DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fight for the Republic in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Fight For The Republic In China B.L. Putnam Weale The Fight For The Republic In China Table of Contents The Fight For The Republic In China.....................................................................................................................1 B.L. Putnam Weale........................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................2 CHAPTER II. THE ENIGMA OF YUAN SHIH−KAI...............................................................................10 CHAPTER III. THE DREAM REPUBLIC.................................................................................................16 CHAPTER IV. THE DICTATOR AT WORK............................................................................................22 CHAPTER V. THE FACTOR OF JAPAN.................................................................................................27 CHAPTER VI. THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS...................................................................................33 CHAPTER VII. THE ORIGIN OF THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS....................................................50 CHAPTER VIII. THE MONARCHIST PLOT...........................................................................................60 CHAPTER IX. THE MONARCHY PLOT.................................................................................................72 CHAPTER X. THE MONARCHY MOVEMENT IS OPPOSED..............................................................79 CHAPTER XI. THE DREAM EMPIRE.....................................................................................................90 CHAPTER XII. "THE THIRD REVOLUTION"........................................................................................99 CHAPTER XIII. "THE THIRD REVOLUTION" (Continued)................................................................104 CHAPTER XIV. THE NEW REGIME,FROM 1916 TO 1917..............................................................113 CHAPTER XV. THE REPUBLIC IN COLLISION WITH REALITY: TWO TYPICAL INSTANCES OF "FOREIGN AGGRESSION".......................................................................................120 CHAPTER XVI. CHINA AND THE WAR..............................................................................................126 CHAPTER XVII. THE FINAL PROBLEM:REMODELLING THE POLITICO−ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHINA AND THE WORLD..................................................................151 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................159 i The Fight For The Republic In China B.L. Putnam Weale This page copyright © 2002 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • PREFACE • CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION • CHAPTER II. THE ENIGMA OF YUAN SHIH−KAI • CHAPTER III. THE DREAM REPUBLIC • CHAPTER IV. THE DICTATOR AT WORK • CHAPTER V. THE FACTOR OF JAPAN • CHAPTER VI. THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS • CHAPTER VII. THE ORIGIN OF THE TWENTY−ONE DEMANDS • CHAPTER VIII. THE MONARCHIST PLOT • CHAPTER IX. THE MONARCHY PLOT • CHAPTER X. THE MONARCHY MOVEMENT IS OPPOSED • CHAPTER XI. THE DREAM EMPIRE • CHAPTER XII. "THE THIRD REVOLUTION" • CHAPTER XIII. "THE THIRD REVOLUTION" (Continued) • CHAPTER XIV. THE NEW REGIME,FROM 1916 TO 1917 • CHAPTER XV. THE REPUBLIC IN COLLISION WITH REALITY: TWO TYPICAL INSTANCES OF "FOREIGN AGGRESSION" • CHAPTER XVI. CHINA AND THE WAR • CHAPTER XVII. THE FINAL PROBLEM:REMODELLING THE POLITICO−ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHINA AND THE WORLD • APPENDIX Produced by Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team PREFACE This volume tells everything that the student or the casual reader needs to know about the Chinese Question. It is sufficiently exhaustive to show very clearly the new forces at work, and to bring some realisation of the great gulf which separates the thinking classes of to−day from the men of a few years ago; whilst, at the same time, it is sufficiently condensed not to overwhelm the reader with too great a multitude of facts. Particular attention may be devoted to an unique featurenamely, the Chinese and Japanese documentation which affords a sharp contrast between varying types of Eastern brains. Thus, in the Memorandum of the Black Dragon Society (Chapter VII) we have a very clear and illuminating revelation of the Japanese political mind which has been trained to consider problems in the modern Western way, but which remains saturated with theocratic ideals in the sharpest conflict with the Twentieth Century. In the pamphlet of