DOCSLIB.ORG

A Work and Its Shapers the Most High Scripture of the Rectifying Methods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository A Work and its Shapers The Most High Scripture of the Rectifying Methods of the Three Heavens in Early Medieval China by Timothy Charles Swanger A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved January 2019 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee Stephen Bokenkamp, Chair Robert Ford Campany Huaiyu Chen Young Oh Stephen West ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2019 ABSTRACT Religions, following Max Müller, have often been seen by scholars in religious studies as uniform collections of beliefs and practices encoded in stable “sacred books” that direct the conduct of religious actors. These texts were the chief focus of academic students of religion through much of the 20th century, and this approach remains strong in the 21st. However, a growing chorus of dissidents has begun to focus on the lived experience of practitioners and the material objects that structure that experience, and some textual scholars have begun extending this materialist framework to the study of texts. This dissertation is a contribution in that vein from the field of Daoist studies. Now split between two separate texts, the Most High Scripture of the Rectifying Methods of the Three Heavens began as a 4th-century collection of apocalyptic predictions and apotropaic devices designed to deliver a select group of Chinese literati to the heavens of Highest Clarity. Later editors during the early medieval period (ca. 220-589 CE) took one of two paths: for their own reasons, they altered the Rectifying Methods to emphasize either the world’s end or its continuation. Detailed study of these alterations and their contexts shows how individuals and groups used and modified the Rectifying Methods in in ways that challenge the conventional relationship between religious text and religious actor. ii To my mother, my first teacher “One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever.” – Ecclesiastes 1:4 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Surely by now the myth of the individual author is dead and buried. But for the record: I didn’t do this alone. First thanks go to my lovely and supportive family. Robert Swanger, Elaine Goble Dandridge, and Libby Swanger provided a wonderful home for a budding nerd to grow up in. Mom, I’m sorry you didn’t make it to the home stretch. I was really looking forward to your keen critical eye and attentive ear as I embarked on this project, but life had other plans. I’d also like to thank my committee. Stephen Bokenkamp, Robert Campany, Huaiyu Chen, Young Oh, and Stephen West have borne my endless questions over the years with patience and good cheer. Professor Campany deserves special thanks, as it was his influence (as well as that of the departed John McRae) that got me started studying the religions of China as an undergraduate. So does Stephen Bokenkamp. His compassion and forbearance made for an excellent mentor, and his strict attention to matters philological and sinological taught me that the smallest of unturned stones can yield fascinating secrets. The Yad Hanadiv Foundation and Tel Aviv University generously funded a portion of my work, and introduced me to some lovely new friends along the way (hi, Noa!). My support network includes professors from my undergraduate and graduate years: Nancy Levene and Pierce Salguero have been of particular help. I have also relied on some very good friends, past and present: Stephanie Bilinsky, David Walsh, Sammit Khandeparkar, JooSil Kim, Seth Clippard, Paul Amato, Jennifer Bussio, Yang Wu, Wenbo Chang, Ye Han, and many others were wonderful classmates and companions through the trials and tribulations of graduate school. My idiot cats have provided endless amusement, annoyance, and distraction; Fluffins (RIP!) iv helped me study for comps. But surely the most important person in my life over the course of this project has been Marci Baranski. Without her emotional and financial support, it wouldn’t have been possible. More importantly, she has proven an excellent partner, and the perfect person for me to love and grow with over the past six years. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1 RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND TEXTUALITY...........................................................1 The Tools at Hand.....................................................................................................1 Work, Text, Version, Voice, Author.........................................................................18 Writing and the Work of Creation...........................................................................27 The Shangqing Revelations.....................................................................................32 The Shangqing Revelations: Material and Social History.................................34 The Shangqing Revelations and the “Rectifying Methods”..............................35 Different Versions, Different Voices..................................................................38 The “Rectifying Methods” and the Study of Religion(s)........................................39 2 THE “RECTIFYING METHODS” AND CHANGE OVER TIME.........................42 Tales Retold.............................................................................................................42 The Secret Revelation of John............................................................................42 The Saint who Never Was..................................................................................49 Partial Works, Partial Memories........................................................................56 A Summary of the “Rectifying Methods”...............................................................59 Cosmology..........................................................................................................62 The Creation of Humanity and Nonhuman People............................................67 vi CHAPTER Page The Six Heavens and the Coming Apocalypse........................................................69 Hymns and Transmission Ceremony..................................................................74 Codes for Transmission of the Zhongwen Linglu and Yinyang Linglu.............76 Instructions for the Use of the Santian Zhengfa and Zhongwen Linglu............77 Instructions for the Use of the Zhongshu Zhenlu...............................................78 Citations from the “Siji minkge”........................................................................84 Amulets and Their Transmission........................................................................86 The Daoist Canon and the History of the “Rectifying Methods”...........................88 Previous scholarship on the “Rectifying Methods”................................................90 Ozaki Masaharu..................................................................................................91 Isabelle Robinet..................................................................................................93 Kobayashi Masayoshi.........................................................................................96 Ōfuchi Ninji........................................................................................................99 Wang Haoyue...................................................................................................100 Works and their authors.........................................................................................106 3 THE “RECTIFYING METHODS” AND THE SHANGQING REVELATIONS..108 The Sociohistorical Fabric....................................................................................109 The Shangqing Eschaton and Methods to Escape It.............................................117 An Early Example............................................................................................117 The End Has No End........................................................................................118 The Three Heavens and the Six Heavens.........................................................121 vii CHAPTER Page The Celestial Lists............................................................................................127 Meditation Exercises........................................................................................128 Protective Spells...............................................................................................130 Talismans..........................................................................................................131 The Shangqing Version.........................................................................................134 4 PROPHECY AND THE PEN: THE “RECTIFYING METHODS” AND THE RISE OF THE LIU-SONG................................................................................................135 The Sociohistorical Fabric....................................................................................135 The Liu-Song and Political Prophecy...................................................................138 The Shangqing Version: A Step Forward.............................................................146 5 A LORD OF SPACE AND TIME: THE “SECRET ESSENTIALS” AND THE
Recommended publications
  • Laozi Zhongjing)

