DOCSLIB.ORG

A Unified Plane Coordinate Reference System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Unified Plane Coordinate Reference System This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received COLVOCORESSES, Alden Partridge, 1918- A UNIFIED PLANE COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1965 Geography University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A UNIFIED PLANE COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Alden P. Colvocoresses, B.S., M.Sc. Lieutenant Colonel, Corps of Engineers United States Army * * * * * The Ohio State University 1965 Approved by Adviser Department of Geodetic Science PREFACE This dissertation was prepared while the author was pursuing graduate studies at The Ohio State University. Although attending school under order of the United States Army, the views and opinions expressed herein represent solely those of the writer. A list of individuals and agencies contributing to this paper is presented as Appendix B. The author is particularly indebted to two organizations, The Ohio State University and the Army Map Service. Without the combined facilities of these two organizations the preparation of this paper could not have been accomplished. Dr. Ivan Mueller of the Geodetic Science Department of The Ohio State University served as adviser and provided essential guidance and counsel. ii VITA September 23, 1918 Born - Humboldt, Arizona 1941 oo.oo.o BoS. in Mining Engineering, University of Arizona 1941-1945 .... Military Service, European Theatre 1946-1950 o . o Mining Engineer, Magma Copper Company,. Superior, Arizona 1951-to date . Military Service 1959 o.oo.oo M.SCo in Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University 1959 ......... M.SCo in Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS "Flood Prediction in Korea," Military Engineer, 1954 "Map Reliability," ARMY, 1958 "Engineering Data for Disaster Planning Purposes," thesis, The Ohio State University, 1959 "A National City Mapping Program," thesis, The Ohio State University, 1959 "Unity of Effort?" Military Review, June, 1963 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Geodetic Science (Topographic Engineering) Civil Engineering Mining Engineering iii CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................... 1 Scope and Purpose Background II. PHILOSOPHY OF PLANE COORDINATES .......... 4 III. ANALYSIS OF SUITABLE PROJECTION SYSTEMS ....... 7 IV. SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR REFERENCE SYSTEMS ..... 11 Military Reference Criteria Civil Reference Criteria V. CURRENT STATUS AND DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SYSTEMS ......................... 18 Military Reference Systems The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid and Projection (UTM) Soviet Unified Reference System Other Reference Systems VI. SELECTION OF PROJECTION AND SCALE TOLERANCE . 24 Projection Choice Scale Tolerance VII. SCALE FACTOR MAPPING........ 28 Projection Scale Factor Elevation Reduction Scale Factor Combined Scale Factor Development of Scale Factor Mapping Consideration in Scale Factor Mapping Application of Scale Factor Mapping VIII. ZONE WIDTH AND DESIGNATION ............ 49 Zone Width Zone Boundaries Zone Designation Alternate System of Zone Designation iv Chapter Page IX. GRIDS AMD COORDINATES ....... ....... ..... 56 X. THE GENERALIZED TRANSVERSE MERCATOR REFERENCE SYSTEM. 58 Specifications of the GTM XI. POLAR REGIONS ......... 62 XII. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GTM . ...................... 67 General Specific Regions Impleaientation Procedure XIII. SUMMARY .......... ^ ..... ........... 74 Basic System Auxiliary System Conclusions Appendix A. DEFINITION OF TERMS AS USED IN THIS PAPER ....... 78 B. LISTING BY COUNTRY, AGENCY AND NAME OF THOSE CONTRIBUTING TO THIS PAPER....................... 80 C. SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL PROJECTION IN USE BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES..................................... 82 D. SELECTED ELEVATION DATA OF THE WORLD. ........ 84 E. TABULATION OF POLAR DISTANCE (r) AND SCALE FACTOR (k) ON THE POLAR STERBOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ........ 88 F. APPLICATION OF THE GTM TO THE UNITED STATES ........ 92 G. DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR THE GENERALIZED TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION (GTM)............ 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY................ 157 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Elevation Increments of the Earth . .. 31 2 TM Combined Scale Factor Based on Central Scale Factor of 1.0000 ...... 0 . .......... 34 3 TM Combined {icale Factor Based on Central Scale Factor of 0.9999........................... 35 4 TM Combined Scale Factor Based on Central Scale Factor of 0.9996. ........ ..... .... 36 5 Width of Subzones of ±1:10,000 Scale Error....... 41 6 No. of ±1:10,000 Scale Error Subzones in a 6° TM Zone . 43 7 Mean Elevations of the Continents ....... 84 8 Elevation Breakdown of Continents Based on the 1,000 Meter Contour ........ 85 9 Elevation Breakdown, U S S R .......... ............. 85 10 Elevation Breakdown, CHINA (Continental)....... 86 11 Elevation Breakdown, Conterminous United States .... 86 12 Elevation Breakdown, Alaska .............. ..... 87 13 Elevation Breakdown, Hawaii . ................... 87 14 Polar Distance (r) and Scale Factor (k), CSF = 1.0000 . 90 15 Polar Distance (r) and Scale Factor (k), CSF = 0.9727691 91 16 Ellipsoid Parameters in Terms of Semi-Major Axis (a) and Inverse Flattening (1/f)............... .. 