Yang Tu (Chapter VIII) which launched the ill−fated Monarchy Scheme and contributed so largely to the dramatic death of Yuan Shih−kai, we have an essentially Chinese mentality of the reactionary or corrupt type which expresses itself both on home and foreign issues in a naively dishonest way, helpful to future diplomacy. In the Letter of Protest (Chapter X) against the The Fight For The Republic In China 1 The Fight For The Republic In China revival of Imperialism written by Liang Ch'i−chaothe most brilliant scholar livingwe have a Chinese of the New or Liberal China, who in spite of a complete ignorance of foreign languages shows a marvellous grasp of political absolutes, and is a harbinger of the great days which must come again to Cathay. In other chapters dealing with the monarchist plot we see the official mind at work, the telegraphic despatches exchanged between Peking and the provinces being of the highest diplomatic interest. These documents prove conclusively that although the Japanese is more practical than the Chineseand more concise there can be no question as to which brain is the more fruitful. Coupled with this discussion there is much matter giving an insight into the extraordinary and calamitous foreign ignorance about present−day China, an ignorance which is just as marked among those resident in the country as among those who have never visited it. The whole of the material grouped in this novel fashion should not fail to bring conviction that the Far East, with its 500 millions of people, is destined to play an important role in post−bellum history because of the new type of modern spirit which is being there evolved. The influence of the Chinese Republic, in the opinion of the writer, cannot fail to be ultimately world−wide in view of the practically unlimited resources in man−power which it disposes of. In the Appendices will be found every document of importance for the period of under examination,¡911 to 1917. The writer desires to record his indebtedness to the columns of The Peking Gazette, a newspaper which under the brilliant editorship of Eugene Ch'ena pure Chinese born and educated under the British flaghas fought consistently and victoriously for Liberalism and Justice and has made the Republic a reality to countless thousands who otherwise would have refused to believe in it. PUTNAM WEALE. PEKING, June, 1917. CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The revolution which broke out in China on the 10th October, 1911, and which was completed with the abdication of the Manchu Dynasty on the 12th February, 1912, though acclaimed as highly successful, was in its practical aspects something very different. With the proclamation of the Republic, the fiction of autocratic rule had truly enough vanished; yet the tradition survived and with it sufficient of the essential machinery of Imperialism to defeat the nominal victors until the death of Yuan Shih−kai. The movement to expel the Manchus, who had seized the Dragon Throne in 1644 from the expiring Ming Dynasty, was an old one. Historians are silent on the subject of the various secret plots which were always being hatched to achieve that end, their silence being due to a lack of proper records and to the difficulty of establishing the simple truth in a country where rumour reigns supreme. But there is little doubt that the famous Ko−lao−hui, a Secret Society with its headquarters in the remote province of Szechuan, owed its origin to the last of the Ming adherents, who after waging a desperate guerilla warfare from the date of their expulsion from Peking, finally fell to the low level of inciting assassinations and general unrest in the vain hope that they might some day regain their heritage. At least, we know one thing definitely: that the attempt on the life of the Emperor Chia Ching in the Peking streets at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century was a Secret Society plot, and brought to an abrupt end the pleasant habit of travelling among their subjects which the great Manchu Emperors K'anghsi and Ch'ien Lung had inaugurated and always pursued and which had so largely encouraged the growth of personal loyalty to a foreign House. From that day onwards for over a century no Emperor ventured out from behind the frowning Walls of the Forbidden City save for brief annual ceremonies such as the Worship of Heaven on the occasion of the Winter Solstice, and during the two "flights" first, in 1860 when Peking was occupied by an Anglo−French expedition and the Court incontinently sought sanctuary in the mountain Palaces of Jehol; and, again, in 1900, when with the pricking of the Boxer bubble and the arrival of the International relief armies,
Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World

