recognition for my skill level 45.4% 58.0%

Schedules are inflexible 57.9% 63.1% 37.5% I’m expected to work to strict deadlines 29.8%

The hours are long 61.2% 75.8%

There are work-life balance issues 53.3% 61.5%

I’m concerned about my physical health 34.9% 43.8% 17.1% I’m concerned about workplace relationships 22.7% 8.6% I lack someone to share my concerns with 11.5%

I lack someone who thinks alike 7.9% 9.8%

I’m concerned about the industry’s future 61.2% 72.9% I’m concerned that I have no transferable 35.5% skills (my skills have limited applicability) 35.3% 7.2% Other 14.4%

There are no problems 2.6% 0.4%

(n=152) Employees (n=550) Freelancers

10 Job and Life Satisfaction

The respondents were asked to rate their satisfaction with aspects of their job and life. Employees tended to give higher scores than the freelancers did. This inter-group difference was particularly notable in regards to “Job security,” “Wage security,” and “Work hours.”

Figure 36: “Please indicate how satisfied or unsatisfied you are regarding each of the following items.”

-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 - 0.04 Life in general 0.21 - 0.01 Job in general - 0.50 0.33 Private life 0.22 - 0.81 Wage - 1.14 - 0.36 Wage security - 1.47 - 0.58 Work hours - 1.37 - 0.47 Days off - 1.08 - 0.52 Amount of the work - 1.08 - 0.24 Nature of the work 0.33 0.32 Workplace relationships 0.36 - 0.05 Job security - 1.40 0.15 Skill development 0.07 - 1.11 Future outlook - 1.51

Employees Freelancers

Note: The above data indicate average scores. Scores were on a four-point scale (Very unsatisfied = Minus 2 points; Somewhat unsatisfied = Minus 1 point; Somewhat satisfied = 1 point; Very satisfied = 2 points)

11 How Long Respondents Intend to Continue in Filmmaking

The respondents were asked to indicate how long they intended to continue in filmmaking. The most common response among employees, at 55.1%, was “For the rest of my life, or until I reach the retirement age,” followed by “For 10 more years at least” (15.0%), and “For 6 to 10 more years” (8.8%). Similarly, the most common response among freelancers, at 56.8%, was “For the rest of my life, or until I reach the retirement age,” followed by “For 10 more years at least” (15.3%), and “For 3 to 5 more years” (9.7%).

Figure 37: “How long do you intend to continue in filmmaking?” (SA)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2.0%

Employees 55.1% 15.0% 8.8% 8.2% 8.2% 2.7% (n =(n 147)

(n=147)

2.4%

Freelancers 56.8% 15.3% 8.0% 9.7% 4.6% 3.3% (n =(n 549)

(n=549)

For the rest of my life, or until I reach the For 10 more years at least retirement age For 6 to 10 more years For 3 to 5 more years For 1 or 2 more years I want to quit within months

I want to quit as soon as possible

12 Freelancers’ Experience With Clients (Freelancers Only)

12.1 Awareness of the Subcontract Act

The freelancers were asked about their awareness of the Subcontract Act (a law designed to prevent delays in the payment of subcontractors). The most common response, at 39.6%, was “I was unaware there even was such a law,” followed by “I have only a vague grasp of it” (26.1%), and “I have no idea of the content” (19.7%). Figure 38: “How familiar are you with the Subcontract Act?” (SA)

(n=533)) I have a solid grasp of it

1.5% I understand the gist of it

13.1%

I was unaware there even was such a law I have only a 39.6% vague grasp of it

26.1%

I have no idea of the content 19.7%

12.2 Receiving a Contract / Work Order

The freelancers were asked to indicate when they receive their contract/work order, if they get one at all. The most common response, at 64.5%, was “I get no contract/work order,” followed by “I receive it while the job is in progress” (18.6%), and “I receive it before starting the job” (8.6%). Figure 39: “After agreeing to take on the job, when do you receive your contract or work order?” (SA)

I have no need of a contract / work order (n=533) (I’m not technically a freelancer, as I’m I receive it before starting the job part of the company) 8.6% 3.2% I receive it while the job is in progress 18.6%

I receive it just before completion/delivery 2.3%

I receive it after completion/delivery I get no contract / work order 64.5% 2.8%

12.3 Desire to Receive a Contract/Work Order (Only Freelancers Who Answered “I Have No Contract/work Order”)

The freelancers who gave the answer “I get no contract/work order” to the previous question were asked whether they would prefer to receive one. The most common response, at 77.3%, was “Yes,” followed by “Unsure” (21.0%), and “No” (1.7%).