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Graph of Projection Scale Factor (TM) Based on Central Scale Factor of 1.0000 ........... 30 2 Sea Level Scale Reduction Due to Elevation ...... 32 3 Schematic Cross Section of a 6° Transverse Mercator Zone Divided into Subzones ......... ....... 42 4 Graph of Projection Scale Factor (PS) Based on Pole Scale Factor of 1.0000 i ............ 65 5 Index to Suggested Regions for the GTM Reference System ...... ....... ....... 69 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Scope and Purpose The problem of depicting a portion of the earth's surface on a'- plane has been the subject of intense study for over 2000 years. Since man first realized that the earth was curved, many of the greatest minds have been applied to mapping this surface in two dimensions. Thus the science of map projections has developed pro­ viding the geometric and mathematical solutions to this problem. Once the earth's surface has been depicted on a plane, a coordinate system (usually a rectangular grid) can arbitrarily be imposed and thus develop a convenient reference system for defining the horizontal location of any point on or related to the earth's surface. Un­ fortunately, several of the basic terms used in this field are am­ biguous or ill-defined. Such terms are marked with an asterisk (*) at their early appearance and are defined, for purposes of this re­ port, in Appendix A. This paper encompasses the problem of developing a reference system of plane coordinates by which any point on the earth can be described within certain degrees of positional accuracy. Since the selected degrees of accuracy are high, the mapping^ involved is .necessarily of relatively large scale*. The small-scale* depiction 1 Actual zone width may vary depending on specific geographic problems. 3. The concept of Scale Factor Mapping or alteration of the central scale factor offers a solution to many regional and local scale problems. 4. Formulas and machine programs as presented provide the means for obtaining required transformations with specified ac- curary of a high order. 5. The system derived is best described as the Generalized Transverse Mercator Reference System or GTM. 6. The north polar region (above 84° N) can be ignored for the present but a plane coordinate system is required for Antarctica. 7. A single Polar Stereographic projection on which "polar" (as opposed to rectangular) coordinates are utilized was determined as the most suitable reference system for Antarctica. Implementation of the GTM offers no serious problems to countries now using six degree transverse Mercator zones based on the Inter­ national Map of the World (UW). This includes the Soviet Bloc (in­ cluding continental China) and the large number of Western countries that have adopted the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid (UTM). Certain island areas might retain transverse Mercator zones which vary from those of the MJ. Countries not using transverse Mercator zones would require a complete conversion in order to apply the GTM. The problems and advantages of converting an area such as the United States to the GTM are also discussed. It is concluded that the GTM Background In addition to the study of published texts and papers on this subject, a considerable effort was made to obtain information and suggestions from various mapping authorities. This latter effort was in the form of correspondence and interviews with concerned in­ dividuals and included a questionnaire which was distributed to pertinent organizations. A list of the agencies and personnel answer­ ing the questionnaire or who otherwise contributed to this paper are included as Appendix B. Since the mapping and reference system within the Soviet Bloc and Continental China is unified, well documented, and was fully studied, all major reference systems in use today received consideration even though the questionnaire and personal contacts were restricted to the Western World. Various departments of the U. S. Army Hap Service prepared tabulations and graphics which are found throughout this paper. The machine programs proposed for use were developed and tested on the International Business Machine (IBM) 7094 Digital Computer of the Ohio State University. These programs, ex­ planations, and test results are presented in Appendix 6 . 3 CHAPTER II PHILOSOPHY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geographic Board Games
    GSR_3 Geospatial Science Research 3. School of Mathematical and Geospatial Science, RMIT University December 2014 Geographic Board Games Brian Quinn and William Cartwright School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences RMIT University, Australia Email: [email protected] Abstract Geographic Board Games feature maps. As board games developed during the Early Modern Period, 1450 to 1750/1850, the maps that were utilised reflected the contemporary knowledge of the Earth and the cartography and surveying technologies at their time of manufacture and sale. As ephemera of family life, many board games have not survived, but those that do reveal an entertaining way of learning about the geography, exploration and politics of the world. This paper provides an introduction to four Early Modern Period geographical board games and analyses how changes through time reflect the ebb and flow of national and imperial ambitions. The portrayal of Australia in three of the games is examined. Keywords: maps, board games, Early Modern Period, Australia Introduction In this selection of geographic board games, maps are paramount. The games themselves tend to feature a throw of the dice and moves on a set path. Obstacles and hazards often affect how quickly a player gets to the finish and in a competitive situation whether one wins, or not. The board games examined in this paper were made and played in the Early Modern Period which according to Stearns (2012) dates from 1450 to 1750/18501. In this period printing gradually improved and books and journals became more available, at least to the well-off. Science developed using experimental techniques and real world observation; relying less on classical authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain
    Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4033 GROUND-WATER WATER TABLE CATCHMENT Undifferentiated Lake Surficial Deposits Lake Sediment Breaches in Intermediate Intermediate Confining Unit Confining Unit U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District and the St. Johns River Water Management District Factors Affecting Ground-Water Exchange and Catchment Size for Florida Lakes in Mantled Karst Terrain By T.M. Lee U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4033 Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT and the ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Tallahassee, Florida 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 N. Bronough Street Denver, CO 80225-0286 Tallahassee, FL 32301 888-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1860
    University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 11-29-1860 Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1860 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation S. Exec. Doc. No. 2, 36th Cong., 2nd Sess.(1860) This Senate Executive Document is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 by an authorized administrator of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 49 REPORT OF THE CO~I~IJISSIONER OF TI-IE GENER.AL LAND OFFICE. ' GENERAL LAND OFFICE, November 29, 1860. Sn-t: During the past year the operations of the land system have extended by direct administrq.tive action within the limits of all the political divisions embracing the public domain, to wit: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, California, Oregon, Minnesota, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and to the Territories of Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, (known as Dacotah,) Washington, New Mexico, and Utah. Our correspondence has passed those limits, having extended within all the other members of the Confederacy where non-resident claimants hold interests, requiring adjustment under bounty land grants for services in the war of the revolution, in the last war with Great Britain, the war with Mexico, with Indian tribes, under foreign titles, and under other grants in great diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Flow in the Silurian-Devonian Aquifer System, Johnson County, Iowa
    Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground- Water Flow in the Silurian-Devonian Aquifer System, Johnson County, Iowa By Patrick Tucci (U.S. Geological Survey) and Robert M. McKay (Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Iowa Geological Survey) Prepared in cooperation with The Iowa Department of Natural Resources – Water Supply Bureau City of Iowa City Johnson County Board of Supervisors City of Coralville The University of Iowa City of North Liberty City of Solon Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5266 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Tucci, Patrick and McKay, Robert, 2006, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system, Johnson County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations
    [Show full text]
  • EROSION and BASIN MODIFICATION of SMALLER COMPLEX CRATERS in the ISIDIS REGION, MARS. J.A. Mclaughlin1 and A.K. Davatzes2, 1Temp
    Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 1190.pdf EROSION AND BASIN MODIFICATION OF SMALLER COMPLEX CRATERS IN THE ISIDIS REGION, MARS. J.A. McLaughlin1 and A.K. Davatzes2, 1Temple University, [email protected], 2Temple University, [email protected]. Introduction: Crater erosion and morphology are Level of Degradation (LOD) was defined for each indicators of the climatic and erosional history of the crater using depth to diameter ratios (d/D) and percent- area in which the crater is found [1][2]. Here we pre- age of crater rim remaining. This categorizes craters sent a detailed analysis of crater erosion and morphol- into four types; 1 is the least degraded and 4 is the ogy in the Isidis Planitia Basin region. The goal of this most degraded. Criteria are based on the following: work is to produce a thorough database of crater prop- erties and document the modification processes that dominate locally and regionally. Crater degradation, age, and geomorphology are all considered and cross- correlated to narrow down the timing and dominance of persistent fluvial, lacustrine, and volcanic processes Floor features are complex and variable, but struc- on Mars. These geologic processes modify the crater tures indicative of the following processes were identi- rims and floor, often in distinguishable ways that pro- fied: Volcanic, Aeolian, Impact, Glacial, Mass Wast- vide insight into past environmental conditions. These ing, and Water Interaction. When possible, percent environments may hold clues to past habitable envi- floor cover of features such as lava flows, mass wast- ronments that are of particular interest for future mis- ing, dune and dust coverage were documented.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cartography, Volume 3
    THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams The History of Cartography J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Cartography in the European Renaissance PART 1 Edited by DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth) Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    General Index Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed in ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed by this index only when their ideas or works are discussed; full title and author; occasionally they are listed under the city and listings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph- institution in which they are held. CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409 on South Asian world maps, 393 and Kacba, 191 "Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas" Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Patriarch), 26 in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169 cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65 Accuracy in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169 cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68 of Arabic measurements of length of on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271 cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54 degree, 181 in Ptolemy's Geography, 169 cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225 of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144 Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413 of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60 longitude, 188 in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 Abu, Mount, Rajasthan of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 on Jain triptych, 460 of globes in paintings, 409 n.36 Agapius (Mabbub) religious map of, 482-83 of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163 Kitab al- ~nwan, 17 Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallah of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47 Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83 Mu\:lammad of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233 Agnicayana, 308-9, 309 Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11m of map of north-central India, 421, 422 Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77 al-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book of of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Agrawala, V.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly
    UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/AC.135/11/Add.l ASSEMBLY 13 August 1968 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH AD HCC COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE PEACEFUL USES OF THE SEA-BED AND THE CCEAN FLOOR BEYOND THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION Third session SURVEY OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION CONCERNING THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR, AND THE SUBSOIL THEREOF, UNDERLYING THE HIGH SEAS BEYOND THE LIMITS OF PRESENT NATIONAL JURISDICTION Document prepared by the Secretariat I ... 68-17267 A/AC.135/11/Add.l English Page 2 CONTE1"TS Ifote . 3 I. Limits of the territorial sea. 5 II. Limits and scope of national jurisdiction over the continental shelf 9 1. Brazil. 10 2. Dahomey 11 3. Dcminican Republic 12 4. Guaterr:.ala 12 5. India 13 6. Iran 14 7, Ivory Coast . 15 8. IJicaragua . 15 9. Senegal 15 10. Spain . 16 11. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 20 12. Venezuela 23 III. Protection of submarine cables and pipelinesY IV. Prevention of pollution of the seaY V. Prohibition of broadcasting from ships, aircraft and marine structures y VI. List of national laws, orders and regulations comprising exploration and exploitation procedures and safety practices 25 y No additional information has been received by the United Nations Secretariat. I ... A/AC.135/11/Add.l English Page 3 NOTE The present document contains legislative texts recently provided or indicated by Governments in response to circular notes sent to them by the Secretary-General on 16 March 1967, 26 January 1968 and 9 April 1968. / ... A/AC.135/11/Add.l English Page 5 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecomap Team to Develop the Framework, Process Comments, and Develop a Plan Forrevision.These Scientistsare
    _i__¸_._. V_!_i Depa_"tment of e_a IC_ .-,4_:..._.A_..:,_,,_gricu 1t u_'e ServiceFo os Framewerku of Aquatim c North Centrai EC@J@g_CaJ U_itS _ N@_th Forest Experiment s [] Station A_er_ca {Nearct_c Z@_e_ General Technical Report NC-17'6 James R. Maxwell, Clayton J. Edwards, Mark E. Jensen, Steven J. Paustian, Harry Parrott, and Donley M. Hitl 8 • _ ...... "'::'":' i:. "S" " : ":','1 _ . / REG I0 NS':_; '"::;:s_:::."_--. .---..:-:!.!:::!:.::_:. ..... •. :.,.:,: .,. -,::.:, .......,.-,.-4S:ifi -.- i::ti/;:.:_: """.::""-:.: .... "':::.:.';.i" . :':" "':":": -. -._ . •....:...{: • . ...:" ZON • .- "." . .. • " . "'...:.:. • .....:....:....:_..-:..:):. -.-. ..... ,:.':::'.':: . .., .... '"_::.--..:.:i i ''_{:;ti}{i_:/.... sub " ,Lri_;gi, • Riverine GroundWater II II _ II I III II I II ],.r ', _ _r',_-- ACFA_OV_rLEDGI_NTS The authors wish to thank the many scientistswho commented on the draftsof thispaper during itspreparation. Their comments dramatically improved the qualiW of the product. These scientistsare listedin Appen- dix F. Specialthanks are offeredto 10 of these scientists,who met with the Aquatic Ecomap team to develop the framework, process comments, and develop a plan forrevision.These scientistsare: Patrick Bourgeron, The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO (geoclimatic) James Deacon, Universityof Nevada, Las Vegas, NV (zoogeography) Iris Goodman, Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV (ground water) Gordon Grant, Forest Service, Corvallis, OR [riverine) Richard Lillie, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Winona, WI (lacustrine) W.L. Minckley, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (zoogeography) Kerry Overton, Forest Service, Boise, [D (riverine) Nick Schmal, Forest Service, Laramie, WY (riverine, lacustrine) Steven Walsh, Fish and Wildlife Service, Gainesville, FL (zoogeography) Mike Wireman, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO (ground water) We wish to especially acknowledge the contributions of Mike Wireman and Iris Goodman of the Environmental Protection Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications for Gale Crater's Geochemistry
