American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688

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Evaluating and comparing the Book of Arda Viraf Nameh with Sayr al-’Ibad ilA l-Ma’ad Masoud Nabati Department of Persian Literature and Language, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Mahabad, Iran

Abstract: The fate and the end of man since time immemorial, human thought to have engaged in many works of world literature has emerged in various forms. The imagination of the human being and his efforts to escape the limitations of the human, supernatural led him to think that one of the channels to day thoughts, moods world it is spiritual itinerary. The origin of this type of travel for himself a “literary genre” have created separate, it is unclear. But sometimes significant similarities can be seen in the modern man's thinking and curiosity movement. Literary of Iran is not an exception, “Arda Viraf” and “Sayr al-I’bad ila l- Ma’ad” Sanai including these “spiritual itinerary”, that the first one representative of Islamic mysticism and religion, Zoroastrianism, another representative of imitation of Ascension. In this article we have tried to study the important speech point by point the two of them discussed the similarities and differences. And that the diversity of the world such as: structure, themes and philosophical foundations will consider and mention the views of the two major currents of religious and mystical about human destiny after death is dealt with and the image of purgatory, hell and paradise, which show and type eagles will reward and place for the wicked and the righteous will be in these two specific itinerary. Keyword: Arda Viraf Nameh, Sayr al-’Ibad ila l-Ma’ad, purgatory, Hell, Heaven

I. Introduction The fate and the end of mankind since time immemorial, human thought to have been occupied. The mortal man from the first day of awareness of death as an inevitable truth that is hidden in the shadows at any moment and is faced. The desire for immortality, his biggest wish in life and somehow all very effort to achieve this wish during these years. Since the death with this apparent contradiction is human desire, but this fact does not disappoint people and that's why tries to escape death, unexplored territories with the literary world know and Others in this incredible experience of its partners. Puts his foot in his imagination to a place where justice and truth prevail and can experience eternal life. An example of these experiences spiritual itinerary and it created a world in which every color and language world literature, it has emerged sample; most of these itineraries have a religious flavor religion. In literary and mystical Zoroastrian priest ascension “Kartir” and someone called “Arda Viraf”. we have both Faith and religion Zoroastrianism and Representative works as a rebuke for his converts are considered. In Christianity works such as “The Divine Comedy” Dante, “Paradise Lost” by John Milton and “spiritual pilgrimage” of John Bunyan yen, a rise of indoor mediaeval cathedrals is all that indicate Christianity converts eagles and rewards in the form of allegory which are taken sometimes philosophical flavor. This itinerary can be seen in some of the world's myths as myths Sumerian, Egyptian, Indian and who will come in its place. This article aims to address two of the most important travelogues, representing one of the pre- Islamic Zoroastrian religion and mysticism is the Book of “Arda Viraf Nameh” And another representative of Islamic mysticism and philosophy, i.e., “Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad” of Sanaie.

II. Methodology This paper library research carried out at the end of the study, subjects were taking notes with regard to the content of chapters, available data classification was included in parts of the thesis. Checker man always and in every age interested in “recognition of existence’ had been taken to accomplish this is to do everything. Knowing enthusiasm and awareness of tourism has brought him around on their own and travel difficulties and obstacles with heart and bought far gone to know that has not seen yet.

AIJRHASS 15-887; © 2015, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 275 Masoud Nabati, American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 13(3), December, 2015-February, 2016, pp. 275-279

III. Arda Viraf Nameh Among the works of Sanaie, Book of Arda Viraf one of the most popular and most recognized them, and one of the most basic resources for teaching knowledge about other world, in ancient Iran. In the realm of the afterlife, this book is the latest sign that it must Avesta data and what we're about the same subject, in this period, through the text of the inscription of the priest “Kartir” we have compared. Said earlier that it scrolls visual description of the priest (Kartir) has narrated from heaven. “When you know that the afterlife rituals Sanaie What is crucial, then we can understand the Book of Arda Viraf considerable benefit” (Jinio, 2009: 13).