    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World

    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
  • CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern

    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern

    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty.
  • History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c

    History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c

    HISTORY OF CHINA AND JAPAN FROM 1900TO 1976 A.D 18BHI63C (UNIT II) V.VIJAYAKUMAR 9025570709 III B A HISTORY - VI SEMESTER Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty, becoming the Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916). He tried to save the dynasty with a number of modernization projects including bureaucratic, fiscal, judicial, educational, and other reforms, despite playing a key part in the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform. He established the first modern army and a more efficient provincial government in North China in the last years of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last monarch of the Qing dynasty, in 1912. Through negotiation, he became the first President of the Republic of China in 1912.[1] This army and bureaucratic control were the foundation of his autocratic. He was frustrated in a short-lived attempt to restore hereditary monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor (Chinese: 洪憲皇帝). His death shortly after his abdication led to the fragmentation of the Chinese political system and the end of the Beiyang government as China's central authority. On 16 September 1859, Yuan was born as Yuan Shikai in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, China. The Yuan clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; lit.
  • Westernisation, Ideology and National Identity in 20Th-Century Chinese Music

    Westernisation, Ideology and National Identity in 20Th-Century Chinese Music

    Westernisation, Ideology and National Identity in 20th-Century Chinese Music Yiwen Ouyang PhD Thesis Royal Holloway, University of London DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Yiwen Ouyang, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: 19 May 2012 I To my newly born baby II ABSTRACT The twentieth century saw the spread of Western art music across the world as Western ideology and values acquired increasing dominance in the global order. How did this process occur in China, what complexities does it display and what are its distinctive features? This thesis aims to provide a detailed and coherent understanding of the Westernisation of Chinese music in the 20th century, focusing on the ever-changing relationship between music and social ideology and the rise and evolution of national identity as expressed in music. This thesis views these issues through three crucial stages: the early period of the 20th century which witnessed the transition of Chinese society from an empire to a republic and included China’s early modernisation; the era from the 1930s to 1940s comprising the Japanese intrusion and the rising of the Communist power; and the decades of economic and social reform from 1978 onwards. The thesis intertwines the concrete analysis of particular pieces of music with social context and demonstrates previously overlooked relationships between these stages. It also seeks to illustrate in the context of the appropriation of Western art music how certain concepts acquired new meanings in their translation from the European to the Chinese context, for example modernity, Marxism, colonialism, nationalism, tradition, liberalism, and so on.
  • The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: a Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics

    _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien B2 voor dit chapter en nul 0 in hierna): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (oude _articletitle_deel, vul hierna in): Introduction _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 Introduction 37 Chapter 3 The Multiple Identities of the Nestorian Monk Mar Alopen: A Discussion on Diplomacy and Politics Daniel H.N. Yeung According to the Nestorian Stele inscriptions, in the ninth year of the Zhen- guan era of the Tang Dynasty (635 AD), the Nestorian monk Mar Alopen, carry- ing with him 530 sacred texts1 and accompanied by 21 priests from Persia, arrived at Chang’an after years of traveling along the ancient Silk Road.2 The Emperor’s chancellor, Duke3 Fang Xuanling, along with the court guard, wel- comed the guests from Persia on the western outskirts of Chang’an and led them to Emperor Taizong of Tang, whose full name was Li Shimin. Alopen en- joyed the Emperor’s hospitality and was granted access to the imperial palace library4, where he began to undertake the translation of the sacred texts he had 1 According to the record of “Zun jing 尊經 Venerated Scriptures” amended to the Tang Dynasty Nestorian text “In Praise of the Trinity,” there were a total of 530 Nestorian texts. Cf. Wu Changxing 吳昶興, Daqin jingjiao liuxing zhongguo bei: daqin jingjiao wenxian shiyi 大秦景 教流行中國碑 – 大秦景教文獻釋義 [Nestorian Stele: Interpretation of the Nestorian Text ] (Taiwan: Olive Publishing, 2015), 195. 2 The inscription on the Stele reads: “Observing the clear sky, he bore the true sacred books; beholding the direction of the winds, he braved difficulties and dangers.” “Observing the clear sky” and “beholding the direction of the wind” can be understood to mean that Alopen and his followers relied on the stars at night and the winds during the day to navigate.
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making

    Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making

    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
  • The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911

    The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries.
  • Smifnwessun Jeru 17.12.11 DRESDEN Pressetext

