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Crustáceos Decápodos (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Decapoda) De Aguas Profundas Del Pacífico Mexicano: Lista De Especies Y Material Recolectado Durante El Proyecto TALUD

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Crustáceos Decápodos (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Decapoda) De Aguas Profundas Del Pacífico Mexicano: Lista De Especies Y Material Recolectado Durante El Proyecto TALUD Crustáceos decápodos (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Decapoda) de aguas profundas del Pacífico mexicano: lista de especies y material recolectado durante el proyecto TALUD Michel E. Hendrickx1 INTRODUCCIÓN Los crustáceos decápodos son organismos omnipresentes en los mares y océanos de la Tierra y han sido encontrados desde la zona intermareal hasta las profundida- des abisales. Contienen los muy conocidos cangrejos, los camarones, los langosti- nos y las langostas. Algunas especies son particularmente llamativas por su forma y sus colores. El grupo de los crustáceos decápodos corresponde a una orden dentro del filo de los Arthropoda (Subfilo Crustacea: Orden Decapoda). Se caracteriza por tener un caparazón generalmente bien calcificado y (salvo algunas excepciones) 10 pares de “patas” (o pereiópodos) que sirven como apéndices prensiles o para desplazarse. Contiene unas 18000 especies y está formado por dos subórdenes y 10 infraordenes. El primer suborden, los Dendrobranchiata, corresponde, entre otras especies, a los camarones clásicos (e.g., los Penaeidae que se pescan en las costas de México). Los Pleocyemata, el segundo suborden de decápodos, contiene todas las demás especies de camarones, langostinos, langostas y cangrejos reparti- das entre 10 infraordenes (Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Glypheidea, Axiidea, 1 Laboratorio de Invertebrados Bentónicos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Uni- dad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Joel Montes Cama- rena s/n, Mazatlán 82040, Sinaloa, México. Correo-e: [email protected]. 283 Gebiidea, Achelata, Polychelida, Anomura y Brachyura) (De Grave et al. 2009). De estos, ocho tienen representantes en aguas profundas (Martin y Davis 2001, Brusca y Brusca 2002). Los Glypheidae, con solamente dos especies vivas, no tienen representantes en aguas profundas. Los Gebiidea, que incluyen solamente algunas especies en el Pacifico este (e.g., Naushonia panamensis Martin y Abele, 1982), tampoco han sido encontradas en profundidades mayores. Al igual que en el caso de la mayoría de los grupos de invertebrados, los prime- ros crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas recolectados en el Pacífico america- no fueron obtenidos por los buques de investigación “Challenger” y “Albatross” en el siglo XIX. Las contribuciones más significativas al respecto fueron los trabajos de Faxon (1893, 1895, 1896) (véase Hendrickx, 2012a). Hasta recientemen- te no ha existido un estudio sistemático de la fauna de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas en el Pacífico mexicano, y las capturas de especímenes han sido incidentales en muestreos muy dispersos en la región (Hendrickx 2001, Hendrickx 2012a). Sin embargo, algunas contribuciones relativamente recientes son de in- terés para el área ya que proporcionan datos acerca de la presencia de crustáceos decápodos en aguas profundas del Pacífico mexicano. Newman (1985), por ejemplo, presenta una lista de invertebrados (incluyendo crustáceos decápodos) asociados con las fuentes hidrotermales del Pacífico este y Wicksten (1989) ela- boró una lista de 185 especies de crustáceos decápodos conocidas en aguas con profundidades mayores a los 50 m en el Pacífico este, desde Alaska hasta Chile. Por su parte, Escobar-Brionés y Soto (1993) revisaron la información relacionada con la fauna de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas del Pacifico mexicano y citan solamente cinco especies. Hendrickx (1993) presentó un listado de todas las especies de crustáceos decápodos conocidos para el Pacífico de México, con 720 especies, incluyendo aquellas de aguas profundas. Entre las especies de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas se encuentran aquellas asociadas con las venti- las hidrotermales y las filtraciones frías (“cold seeps”; salinas o de hidrocarburos). Martin y Haney (2005) revisaron todos los registros de esta fauna a nivel mundial, incluyéndolos en un listado de unas 115 especies distintas de las cuales solamente nueve tienen registros en las aguas del Pacífico mexicano. Otras contribuciones importantes para determinar la presencia de especies de crustáceos decápodos en aguas mexicanas son las listas de Galatheoidea elabo- radas a nivel mundial (Baba et al. 2008) o regional (Baba 2005, Navas et al. 2003), de Brachyura (Ng et al. 2008) y de Caridea (De Grave y Fransen 2011) a nivel mundial, y algunos listados de la fauna de crustáceos decápodos del Pacífico 284 BIODIVERSIDAD Y COMUNIDADE S DEL TALUD CONTINENTAL DEL PACÍFICO MEXICANO mexicano publicadas entre 1995 y 2003 (Hendrickx 1995a, 1995b, Hendrickx y