IV. Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad Topic “Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad” system of lessons that later it extended Attar. And in his system, home seeker Holy Spirit, through all the material world and the spiritual realm described. Travel the land, “Nafs Namiye” begins and then the higher stages of the kingdoms “rational soul” is going and where their aim seeker sees this old fluorescent light in the face of aging is the rational soul. Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad is “mystical poem that describes the evolution of the human spirit shows. The beginning of the book, he is mixing the wind blowing the breath of God and carries the soul” (Ranjbar, 2008: 1) Nafs captive after learning to be a leader and to one day in the dark old man sees subtle and luminous example “rational soul” and “acquired intellect” is. It invites his old town to walk and breathe the devil traits of plants and animals and is caused by forces leave. And devil traits of them mentioned traits, and finally comes into its own is captured in the clutches of the evil powers and attributes. “This system, in general about the existence of the human earth after waking up to the rises through the degrees of growth. Plant Spirit is the first step in embryonic period Nursing is the maintenance man. And during the journey he finally reached the resurrection must be overcome through the material and the way it is.” (Ranjbar, 2008: 2). During the stages of development and readiness to accept the rational soul with the eye-opening insight, managed to find a guide that her mental development in line guidance, and this guide is the active intellect. During the stages of development and readiness to accept the rational soul with the eye-opening insight, be able to find tips that in the course of his mental development guidance, and this guide is the active intellect. The animal soul is the greatest task is to collect data from the outside world through the five senses and impart appearance and maintenance through inner senses that the four natural forces will be possible thanks to compatibility. Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad is unique in its kind. No poet ever been able to visit a variety of stages and barriers to these and Shiva and beautiful state. When the poet's art culminates every single home and describes the steps and barriers introduced into passage reveals them.

V. Differences and Similarities of two works Now that the Book of Arda Viraf features and Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad the appropriate size was discussed and evaluated all aspects of the two huge hit; It is time that the similarities and differences of these two effects to be addressed; But before addressing these important questions need to be answered is whether Islamic mysticism of pre-Islamic religions such as Zoroastrianism originate? Is the origin of Sufism, Islamic mysticism and religion of Zoroastrianism to Islam? And if the impact is how it is and at what level? Purgatory in Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad. Purgatory is a place that in some of the works clearly (like the Book of Arda Viraf, The Divine Comedy) and covered in others (such as Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad) is talking about is, purgatory for those spirits that is bad or good deeds and have repented, this repentance, sometimes at the last moment of life and the forgiveness seeker will be accepted. Unlike the infernal spirits from purgatory those who are pleased with their doom, because the difficulty of purgatory, save them from the darkness of sin. And at the end of it, it is hoped that the process paradise. The hell that is described in the description of her particular position has been clear not Arda viraf and the rank and considered it not been for the fact that limbo is a battle between the conscious and unconscious Senate. In addition, more descriptions of those who are present in different territories and a polarized light and the dark polar light pink and dark nature have been so frustrated and repressed.

VI. Heaven in the Arda Viraf Arda viraf journey in life after death (the dead) in one direction, but in this journey, he first goes to Chinud Bridge which, according to Zoroastrian belief, bridge the ghosts to go to the other world must pass through it. The special feature of this leg, it is to spread the good souls to easily pass on it and go to heaven, and for the souls of the wicked is very narrow so they fall into the hell of it. So as you travel through Arda viraf comes, heaven and hell are at the top Chinud Bridge at the bottom of the bridge, somewhere between hell and heaven correlations also Arda viraf after reaching Chinud Bridge and met with a group of gods, because abstinence work and clean her own nature triumph of Chinud bridge passes.

AIJRHASS 15-887; © 2015, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 276 Masoud Nabati, American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 13(3), December, 2015-February, 2016, pp. 275-279

Ardavyraf and psychological limbo after observing that there was a way to heaven. He heaven in accordance with the beliefs of ancient Iran, which sees four categories are: basic stars, moon base, base high sky (Grudman). The first three floors of the base star, sun moon base and base, a symbol of good thoughts, words, and good deeds. According to ancient legends of the stars and the sun moon base is lower than the priority of good deeds and good words on the pious become clear. Grudman is also a place of peace and comfort and the Amesha Spenta. Paradise also describes the sweetest smells heavenly and the smell of the south knows.