    Smifnwessun Jeru 17.12.11 DRESDEN Pressetext

    krasscore concerts presents SMIF N WESSUN & JERU THA DAMAJA „90ies Rap X-Mas Special pt.2“ date: Sa. 17.12.2011 venue: Scheune Alaunstr. 36/40 01099 Dresden acts: Smif N Wessun (Brooklyn / NYC) Jeru tha Damaja (Brooklyn / NYC) special: AFTER-SHOW-PARTY mit DJ Access (New DEF / Dresden) Einlass: 21:00 Beginn: 22:00 Eintritt: 18 € im VVK (incl. After-Show-Party!) ohne Gebühren: in allen Harlem Stores, Supreme, Titus und Späti (Striesen) zzgl. VVK-Geb.: VVK bundesweit an allen VVK-Stellen, online unter www.krasscore.com/tickets und in Dresden z.B. bei Dresden Ticket, KoKa Florentinum & Schillergalerie allen SZ-Treffpunkten (Altmarktgalerie, Elbe Park, Karstadt, Seidnitz Center) & Sax-Ticket www.krasscore.com Seit 2001 kümmert sich die Crew von krasscore concerts um die Belange der Rap-Fans in Dresden & Umgebung. Seit letztem Jahr ist es nun fast schon Tradition, dass sich alle Ami-Rap Fans am letzten Samstag vor Weihnachten auf ein Highlight in dieser Sparte freuen können. Denn am 17.12. werden nach Group Home, Dilated Peoples, Lootpack, Black Milk, Sean Price, Brand Nubian, Camp Lo, Das EFX, Masta Ace und vielen anderen amerikanischen Rap- Größen endlich auch SMIF N WESSUN die Bühne der Scheune rocken - und das zum ersten Mal überhaupt in Dresden! Um die Sache richtig abzurunden, konnte der ebenfalls aus Brooklyn stammende JERU THA DAMAJA gewonnen werden, der nach über neun Jahren Pause Dresden erneut beehren wird. Und da Weihnachten nun mal die Zeit der Geschenke ist, möchte sich das Team von krasscore bei allen Gästen für die teilweise jahrelange Treue bedanken, weshalb die Karten für das X-mas-HipHop-Spektakel im Supreme & den Harlem Stores lediglich 18 Euro kosten.
  • First Contact Between Ya'qūb Beg and the Qing

    First Contact Between Ya'qūb Beg and the Qing

    Journal of Asian and African Studies, No., Article First Contact between Ya‘qūb Beg and the Qing e Diplomatic Correspondence of * Shinmen, Yasushi Onuma, Takahiro e collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei includes a Turkic let- ter sent to the Qing Dynasty in early 1871 by Ya‘qūb Beg (1820?–77), who established a political regime over the oasis cities of Xinjiang in the late 19th century. Here we introduce this Turkic document and consider the activities and intentions of Ya‘qūb Beg at that time. e aim of this paper is to reveal new facts about contacts between Ya‘qūb Beg and the Qing Dynasty. In 1870, Ya‘qūb Beg went on an expedition to Turfan and Urumchi and extended his territory to the east. During this campaign, Ya‘qūb Beg released and returned the Qing officials captured in Turfan and Urumchi by the Tungans and sent this letter to the Qing. e letter carefully explains how his conquest and rule of Xinjiang were legitimate; his actions were rationalized as the will of God and thus beyond human intellect. From the letter, we appreciate Ya‘qūb Beg’s desire to have the Qing acknowledge that his rule was an accom- plished fact. The Qing authorities in Hami immediately replied with the “Letter of Admonition,” in which clearly states that Xinjiang was part of the Qing’s “dynastic territory.” At the same time, the authorities began to explore possi- bilities for cooperation not only with the local Chinese militias, but also with the Tungans for defense against Ya‘qūb Beg.
  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.
  • An Examination of Essential Popular Music Compact Disc Holdings at the Cleveland Public Library

    An Examination of Essential Popular Music Compact Disc Holdings at the Cleveland Public Library

