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Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain

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Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4033 GROUND-WATER WATER TABLE CATCHMENT Undifferentiated Lake Surficial Deposits Lake Sediment Breaches in Intermediate Intermediate Confining Unit Confining Unit U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District and the St. Johns River Water Management District Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain By T.M. Lee U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4033 Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT and the ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Tallahassee, Florida 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 N. Bronough Street Denver, CO 80225-0286 Tallahassee, FL 32301 888-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Physical Characterization of Lake Basins ............................................................................................................................. 5 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Physical Characteristics ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Topography and Ground-Water Flow Patterns.................................................................................................. 20 Hydrogeologic Framework ................................................................................................................................ 21 Numerical Modeling of Ground-Water Flow ........................................................................................................................ 28 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Radial Models .................................................................................................................................................... 29 Model Boundaries.............................................................................................................................................. 32 Limits to Hypothetical Steady-State Simulations.............................................................................................. 32 Limits to Hypothetical Transient Simulations ................................................................................................... 33 Steady-State Simulation Results.................................................................................................................................. 33 Initial Lake Basin Model ................................................................................................................................... 33 Effect of Recharge Rate..................................................................................................................................... 35 Effect of Basin Size ........................................................................................................................................... 36 Effect of Surficial Aquifer Conductivity ........................................................................................................... 37 Effect of Intermediate Confining Unit............................................................................................................... 38 Effect of Lake Sediment .................................................................................................................................... 41 Effect of Upper Floridan Aquifer Boundary Condition..................................................................................... 41 Effect of Lake Stage .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Effect of Lake Depth.......................................................................................................................................... 43 Transient Simulation Results ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size ......................................................................................... 48 Catchment Size in Mantled Karst Terrain.................................................................................................................... 49 Hydrogeologic Controls on Ground-Water Exchange................................................................................................. 50 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 50 References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 52 FIGURES 1. Schematic showing generalized hydrogeologic section through a Florida ridge lake in a flow-through setting................................................................................................................................................. 3 2-14. Maps showing: 2. Locations of the study lakes in Florida ........................................................................................................... 6 3. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake Annie...................................................................................................................................................... 9 4. Topographic setting of Lake Barco, general direction of ground-water flow in the surrounding surficial aquifer, and the simulated steady-state ground-water catchment ..................................................... 10 5. Topographic setting of Lake Five-O, general direction of ground-water flow in the surrounding surficial aquifer, and the simulated steady-state ground-water catchment ..................................................... 11 6. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake George and Grassy Lake ........................................................................................................................ 12 Contents III 7. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Halfmoon Lake............................................................................................................................................... 13 8. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake Hollingsworth ........................................................................................................................................ 14 9. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake Isis.......................................................................................................................................................... 15 10. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake Lucerne .................................................................................................................................................. 16 11. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Lake Olivia ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 12. Topographic setting and general direction of ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer around Round Lake and Saddle Blanket Lakes.........................................................................................................
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