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Mcgaughey, Aaron (2015) the Irkutsk Cultural Project

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Mcgaughey, Aaron (2015) the Irkutsk Cultural Project THE IRKUTSK CULTURAL PROJECT: IMAGES OF PEASANTS, WORKERS & NATIVES IN LATE IMPERIAL IRKUTSK PROVINCE, c.1870-1905 AARON JOSEPH MCGAUGHEY Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 Abstract The Irkutsk Cultural Project: Images of Peasants, Workers & Natives in Late Imperial Irkutsk Province, c.1870-1905 This thesis explores depictions of established Russian-Siberian peasants, settlers from European Russia, non-agricultural workers, indigenous Buriats and Jews in Irkutsk province during the late imperial period. In particular, it focuses on characterisations of these groups that were created by the Irkutsk 'cultural class' (kul'turnogo klassa) in the late imperial period. The sources it uses are print media such as journals and newspapers produced in or associated with Irkutsk to create a 'microhistorical' study. It is structured around categories of analysis that were used at the time in scientific and literary treatments of lower class peoples, such as social mores, cultural activity, economic function, physiognomy and sexuality. It also studies how these images informed the development of a transformationist culture of government in rural, urban and colonial environments. Using theories of imperial networks and cultural projects borrowed from human and cultural geography and adapting them to an anthropocentric study of Russian colonialism, these debates are situated within the wider context of pan- European, inter-imperial frames of reference. The portrayals of population groups in both domestic and colonial settings that lay within these frameworks rested on common core signs and assumptions found across other pre-war European empires, which made both the frameworks and the images highly portable. This anthropocentric comparative is used to "bring the empire back in", both in recognising the imperial frames of reference within which its culture played out, and also as a means of furthering historiographical analyses that argue against Russian exceptionalism. (98 209 words) i Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks to the School of History (as it was then) at The University of Nottingham, for its financial support. In addition, small research grants were generously awarded by The University of Nottingham Graduate School, The Royal Historical Society, the British Association of Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES), and the Centre for Russian, Central and East European Studies (CRCEES). Sincere thanks must go to my supervisor Dr Sarah Badcock, whose help and understanding have been invaluable. This project would not even have started, let alone finished, without her. Thanks also to my second supervisor Dr Spencer Mawby. Thanks to Irina Lukka at the Slavonic Library in The National Library of Finland for helping me to make the most of my short time in Helsinki. Sincere thanks also to Valentina and Anton Golubev, who opened their home in St Petersburg to me as a perfect stranger and showed me every possible kindness. I would like to take the opportunity to thank my parents for their unceasing support and generosity. Finally, thank you to Rebecca for her patience and providing some much-needed sunshine. ii Contents Page Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Contents iii Note on translations v Introduction 1 Historiographical context 2 Imperial projects and networks 12 Irkutsk province in the late imperial period 16 Sources 20 Chapter outlines 23 Chapter 1: The Irkutsk Cultural Class: Civil and cultural life in late 26 imperial Irkutsk The cultural class of Irkutsk province 28 The Siberian St Petersburg, Paris or San Francisco? 35 Cultural Networks 46 Conclusion 66 Chapter 2: Old and New Siberian Peasants 67 The 'resettlement question' 69 Competing ideologies 72 A Siberian peasant 'type' 79 The myth of the starozhily 83 Language and culture 94 Religion and morality 97 Alcohol 103 Educating the Siberian peasant 107 The rural economy 119 iii Novosely: Population growth and prosperity? 129 The peasant commune in Irkutsk province 145 Siberian kulaks 157 Conclusion 162 Chapter 3: Workers in Late Imperial Irkutsk province 164 The working population of Irkutsk 166 Workers' education 176 Moral and physical degeneration 180 'Red Days in Irkutsk' 193 Conclusion 199 Chapter 4: Inorodtsy: The Buriats of late imperial Irkutsk province 202 Who were the inorodtsy? 204 The natives of Irkutsk province 207 Civilisation and Russification 211 Religion 213 Education and culture 217 Agriculture 224 Race, inter-marriage and sexuality 229 Conclusion 242 Chapter 5: Anti-Semitism and the Irkutsk cultural class 242 Counting the Jews of Irkutsk province: Race, tribe or religion? 