Intensified Continuity: Visual Style in Contemporary American Film Author(S): David Bordwell Source: Film Quarterly, Vol
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Intensified Continuity: Visual Style in Contemporary American Film Author(s): David Bordwell Source: Film Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Spring, 2002), pp. 16-28 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1213701 Accessed: 16/06/2010 18:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Film Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org David Bordwell IntensifiedContinuity Visual Style in ContemporaryAmerican Film or many of us, today's popular American cinema is entations and eyelines, and the shots, however differ- always fast, seldom cheap, and usually out of con- ent in angle, are taken from one side of that axis. The trol. What comes to mind are endless remakes and se- actors' movements are matched across cuts, and as the quels, gross-out comedies, overwhelming special scene develops the shots get closer to the performers, effects, and gigantic explosions with the hero hurtling carrying us to the heart of the drama.4 at the camera just ahead of a fireball. Today's movie, Still, there have been some significant stylistic we like to say, plays out like its own coming attrac- changes over the last 40 years. The crucial technical tions trailer. Picking up on these intuitions, some schol- devices aren't brand new-many go back to the silent ars suggest that U.S. studio filmmaking since 1960 or cinema-but recently they've become very salient, and so has entered a "post-classical" period, one sharply they've been blended into a fairly distinct style. Far different from the studio era.' They argue that the high- from rejecting traditional continuity in the name of concept blockbuster, marketed in ever more diverse fragmentation and incoherence, the new style amounts ways and appearing in many media platforms, has cre- to an intensification of established techniques. Inten- ated a cinema of narrative incoherence and stylistic sified continuity is traditional continuity amped up, fragmentation.2 raised to a higher pitch of emphasis. It is the dominant Yet these judgments aren't usually based upon style of American mass-audience films today. scrutiny of the movies. Scholars who have analyzed a of films have that in im- range argued persuasively StylisticTactics portant respects, Hollywood storytelling hasn't fun- damentally altered since the studio days.3 If we Four tactics of camerawork and editing seem to me examine visual style over the last 40 years, I think central to intensified continuity. Some have been re- we're compelled to much the same conclusion. In rep- marked upon before, often by irritated critics, but most resenting space, time, and narrative relations (such as haven't been considered closely. Above all, we haven't causal connections and parallels), today's films gen- sufficiently appreciated how these techniques work to- erally adhere to the principles of classical filmmaking. gether to constitute a distinct set of choices. Exposition and character development are handled in I. More much the ways they would have been before 1960. rapid editing Flashbacks and ellipses continue to be momentarily Everybody thinks that movies are being cut faster now, and teasing retrospectively coherent. Credit sequences, but how fast is fast? And faster compared to what? and openings, montage sequences can display flashy, Between 1930 and 1960, most Hollywood feature self-conscious technique. In particular, the ways in films, of whatever length, contained between 300 and which today's films represent space overwhelmingly 700 shots, so the average shot length (ASL) hovered adhere to the premises of "classical continuity." Es- around eight to eleven seconds. An A-feature would tablishing and reestablishing shots situate the actors seldom boast an ASL of less than six seconds;5 far in the locale. An axis of action governs the actors' ori- more common were films with abnormally long takes. Film Quarterly,Vol. no. 55, Issue no. 3, 16-28. ISSN: 00 15-1 386. ? 2002 pages by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Send requests for 16 to to: and of permission reprint Rights Permissions, University California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center Street, Suite 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1 223. John Stahl's Back Street (1932) has an ASL of 19 sec- per shot. Has rapid cutting therefore led to a "post-clas- onds, while Otto Preminger's Fallen Angel (1945) av- sical" breakdown of spatial continuity? Certainly, some erages 33 seconds per shot. action sequences are cut so fast (and staged so grace- In the mid- and late 1960s, several American and lessly) as to be incomprehensible.9 Nonetheless, many British filmmakers were experimenting with faster cut- fast-cut sequences do remain spatially coherent, as in ting rates.6 Many studio-released films of the period the Die Hard, Speed, and Lethal Weapon movies. (The contain ASLs between six and eight seconds, and some illegibility of some action scenes is partly traceable to have significantly shorter averages: Goldfinger (1964) misjudging what will read well on the big screen, as I'll at 4.0 seconds; Mickey One (1965) at 3.8; The Wild suggest below.) Bunch (1969) at 3.2; and Head (1968) at a remarkable More important, no film is one long action se- 2.7 seconds. In the 1970s, when most films had ASLs quence. Most scenes present conversations, and here between five and eight seconds, we find a significant fast cutting is applied principally to shot/reverse-shot number of still faster ones. As we'd expect, action films exchanges. How else could Ordinary People (1980) tended to be edited more briskly than other types (and attain an ASL of 6.1 seconds, Ghost (1991) one of 5.0 Peckinpah's seem to have been cut fastest of all7), but seconds, and Almost Famous (2000) one of 3.9 sec- musicals, dramas, romances, and comedies didn't nec- onds? Editors tend to cut at every line and insert more essarily favor long takes. The Candidate (1972), Pete's reaction shots than we would find in the period 1930- Dragon (1977), Freaky Friday (1977), National Lam- 1960. poon's Animal House (1978), and Hair (1979) all have Admittedly, by building dialogue scenes out of ASLs between 4.3 and 4.9 seconds. Midway through brief shots, the new style has become slightly more the decade, most films in any genre included at least a elliptical, utilizing fewer establishing shots and long- thousand shots. held two-shots. As Kuleshov and Pudovkin pointed In the 1980s the tempo continued to pick up, but out, classical continuity contains built-in redundancies: the filmmaker's range of choice narrowed dramatically. shot/reverse shots reiterate the information about char- Double-digit ASLs, still found during the 1970s, vir- acter position given in the establishing shot, and so do tually vanished from mass-entertainment cinema. Most eyelines and body orientation. For the sake of intensi- ordinary films had ASLs between five and seven sec- fying the dialogue exchange, filmmakers have omit- onds, and many films (e.g., Raiders of the Lost Ark, ted some of the redundancies provided by establishing 1981; Lethal Weapon, 1987; Who Framed Roger Rab- shots. At the same time, though, fast-cut dialogue has bit?, 1988) averaged between four and five seconds. reinforced premises of the 180-degree staging system. We also find several ASLs in the three-to-four second When shots are so short, when establishing shots are range, mostly in movies influenced by music videos brief or postponed or nonexistent, the eyelines and an- and in action pictures, such as Pink Floyd: The Wall gles in a dialogue must be even more unambiguous, (1982), Streets of Fire (1984), Highlander (1986), and and the axis of action must be strictly respected. Top Gun (1986). At the close of the 1980s, many films boasted 1500 2. Bipolar extremes of lens lengths shots or more. There soon followed movies contain- From the 1910s to the 1940s, the normal lens used in 2000-3000 such as ing shots, JFK (1991) and The Last feature filmmaking in the U.S. had a focal length of Boy Scout (1991). By century's end, the 3000-4000 50mm, or two inches. Longer lenses, from 100mm to shot movie had arrived (Armageddon, 1998; Any Given 500mm or more, were commonly used for close-ups, Sunday, 1999). Many average shot lengths became as- particularly soft-focus ones, and for following swift tonishingly low. The Crow (1994), U-Turn (1997), and action at a distance, such as animals in the wild. Shorter Hollow Sleepy (1999) came in at 2.7 seconds; El Mari- (wide-angle) lenses, commonly 25mm or 35mm, came achi (1993), Armageddon, and South Park (1999) at into use when filmmakers wanted good focus in several 2.3 seconds; and Dark the City (1998), fastest-cut Hol- planes or full shots of a cramped setting.