    First detection of fluorine on Mars: Implications for Gale Crater’s geochemistry Olivier Forni, Michael Gaft, Michael Toplis, Samuel Clegg, Sylvestre Maurice, Roger Wiens, Nicolas Mangold, Olivier Gasnault, Violaine Sautter, Stéphane Le Mouélic, et al. To cite this version: Olivier Forni, Michael Gaft, Michael Toplis, Samuel Clegg, Sylvestre Maurice, et al.. First detection of fluorine on Mars: Implications for Gale Crater’s geochemistry. Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union, 2015, 42 (4), pp.1020-1028. 10.1002/2014GL062742. hal-02373397 HAL Id: hal-02373397 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02373397 Submitted on 8 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER First detection of fluorine on Mars: Implications 10.1002/2014GL062742 for Gale Crater’s geochemistry Key Points: Olivier Forni1,2, Michael Gaft3, Michael J. Toplis1,2, Samuel M. Clegg4, Sylvestre Maurice1,2, • fl First detection of uorine at the 4 5 1,2 6 5 Martian surface Roger C. Wiens , Nicolas Mangold , Olivier Gasnault , Violaine Sautter , Stéphane Le Mouélic , 1,2 5 4 7 4 • High sensitivity of fluorine detection Pierre-Yves Meslin , Marion Nachon , Rhonda E.
    [Show full text]
  • Agenda Item IX-K: Aerospace Technology Research Report
    Agenda Item IX-K Academic Quality and Workforce Aerospace Technology Research Conducted by Public Universities A Report to the Texas Legislature Senate Bill 458, 84th Texas Legislature June 2016 DRAFT Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board Robert W. Jenkins, CHAIR Austin Stuart W. Stedman, VICE CHAIR Houston David D. Teuscher, MD, SECRETARY TO THE BOARD Beaumont Arcilia C. Acosta Dallas S. Javaid Anwar Midland Haley DeLaGarza, STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE Victoria Fred Farias, III, O.D. McAllen Ricky A. Raven Sugar Land Janelle Shepard Weatherford John T. Steen Jr. San Antonio Raymund A. Paredes, COMMISSIONER OF HIGHER EDUCATION Agency Mission The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board promotes access, affordability, quality, success, and cost efficiency in the state’s institutions of higher education, through Closing the Gaps and its successor plan, resulting in a globally competent workforce that positions Texas as an international leader in an increasingly complex world economy. Agency Vision The THECB will be recognized as an international leader in developing and implementing innovative higher education policy to accomplish our mission. Agency Philosophy The THECB will promote access to and success in quality higher education across the state with the conviction that access and success without quality is mediocrity and that quality without access and success is unacceptable. The Coordinating Board’s core values are: Accountability: We hold ourselves responsible for our actions and welcome every opportunity to educate stakeholders about our policies, decisions, and aspirations. Efficiency: We accomplish our work using resources in the most effective manner. Collaboration: We develop partnerships that result in student success and a highly qualified, globally competent workforce.
    [Show full text]
  • Latitude and Longitude
    Latitude and Longitude Finding your location throughout the world! What is Latitude? • Latitude is defined as a measurement of distance in degrees north and south of the equator • The word latitude is derived from the Latin word, “latus”, meaning “wide.” What is Latitude • There are 90 degrees of latitude from the equator to each of the poles, north and south. • Latitude lines are parallel, that is they are the same distance apart • These lines are sometimes refered to as parallels. The Equator • The equator is the longest of all lines of latitude • It divides the earth in half and is measured as 0° (Zero degrees). North and South Latitudes • Positions on latitude lines above the equator are called “north” and are in the northern hemisphere. • Positions on latitude lines below the equator are called “south” and are in the southern hemisphere. Let’s take a quiz Pull out your white boards Lines of latitude are ______________Parallel to the equator There are __________90 degrees of latitude north and south of the equator. The equator is ___________0 degrees. Another name for latitude lines is ______________.Parallels The equator divides the earth into ___________2 equal parts. Great Job!!! Lets Continue! What is Longitude? • Longitude is defined as measurement of distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. • The word longitude is derived from the Latin word, “longus”, meaning “length.” What is Longitude? • The Prime Meridian, as do all other lines of longitude, pass through the north and south pole. • They make the earth look like a peeled orange. The Prime Meridian • The Prime meridian divides the earth in half too.
    [Show full text]