Harvey 1999, Wicksten y Hendrickx 2003). En México, los avances recientes en el estudio de la fauna de aguas profundas han sido particularmente significativos en el golfo de California basándose en el material recolectado durante el proyecto TALUD, entre 1989 y 2009. Hasta la fecha, como parte de los resultados de este proyecto, se han descrito dos especies nuevas de crustáceos decápodos (Hendrickx 2002a, 2010) y otras de diferentes grupos de invertebrados (véase Hendrickx 2012a). En esta contribución se presenta una breve síntesis de lo que se conoce acer- ca de las especies de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas (≥ 350 m) del Pacífico mexicano y una lista actualizada de las mismas, basados en los muestreos del proyecto TALUD y en la literatura disponible, general y particular, para cada grupo específico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Sobre la base de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura existente y de las muestras obtenidas durante el proyecto TALUD, se elaboró la lista de especies de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas (≥ 350 m) conocidas para el Pacífico de México. El material nuevo fue obtenido en el golfo de California y frente a la costa SO del Pacífico de México. Todos los especímenes fueron recolectados por el B/O “El Puma” de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, con un trineo bentónico con boca de 0.9 m de anchura por 2.95 m de altura equipado de una malla tipo camaronera de 5.5 cm de apertura doblada de una red interna con malla más fina (ca 2.5 cm), salvo en el TALUD III donde se utilizó una draga de arrastre tipo “Agassiz” de 1.0 m de altura por 2.5 m de anchura, con una malla similar (véase Hendrickx, 2012a). Los especímenes recolectados fueron conservados en formaldehído al 10 % (transferidos posteriormente a etanol) o directamente en etanol al 70 %. El mate- rial recolectado durante este proyecto ha sido depositado en la Colección Regional de Invertebrados Marinos (EMU) del Laboratorio de Invertebrados Bentónicos de la Unidad Académica Mazatlán, ICML, UNAM. CRU S TÁCEO S DECÁ P ODO S (ART H RO P ODA : CRU S TACEA : DECA P ODA ) DE AGUA S P ROFUNDA S 285 RESULTADOS Riqueza en especies en el Pacífico de México Según los registros encontrados en la literatura y el material obtenido durante las campañas TALUD, hay 85 especies de crustáceos decápodos de aguas pro- fundas (≥ 350 m) registradas en el Pacífico mexicano (Anexo 1). Estas espe- cies pertenecen a los dos subórdenes de Decapoda de acuerdo a lo siguiente: Dendobranchiata, cuatro especies (4.7 %); Pleocyemata, 81 especies (94.3 %). Los Pleocyemata se reparten, a su vez, entre siete infraórdenes: los Stenopodidea (una especie; 1.2 %), los Caridea (31 especies; 36.5 %), los Axiidea (dos es- pecies; 2.4 %), los Polychelida (dos especies; 2.4 %), los Astacidea (una espe- cie; 1.2 %), los Anomura (33 especies; 38.8 %) y los Brachyura (11 especies; 12.9 %) (Fig. 1). Suborden Dendrobranchiata Contiene unas 533 especies descritas (De Grave y Fransen 2011). Los camaro- nes que pertenecen a esta orden de crustáceos decápodos contienen, entre otras especies, los conocidos Penaeidae que forman el bulto de la producción pesque- ra en México y que son también sujetos a cultivo (e.g., Farfantepenaeus califor- Figura 1. Representación en porcientos entre las categorías superiores (subordenes e infraordenes) de las 85 especies de crustáceos decápodos de aguas profundas (≥ 350 m) registradas en el Pacífico mexicano. 286 BIODIVERSIDAD Y COMUNIDADE S DEL TALUD CONTINENTAL DEL PACÍFICO MEXICANO niensis (Holmes, 1900) (Hendrickx 1996a). En las aguas profundas del Pacífico mexicano solo se han registrado cuatro especies asociadas con el bentos (Anexo 1). El registro de Sicyonia disedwardsi (Burkenroad, 1934) (Fig. 2 A) en aguas muy profundas (ca 850-880 m) (Hendrickx 2002b) es una aparente anomalía comparado con su distribución general en la región (entre 10 y 229 m) y en el Pacífico mexicano (hasta 127 m) (Hendrickx 1996a). El género Benthesicymus (Fig. 2 B) está representado en el Pacífico este tropical por dos especies, las mis- mas que han sido registradas en el Pacífico mexicano (Hendrickx 1996a; Wicksten y Hendrickx 2003). De éstas, solo una ha sido recolectada durante las campa- ñas TALUD (Anexo 1). Por su parte, Hymenopenaeus (Fig. 2 C) también cuenta con dos especies con afinidad bentónica en el Pacífico este tropical (Wicksten y Hendrickx 2003); sin embargo, solo una tiene registros en México y ha sido reco- lectada durante el proyecto TALUD (Anexo 1). Suborden Pleocyemata Infraorden Stenopodidea Los estenopodídeos son un pequeño grupo de crustáceos decápodos (58 especies conocidas; De Grave y Fransen 2011) afines a los camarones. Cuenta con dos familias y solamente nueve géneros (Hendrickx 2002a). Algunas especies son asociadas a los bancos de corales y presentan colores muy llamativos. La familia Stenopodidae cuenta con tres representantes en el Pacífico americano y solo dos en el Pacífico mexicano, ambas del género Odontozona: O. rubra Wicksten, 1982 (de aguas someras)
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