    Laozi Zhongjing)

    A Study of the Central Scripture of Laozi (Laozi zhongjing) Alexandre Iliouchine A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts, Department of East Asian Studies McGill University January 2011 Copyright Alexandre Iliouchine © 2011 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................... v Abstract/Résumé............................................................................................. vii Conventions and Abbreviations.................................................................... viii Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 On the Word ―Daoist‖............................................................................. 1 A Brief Introduction to the Central Scripture of Laozi........................... 3 Key Terms and Concepts: Jing, Qi, Shen and Xian................................ 5 The State of the Field.............................................................................. 9 The Aim of This Study............................................................................ 13 Chapter 1: Versions, Layers, Dates............................................................... 14 1.1 Versions............................................................................................. 15 1.1.1 The Transmitted Versions..................................................... 16 1.1.2 The Dunhuang Version........................................................
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 09:41:18AM Via Free Access 102 M

    Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 09:41:18AM Via Free Access 102 M

    Asian Medicine 7 (2012) 101–127 brill.com/asme Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation1 Michael Stanley-Baker Abstract This paper examines convergent discourses of cure, health and transcendence in fourth century Daoist scriptures. The therapeutic massages, inner awareness and visualisation practices described here are from a collection of revelations which became the founding documents for Shangqing (Upper Clarity) Daoism, one of the most influential sects of its time. Although formal theories organised these practices so that salvation superseded curing, in practice they were used together. This blending was achieved through a series of textual features and synæsthesic practices intended to address existential and bodily crises simultaneously. This paper shows how therapeutic inter- ests were fundamental to soteriology, and how salvation informed therapy, thus drawing atten- tion to the entanglements of religion and medicine in early medieval China. Keywords Massage, synæsthesia, visualisation, Daoism, body gods, soteriology The primary sources for this paper are the scriptures of the Shangqing 上清 (Upper Clarity), an early Daoist school which rose to prominence as the fam- ily religion of the imperial family. The soteriological goal was to join an elite class of divine being in the Shangqing heaven, the Perfected (zhen 真), who were superior to Transcendents (xianren 仙). Their teachings emerged at a watershed point in the development of Daoism, the indigenous religion of 1 I am grateful for the insightful criticisms and comments on draughts of this paper from Robert Campany, Jennifer Cash, Charles Chase, Terry Kleeman, Vivienne Lo, Johnathan Pettit, Pierce Salguero, and Nathan Sivin.
  • Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)

    Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)

    Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China proto­typical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862.
  • Yearbook 1988