VII. Heaven in Sayr al-’Ibad ilA l-Ma’ad The goal of all human aspirations, the ultimate cure for children nostalgia wanted Adam and his beautiful image that is projected on the sky. Though given the power of spiritual and scientific capability author of the enjoyment of simple material to intuitive glorious fluctuate, but the manifestation of “self”, the innermost core flow. Sky status of immortality and freedom, paradise land. Human language does not have enough capacity to express the image of paradise. After much experience in the areas of language is a contradiction and a password. Physical nature of the change, the word ambiguous and admit to an inability to describe, describe the characteristics of heaven. Although the word describing the martyr, is excellent but in the end, the story usually takes confusion and the feeling behind the words spoken, the reader excited and her experience of the understandable but impossible to attribute a partner. Every human being by the human sense of integrity and glory hidden in nature, this avoided the author or his inability to portray their intuition will allow the audience. Until himself with his own self-image and communicate updates and it freely to their shape and dreams picture and imagine. Surround lighting, endless joy, eternal blessings, exaggerated beauty of nature, the water of life medicinal plants, lack of feeling full of prosperity, wealth, gold, freedom seeker in God's blessings, we can change how they allowed the pleasure that in this world religions are forbidden language, song and sound, image material paradise that is described in this story.

VIII. Results of similarities between two works The creators of the work, encouraging man to uproot himself from the world and close to the heart of the spiritual world and the real world that is eternal, commodity. They emphasize that in this world of deception and deceit abound. These two characters are out of the world journey. And in the face of adversity trip, the guides are inspired to approach the right not afraid of any obstacles and problems. Their intention was to work in the development of world philosophical, spiritual, religious and moral to the audience pretend and mingle with their work in applied reasoning and proof that the idea of the perfect man is getting. From their perspective, people in every walk of life, full of energy and belief in the supernatural always trying to explain and interpret their individual beliefs and perseverance to make the step-by-step is superhuman spiritual and mystic. The mystic. In fact, the annihilation of the material world to achieve Qaf, himself a veteran of law and religion distinguishes demand has come true. In these two works, a kind of art is awesome and beautiful expression. This reflects the fact that the virtues and vices, since ancient times been debated and moral ideas as religion and mysticism and literature is available to the public. Another outstanding feature of these two instructions is informative and constructive debate. The religious perspective of human existence from dark to clear the darkness toward the light and truth of human existence in a world that is there, conduct and using various analogies are trying to make the world a man caught in a tight cage by topping shrine Kebria as far as his original homeland, their tips. These two characters – Arda viraf and Senate - after a period oft and on the horizons, what they had learned the practical wisdom of the public have moral and scientific principles and not through reason and practical rules but have found through observation and induction and deal with guidance and advice. And self-discipline, your advice in the form of beautiful things and away from personal interests have expressed the philosophy and devotion.

Other common features of these two effects can be briefly summed up this way: Travel, both to the land of eternity, has been in the dream and imagination. Both were inspired to pass the vices of its guides. Both were inspired to pass the vices of its guides. Both have benefited from their work in creating one less parable (Book of Arda Viraf) one more (Sayr al- I’bad ila l-Ma’ad)

Their aim was to some moral principles and religious indoctrination after returning from a trip to their audience. Each line of this work, a detailed report of personal experience and is very secret, especially from the depths of their being. In both works of religious motif is used as one more (Book of Arda Viraf) and less (Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad).

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IX. Results of the differences between two works A. Spiritual Journey Sufi mysticism as a clear ruling on their spiritual journey to God and the firmament begins the long journey here took a lot of little interest. Both have spiritual journey. Arda viraf according to the purity and the man of God and goes into a trance and start your journey that lasts a week. And the Senate, he is relying on the principles of Sufi mysticism as a spiritual journey to God! Clear skies begin. Travel time here is a long time and a lot of little interest. The purpose of praise is higher Sanai, Sanai established as the evolution of the human mind to understand the symbols knows that he represents the natural world. He describes a process that involves the inhibition of growth of soda ash and inherent qualities. The goal of Arda Viraf is seeing the world and meeting with Ohrmazd Vamshaspndan life and finally pulling people from their current misery and doubt, in this mortal world is to lead them to happiness and eternal salvation.