246 Jewish physiognomy 253 The Jewish economy 256 The 'parasitic' Jew 259 Anti-Jewish violence in Irkutsk province 265 Conclusion 269 Conclusion 272 Bibliography 282 iv This study uses the British Library Russian-English transliteration scheme.1 All translations of primary source material are my own, unless otherwise stated. Russian character Transliteration А а A Б б B В в V Г г G Д д D Е е E Ё ё E Ж ж Zh З з Z И и I * Й й I * К к K Л л L М м M Н н N О о O П п P Р р R С с S Т т T У у U Ф ф F Х х Kh Ц ц Ts Ш ш Sh Щ щ Shch Ъ ъ ignored Ы ы Ui ** Ь ь ' Ѣ ѣ E Э э E Ю ю Yu Я я Ya * Final ий is transliterated as Y ** Final ый is transliterated as UY 1 http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/russian/cyrillictranslit/searchcyrillic.html#post1975 [accessed 13th June 2014]. v Introduction: The Irkutsk cultural project This study contributes to arguments against Russian exceptionalism in the pre- First World War era through an analysis of literary and ethnographic characterisations of low-status population groups in the East Siberian province of Irkutsk. The groups in question are established Russian-Siberian peasants, newly arrived peasant settlers, workers, indigenous Buriats and Jews. It is structured around categories of analysis employed by contemporary observers such as social mores, cultural activity, economics, physiognomy and sexuality. Images formed from these categories were also shaped by socio-cultural change in Irkutsk province and its evolving relationship with the tsarist state during the tumultuous late imperial period. This study conceives of these representations as part of the Irkutsk 'cultural project', an ongoing socio- cultural event connected with wider Russian and transnational ideological and cultural networks.1 In particular, it argues that portrayals of these populations in both domestic and colonial settings rested on common core signs and assumptions found across other pre-war European empires. The agricultural colonisation of Siberia gathered increasing momentum in the decades following the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. The state, learned societies and intelligentsia cast the net wide for answers to the unprecedented pace and scale of change. As the human, social and biological sciences evolved rapidly in the post-reform era, developing methodologies such as materialism, determinism and Darwinian biology all had their advocates. Ideologies created in relation to the industrial cities and far-flung overseas possessions of western 1 Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism’s Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Cambridge, 1994), pp.105-7. European were adapted, blended with existing strains of Russian intellectualism and moulded by local conditions to create unique variations on shared imperial themes. As such, this study refutes the simplistic 'West' and 'the rest' reading of European imperial culture and instead portrays the Russian Empire, or at least Irkutsk province, as a unique but fully-integrated participant in a wider cultural network of states. 2 This study evaluates an Irkutsk cultural project which sat at the intersection of reciprocal domestic and transnational networks during the late imperial period. Historiographical context The production of colonial knowledge occurred not only within the bounds of nation-states and in relationship to their colonised populations but also transnationally, across imperial centres. To what extent - and by what processes - did the knowledge of individual empires become a collective imperial knowledge, shared among powers? Was there a language of domination, crossing the distinct metropolitan politics and linguistic barriers of French, English, Spanish, German, and Dutch?3 This quote is from an introductory essay to a volume edited by Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler which they state “does not address the meaning of empire in regard to contiguous territory.”4 This seems a curious blind spot for a book centred on inclusion and interconnection. Ten years later, Professor Stoler made the following statement: 2 As a particularly egregious example, see Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The Six Killer Apps of Western Power (London, 2012). 3 Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, “Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda,” in Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (eds), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, (Berkeley, 1997), p.13. 4 Ibid., p.23. 2 Frames of imperial reference in the mid-19th century were mobile and migratory, moving across geographic and political space as well as institutional arrangements. This was true of Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and U.S. empires as well as European ones... What scholars have sometimes taken to be aberrant empires - the American, Russian, or Chinese should give us pause. What are they aberrant to? I would hold they may indeed be quintessential ones, consummate producers of excepted populations, excepted spaces, and their own exception from international and domestic law.5 From the perspective of Russian history, the immediate response is "What changed?" Although more of an expansion of views than a Damascene conversion, this is a rare instance of the inclusion of the Russian Empire in such formulations by a non-Russianist. Indeed, it is often either segregated or omitted entirely. For example, in his otherwise superb book Geographies of Empire, European Empires and Colonies c. 1880-1960, Robin A.
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