    Yearbook 1988

    YEARBOOK 1988 A Directory of The General Conference, World Divisions, Union and Local Conferences and Missions, Educational Institutions, Food Companies, Health-Care Institutions, Media Center, Publishing Houses, Periodicals, and Denominational Workers Printed in the U.S.A. by the REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740 For the Office of Archives and Statistics GENERAL CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS 6840 EASTERN AVENUE, NORTHWEST WASHINGTON, D.C. 20012 Contents Preface and Statistics 4 Fundamental Beliefs of Seventh-day Adventists 5 Constitution and Bylaws 9 General Conference and Departments 15 Divisions: Africa-Indian Ocean 39 Eastern Africa 63 Euro-Africa 83 Far Eastern 107 Inter-American 155 North American 193 Health-Care Corporations 265 South American 269 South Pacific 303 Southern Asia 327 Trans-European 343 Middle East Union 361 South African Union 363 Southern Union (Africa) 366 China 371 The Seventh-day Adventist Church in the USSR 373 Institutions: Educational Institutions 377 Food Companies 481 Health-Care Institutions 489 Dispensaries 527 Retirement Homes and Orphanages 534 Media Centers 537 Publishing Houses 541 Periodicals 553 Necrology 568 Calendars of Special Days and Offerings 1988-1989 572 List of Countries With Their Organizational Locations 574 Telex Directory 576 Calendars 1988-1989 578 Index of Institutional Workers 579 Postal Abbreviations 658 Directory of Workers 659 General Index 1021 3 Preface to the 1988 Edition Scope of the Yearbook A world directory of the Seventh-day Adventist Church broke out in the vicinity. The first non-Protestant is given in the following pages. It includes the General Christian country entered was Russia, where an Adventist Conference and its international divisions, union and minister went in 1886.
  • The University of Chicago Practices of Scriptural Economy: Compiling and Copying a Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Anthology A

    The University of Chicago Practices of Scriptural Economy: Compiling and Copying a Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Anthology A

    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRACTICES OF SCRIPTURAL ECONOMY: COMPILING AND COPYING A SEVENTH-CENTURY CHINESE BUDDHIST ANTHOLOGY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVINITY SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ALEXANDER ONG HSU CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2018 © Copyright by Alexander Ong Hsu, 2018. All rights reserved. Dissertation Abstract: Practices of Scriptural Economy: Compiling and Copying a Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Anthology By Alexander Ong Hsu This dissertation reads a seventh-century Chinese Buddhist anthology to examine how medieval Chinese Buddhists practiced reducing and reorganizing their voluminous scriptural tra- dition into more useful formats. The anthology, A Grove of Pearls from the Garden of Dharma (Fayuan zhulin ), was compiled by a scholar-monk named Daoshi (?–683) from hundreds of Buddhist scriptures and other religious writings, listing thousands of quotations un- der a system of one-hundred category-chapters. This dissertation shows how A Grove of Pearls was designed by and for scriptural economy: it facilitated and was facilitated by traditions of categorizing, excerpting, and collecting units of scripture. Anthologies like A Grove of Pearls selectively copied the forms and contents of earlier Buddhist anthologies, catalogs, and other compilations; and, in turn, later Buddhists would selectively copy from it in order to spread the Buddhist dharma. I read anthologies not merely to describe their contents but to show what their compilers and copyists thought they were doing when they made and used them. A Grove of Pearls from the Garden of Dharma has often been read as an example of a Buddhist leishu , or “Chinese encyclopedia.” But the work’s precursors from the sixth cen- tury do not all fit neatly into this genre because they do not all use lei or categories consist- ently, nor do they all have encyclopedic breadth like A Grove of Pearls.
  • The Mongolian Big Dipper Sūtra

    The Mongolian Big Dipper Sūtra

    JIABS Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 29 Number 1 2006 (2008) The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies (ISSN 0193-600XX) is the organ of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Inc. It welcomes scholarly contributions pertaining to all facets of Buddhist Studies. EDITORIAL BOARD JIABS is published twice yearly, in the summer and winter. KELLNER Birgit Manuscripts should preferably be sub- KRASSER Helmut mitted as e-mail attachments to: Joint Editors [email protected] as one single file, complete with footnotes and references, BUSWELL Robert in two different formats: in PDF-format, and in Rich-Text-Format (RTF) or Open- CHEN Jinhua Document-Format (created e.g. by Open COLLINS Steven Office). COX Collet GÓMEZ Luis O. Address books for review to: HARRISON Paul JIABS Editors, Institut für Kultur - und Geistesgeschichte Asiens, Prinz-Eugen- VON HINÜBER Oskar Strasse 8-10, AT-1040 Wien, AUSTRIA JACKSON Roger JAINI Padmanabh S. Address subscription orders and dues, KATSURA Shōryū changes of address, and UO business correspondence K Li-ying (including advertising orders) to: LOPEZ, Jr. Donald S. Dr Jérôme Ducor, IABS Treasurer MACDONALD Alexander Dept of Oriental Languages and Cultures SCHERRER-SCHAUB Cristina Anthropole SEYFORT RUEGG David University of Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland SHARF Robert email: [email protected] STEINKELLNER Ernst Web: www.iabsinfo.net TILLEMANS Tom Fax: +41 21 692 30 45 ZÜRCHER Erik Subscriptions to JIABS are USD 40 per year for individuals and USD 70 per year for libraries and other institutions. For informations on membership in IABS, see back cover.
  • Chinese Folk Art, Festivals, and Symbolism in Everyday Life