X. Differences in Inferno In Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad, there is no place for the wicked in hell that. The plight of Hell seeker is faced with the undesirable traits of his shortcomings is the seeker. He alone can cross them but also help to eliminate the old vices individual traits and then stepped into the house. But in Inferno Book of Arda Viraf types of physical torment, despair, forgetting eternal and everlasting separation from God's mercy that is the most painful punishment. Purgatory is described in the Book of Arda Viraf is where the teachings of most religions is, the spatial separation between Heaven hell. Vanja place is equally good and the bad deeds of those who enter paradise and for that they need to stay there for some time to clean up their souls to heaven fitness and talents to find them. Purgatory is described in the Book of Arda Viraf is where the teachings of most religions is, the spatial separation between Heaven and Hell. And as a place of good deeds and bad people who are equal. To enter Paradise and be sure to stay there for some time and talents to be pure souls find their fitness to enter Paradise. But this form there Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad limbo, purgatory, which describes the Senate is purely philosophical and mystical. There are those who see him in limbo between good deeds in this world have been wandering mind, despite their good deeds and good people, are the vices. “They goodness of young people who do not have vision.” As in: emulator, suspicion…

XI. Conclusion By examining the myths and stories of different periods of human life, and his reaction to the death court to obtain a single idea, belief in the afterlife, eternal world with different properties of terrestrial life. In the language of religion, globalization is inevitable and eternal promised to believers. The scriptures helped believers were familiar with what kind of life, it believed, based on the teachings of divine certainty as the original story in the world of art restoration world. In this story entrance into the sky, in addition to training, exciting, visual way to establish religious beliefs and spiritual Lord. The goal of such trips is “visiting the shrine of truth” and a meeting with the Lord. In general, travel in this genre, allegory of “death” and “resurrection” of the spiritual content of it is a kind of inner awareness and “Realms of Death”. In general, the comparative study of the two works-how in terms of similarities and what differences - can be said to cause effects, Anonymous in his work has been described as the perfect man. With internal Seleucid wants to show the audience rise and get to the truth requires abandonment of any non-owned. In Arda Viraf, as has been discussed in the first chapter would doubt that there is to be resolved in the Zoroastrian religion. Want to know worship and devotion and good works they do to be Ohrmazd or the Court. Despite these doubts and questions that led to the creation of the Book of Arda Viraf. Another effect in both first-person narrative point of view narrator describes his mental trips. In terms of character in Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad with a hero who is as though Anonymous and two individual champions, including tips he Soroush and spirits and gods and there are the dwellers of Hell, Purgatory and Paradise and a guide in the Arda Viraf with a protagonist who is Arda viraf. But Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad travel destination is to get to the ninth sphere, the final destination of the trip is to meet with the active intellect and the Book of Arda Viraf the hereafter and meet Ohrmazd. The ultimate goal of this trip to Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad freedom from attachment and meet with the truth and return to point of departure, but in Book of Arda Viraf spiritual journey in his own soul, the human Virtues and vices that deserve reward, or eagle. Because of the nature of Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad itinerary mystical - philosophical allegory - is coded, it seems unlikely that the Book of Arda Viraf religious nature is influenced allegory. And if anything be more because there are manifestations of good and evil that in all religions and in all the world travel is a common form of this. Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad should Ascension of the Prophet and Arabic samples to be taken from their influence. Sayr al-I’bad ila l-Ma’ad literally more advanced, this story is allegorical parallel to the events of the story, what happens in the inner world and the symbolic. Sanai’s story, which takes the reader to a world full of surprises and paradoxical surreal. Poet with the use of arrays of such

AIJRHASS 15-887; © 2015, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 278 Masoud Nabati, American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 13(3), December, 2015-February, 2016, pp. 275-279 allusions, similes, metaphors and allusion and ambiguity of his words in the circle is expanding. And the audience with cultural past, myths and other stories of this type makes it relevant.

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