Figure 40: “Would you prefer to receive a contract/work order?” (SA)

(n=343))

No 21.0% Unsure

1.7% Yes

77.3%

12.4 Reason(s) for Not Desiring a Contract/Work Order (Only Freelancers Who Stated That They Do Not Desire a Contract/work Order)

The freelancers who said that they would prefer not to receive a contract/work order were asked about their reason(s) for giving this response. The most common response, at 100%, was “It would be bothersome,” followed by “It may make deadlines stricter” (21.0%), “It may make quality requirements stricter” (1.7%), and “I probably wouldn’t understand the content” (all 50.0%).

Figure 41: “For which of the following reasons do you not desire a contract/work order?” (MA)

(n=6) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

It would be bothersome 100.0%

It may make deadlines stricter 50.0%

It may make quality requirements stricter 50.0%

I probably wouldn’t understand the content 50.0%

Other 33.3%

12.5 Past Experiences with Clients

The freelancers were asked about the kinds of situations they have experienced in their relationships with clients. The most common response, at 56.0%, was “I was forced to work more days than I agreed to,” followed by “I was not paid the agreed amount” (46.5%), and “The job began later than scheduled, but the deadline was not extended” (38.3%).

Figure 42: “Which of the following situations have you experienced in your relationships with a client?” (MA)

(n=525)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

I was forced to work more days than I agreed to 56.0%

I was not paid the agreed amount 46.5%

The job began later than scheduled, but the deadline was not extended 38.3%

The term of work was cancelled before the period was ended due to reasons for which I was not responsible, and I was not compensated 35.4% A person other than the client (such as the director) demanded that the work I performed be redone (e.g. he or she demanded a reshoot) due to reasons for which I was not responsible 23.0% The client demanded that the work I performed be redone (e.g. the client demanded a reshoot) due to reasons for which I was not 22.5% responsible

None apply 17.1%

My pay was cut for reasons other than those described above 16.2%

After delivery, the client and I mutually agreed to redo the work 15.2%

I experienced a situation other than those described above 8.2%

My pay was cut because the deliverables were deemed unsatisfactory 3.8%

My pay was cut because of late delivery 1.3%

12.6 Concerns About Working with Clients

The freelancers were asked about the concerns they have in their relationships with clients. The most common response, at 79.7%, was “The pay is low,” followed by “The terms and conditions are vague” (71.1%), and “Schedules are inflexible” (68.6%).

Figure 43: “Which of the following do you feel are concerns in your relationship with the client?” (MA)

(n=523) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

The pay is low 79.7% The terms and conditions are vague 71.1%

Schedules are inflexible 68.6% I’m weak at negotiating the terms and conditions 57.2% The pay is getting worse 53.3% I have no one to discuss contract issues with 40.0% The client sometimes delays payment 39.6% or remains in arrears I have limited capacity to win new 37.9% clients within the film industry I have limited capacity to win new 32.7% clients outside the film industry 28.7% Deadlines are too demanding

The work often has to be redone 8.4%

Other 5.5% There are no problems 0.4%

12.7 Waiting Time for Payment

The freelancers were asked about how many days it takes until they receive their pay. The most common response, at 53.9%, was “30–59 days,” followed by “29 days or sooner” (28.1%), and “60–89 days” (12.4%).

Figure 44: “How long does it take until you receive your pay?” (SA)

90 days or (n=523) longer 3.1% Unsure 2.5% 60–89 days 12.4%

29 days or sooner 28.1%

30–59 days 53.9%