    Chinese Folk Art, Festivals, and Symbolism in Everyday Life

    Chinese Folk Art, Festivals, and Symbolism in Everyday Life PHOEBE A. HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY Written and Designed by Nicole Mullen with contributions by Ching-chih Lin, PhD candidate, History Department, UC Berkeley. Additional contributors: Elisa Ho, Leslie Kwang, Jill Girard. Funded by the Berkeley East Asia National Resource Center through its Title VI grant from the U.S. Department of Education. Special thanks to Ching-chih Lin, for his extraordinary contributions to this teaching guide and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in San Francisco for its generous print and electronic media contributions. Editor: Ira Jacknis Copyright © 2005. Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 103 Kroeber Hall. #3712, Berkeley CA 94720 Cover image: papercut, lion dance performance, 9–15927c All images with captions followed by catalog numbers in this guide are from the collections of the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. All PAHMA objects from Beijing and Nanking are from the museum's Ilse Martin Fang Chinese Folklore Collection. The collection was assembled primarily in Beijing between 1941 and 1946, while Ms. Fang was a postdoctoral fellow at the Deutschland Institute working in folklore and women's studies. PHOEBE A. HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY CHINA The People’s Republic of China is the third largest country in the world, after Russia and Canada. It is slightly larger than the United States and includes Hong Kong and Macau. China is located in East Asia. The capital city is Beijing, which is in the northeast part of the country.
  • The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien B2 voor dit chapter en nul 0 in hierna): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (oude _articletitle_deel, vul hierna in): Introduction _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 Introduction 37 Chapter 3 The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: A Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics Daniel H.N. Yeung According to the Nestorian Stele inscriptions, in the ninth year of the Zhen- guan era of the Tang Dynasty (635 AD), the Nestorian monk Mar Alopen, carry- ing with him 530 sacred texts1 and accompanied by 21 priests from Persia, arrived at Chang’an after years of traveling along the ancient Silk Road.2 The Emperor’s chancellor, Duke3 Fang Xuanling, along with the court guard, wel- comed the guests from Persia on the western outskirts of Chang’an and led them to Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose full name was Li Shimin. Alopen en- joyed the Emperor’s hospitality and was granted access to the imperial palace library4, where he began to undertake the translation of the sacred texts he had 1 According to the record of “Zun jing 尊經 Venerated Scriptures” amended to the Tang Dynasty Nestorian text “In Praise of the Trinity,” there were a total of 530 Nestorian texts. Cf. Wu Changxing 吳昶興, Daqin jingjiao liuxing zhongguo bei: daqin jingjiao wenxian shiyi 大秦景 教流行中國碑 – 大秦景教文獻釋義 [Nestorian Stele: Interpretation of the Nestorian Text ] (Taiwan: Olive Publishing, 2015), 195. 2 The inscription on the Stele reads: “Observing the clear sky, he bore the true sacred books; beholding the direction of the winds, he braved difficulties and dangers.” “Observing the clear sky” and “beholding the direction of the wind” can be understood to mean that Alopen and his followers relied on the stars at night and the winds during the day to navigate.
  • The Daoist Tradition Also Available from Bloomsbury

    The Daoist Tradition Also Available from Bloomsbury

    The Daoist Tradition Also available from Bloomsbury Chinese Religion, Xinzhong Yao and Yanxia Zhao Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed, Yong Huang The Daoist Tradition An Introduction LOUIS KOMJATHY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 175 Fifth Avenue London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10010 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com First published 2013 © Louis Komjathy, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Louis Komjathy has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. Permissions Cover: Kate Townsend Ch. 10: Chart 10: Livia Kohn Ch. 11: Chart 11: Harold Roth Ch. 13: Fig. 20: Michael Saso Ch. 15: Fig. 22: Wu’s Healing Art Ch. 16: Fig. 25: British Taoist Association British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 9781472508942 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Komjathy, Louis, 1971- The Daoist tradition : an introduction / Louis Komjathy. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4411-1669-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-6873-3 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-4411-9645-3 (epub) 1.
  • Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins of Inner Alchemy

    Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins of Inner Alchemy

    EARLY DAOIST MEDITATION 7 EARLY DAOIST MEDITATION AND THE ORIGINS OF INNER ALCHEMY Fabrizio Pregadio According to one of the scriptures belonging to the Taiqing, or Great Clar- ity, tradition, after an adept receives alchemical texts and relevant oral instructions from his master, he withdraws to a mountain or a secluded place to perform purification practices. He establishes the ritual area, demar- cates it with talismans for protection against demons and wild animals, and builds a Chamber of the Elixirs (danshi) at the centre of this protected space. To start compounding the elixir, he chooses a favourable day based on traditional methods of calendrical computation. When all ritual, spatial and temporal conditions are fulfilled, he may finally kindle the fire. Now he offers food and drink to three deities, and asks that they grant the successful compounding of the elixir: This petty man, (name of the adept), truly and entirely devotes his thoughts to the Great Lord of the Dao, Lord Lao and the Lord of Great Harmony. Alas! This petty man, (name of the adept), covets the Medicine of Life! Lead him so that the Medicine will not volat- ilise and be lost, but rather be fixed by the fire! Let the Medicine be good and efficacious, let the transmutations take place without hesitation, and let the Yellow and the White be entirely fixed! When he ingests the Medicine, let him fly as an immortal, have audience at the Purple Palace (Zigong), live an unending life and become an accomplished man (zhiren)!1 The Great Lord of the Dao (Da Daojun), Lord Lao (Laojun, or Laozi in his divine aspect) and the Lord of Great Harmony (Taihe jun) are not mentioned together in other alchemical texts.
  • The Fight for the Republic in China

    The Fight for the Republic in China

    The Fight For The Republic In China B.L. Putnam Weale The Fight For The Republic In China Table of Contents The Fight For The Republic In China.....................................................................................................................1 B.L. Putnam Weale........................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................2 CHAPTER II. THE ENIGMA OF YUAN SHIH−KAI...............................................................................10 CHAPTER III. THE DREAM REPUBLIC.................................................................................................16 CHAPTER IV. THE DICTATOR AT WORK............................................................................................22 CHAPTER V. THE FACTOR OF JAPAN.................................................................................................27 CHAPTER VI. THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS...................................................................................33 CHAPTER VII. THE ORIGIN OF THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS....................................................50 CHAPTER VIII. THE MONARCHIST PLOT...........................................................................................60
  • Bakovic, Eric. 2002. Vowel Harmony and Stem Identity. Phd Dissertation, Rutgers University

    Bakovic, Eric. 2002. Vowel Harmony and Stem Identity. Phd Dissertation, Rutgers University

    247 REFERENCES: Bakovic, Eric. 2002. Vowel harmony and stem identity. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University. ROA#540. Bao, Zhi-ming. 1990. On the Nature of Tone. PhD dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Bao, Zhi-ming. 1999. The Structure of Tone. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Beckman, Jill. 1998. Positional Faithfulness. PhD dissertation, UMASS, Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association. ROA#234. Beijing Univeristy, Department of Chinese languages and literature. 1995. Hanyu Fangyan Cihui. (A lexicon of Chinese dialects). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. (In Chinese). Benua, Laura. 1997. Transderivational Identity: Phonological Relations Between Words. PhD dissertation, UMASS, Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association, ROA#259. Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1930. A System of Tone Letters. La Maître phonétique. 45:24-27. Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. Chen, Matthew Y. 1979. Metrical Structure: Evidence from Chinese Poetry. Linguistic Inquiry 10:371-420. Chen, Matthew Y. 1984. Unfolding latent principles of literary taste - poetry as a window into language. In The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 1984. Taiwan. Chen, Matthew Y. 1985. Tianjin tone sandhi: erratic rule application? Ms., Univ. of California, San Diego. Chen, Matthew Y. 1986. The paradox of Tianjin tone sandhi. CLS 22:98-154. 248 Chen, Matthew Y. 1987. Introductory remarks to a symposium on Tianjin tone sandhi. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 15:203-227. Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge Univ. Press. Chen, Matthew Y. 2002. Changting Hakka tone sandhi. Paper presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics. Academia Sinica, Taipei. Chen, Matthew Y, Xiuhong Yan and Lian-Hee Wee.