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 435 403 IR 057 553 AUTHOR Halliday, Blane TITLE An Examination of Essential Popular Music Compact Disc Holdings at the Cleveland Public Library. PUB DATE 1999-05-00 NOTE 94p.; Master's Research Paper, Kent State University. Information Science. Appendices may not reproduce adequately. PUB TYPE Dissertations/Theses (040) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Audiodisks; Discographies; *Library Collection Development; *Library Collections; *Optical Disks; *Popular Music; *Public Libraries; Research Libraries; Tables (Data) IDENTIFIERS *Cleveland Public Library OH ABSTRACT In the 1970s and early 1980s, a few library researchers and scholars made a case for the importance of public libraries' acquisition of popular music, particularly rock music sound recordings. Their arguments were based on the anticipated historical and cultural importance of obtaining and maintaining a collection of these materials. Little new research in this direction has been performed since then. The question arose as to what, if anything, has changed since this time. This question was answered by examining the compact disc holdings of the Cleveland Public Library, a major research-oriented facility. This examination was accomplished using three discographies of essential rock music titles, as well as recent "Billboard" Top 200 Album charts. The results indicated a strong orientation toward the acquisition of recent releases, with the "Billboard" charts showing the largest percentages of holdings for the system. Meanwhile, the holdings vis-a-vis the essential discographies ran directly opposite the "Billboard" holdings. This implies a program of short-term patron satisfaction by providing current "hits," while disregarding the long-term benefits of a collection based on demonstrated artistic relevance.
  • Hams 10 Lard 1°

    Hams 10 Lard 1°

    DO YOU WANT L-UI NO. 63. PLAINFIELD.PLAINFIELD. N.N. J..J.. THURSDAYTHURSDAY.. DECEMBEDECEMBERR 2211 18931893.. ML BABCOCK'S FUNERAL. ENTHUSIA8TEENTHUSIASTIC KNIGHTSKNIGHTS OOfF PYTHM8-PYTHIAS' YOUTHFULYOUTHFUL BEAUXBEAUX ANDAND BELLEBELLESS FULLY UP TO THE TIMES. A BANKS DOORS CLOSED. allr Ladca, to Wh.m tka Plum TaJL tkis Half U Mate Ua SlrtM.j laoafttoa Th» W»Ii WaUk tka Cfcristlaa Ik* St. MltUaa, of STMT T«rk, Callapaat u Tuaa, IHU to Cawa tka Dutt i« t Dtpatr MIM £BC* |. Huricu Put ia a Tarv Lum-ta D Soeiaty of ta« mat PiMBTtarlaa Ckatek Aa Aged I*s>. am Csateal Avsna, Tall laa Ora.dCb»nctllor.—amid Xaeta AppUu* FROM PARK AND •nt trIKM at D>a*lJ*m Is HoIdUf, Is 4 I (SPECIAL TO THE CODRIER.) tar KtA lattatMJ IijariM Wbiefc tn Pr»d laars la Bateau*, art Tkaa tat Mta W.rt Oina, ud th. Tout 0»«aU and i. Atuadai aa iu OfaaJaf ATENUE8. NEW YORK,nee, 21.—The doorso Tair tsriNS Taaafk th.ir Isttat waa aot Ealfkta Strikt oat fcr •aautkimi to Bat. Wan Sorry Tkn tka BictpU— Camt to b J Xaaj Plaiafleldars. the St. Nicholas Bank ai Disasvsnt uttl TtiUrdij. tk- funeral wvkM of George n • ML 23 Broad street, were closed this more ThThee annualannual district . meetinmeetingg oofr TheThe lecturelecture rooroomm ofof ththee FirsFirmt PresPrvu.- 'Aunty1' Yarnell, an old woman KnightKnights* oror PythiasPythias wawass heldheld Ilan UnitCaltj; Miss Eugenie Harrigan, tbe daughter byterian. Chnrch at Duneilen looked ' by Superintendent C. >f. Preston. ■‘Aunty" Yaraell, an old woman w iii« house on west t.trnin bylenan Church d I-unelleo looked 'he Superintendent posted s> little' pentpast ninetyninety-tw Awoo yeanyears laIs confinecon leadd ttoo herber Lodge-odge roomroom lastlast nlgbnightt witwithh DistricDistrictt or Mrs.