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History of Russia Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Department of Social Psychology and Humanities A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina HISTORY OF RUSSIA Study guide Irkutsk ISMU 2019 1 УДК 94(470)(075.8)=111 ББК 63.3(2)я73 Z 39 Recommended by the CCMС of FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia as a study guide for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine for mastering the discipline “History” (Protocol № 4 of 11.06.2019) Authors: A. V. Zavialov – Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Senior teacher, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia O. V. Antipina – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages with Latin and “Russian for Foreigners” Programs, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia Reviewers: P. A. Novikov – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Philosophy, FSBEI HE INRTU R. V. Ivanov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of State and Municipal Administration, FSBEI HE ISU Zavialov, A. V. Z 39 History of Russia : study guide / A. V. Zavialov, О. V. Antipina ; FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, Department of Social Psychology and Humanities. – Irkutsk : ISMU, 2019. – 148 p. The study guide covers the key concepts and events of Russian history, beginning from the times of Rus’ up to the present days, and helps a student develop his/her reading and presentation skills. The educational material is presented as texts of four main sections of the course, where the term in English is accompanied with its Russian equivalent, while the explanation is given in English. For the purpose of mastering the studied material and self-control, test tasks are included. Recommendations on presentations preparation, the list of rulers and historical maps of Russia given as appendices are used for better illustration of the studied material. The study guide is intended for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine for mastering the discipline “History”. УДК 94(470)(075.8)=111 ББК 63.3(2)я73 © Zavialov A. V., Antipina О. V., 2019 © FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, 2019 2 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 5 Section 1. RUS’ ............................................................................................................. 7 Section 2. RUSSIAN EMPIRE ................................................................................... 36 Section 3. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS UNTIL 1945 ............... 64 Section 4. USSR AND RUSSIA IN THE ERA OF WORLD HISTORY GLOBALIZATION ..................................................................................................... 93 KEYS TO THE TEST TASKS ................................................................................. 122 RECOMMENDED LITERATURE .......................................................................... 123 Appendix 1. How to make a good presentation ....................................................... 124 Appendix 2. Rulers of Russia .................................................................................... 126 Appendix 3. Historical Maps of Russia .................................................................... 133 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCE / BC – Before Common Era / Before Christ CE / AD – Common Era / Anno Domini CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States CPSU – Communist Party of the Soviet Union EU – European Union GDP – gross domestic product GDR – German Democratic Republic IMF – International Monetary Fund IOC – International Olympic Committee ISS – International Space Station KGB – Committee for State Security NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEP – New Economic Policy NKVD – People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs NSDAP – National Socialist German Workers’ Party PPP – purchasing power parity RSDLP – Russian Social Democratic Labor Party RSFSR – Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic SCSE – State Committee on the State of Emergency SS – Schutzstaffel (German): lit. defense squadron UK – United Kingdom UN – United Nations UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund U.S. / USA – United States of America USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WW I, WW II – World War I, World War II 4 INTRODUCTION The task of teaching history of Russia to foreign students is to let them master theoretical knowledge and events of the historical development of Russia, in all complexities and contradictions, according to the principles of objectivity and historical truth, develop abilities to single out, analyze, summarize the most significant connections and signs of historical phenomena and processes, independently correlate and compare historical and cultural facts in time and space. The suggested study guide is chronologically divided into four sections: 1. Rus’; 2. Russian Empire; 3. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1945; 4. USSR and Russia in the era of world history globalization. In its turn, each section is divided into three blocks in order to develop certain cultural competencies: − the ability to perform abstract thinking, analysis, and synthesis; − the ability to analyze the main stages and patterns of historical development of the society; − readiness for self-development, self-realization, self-education, and making a good use of one’s creative potential; − willingness to work in a team; − readiness for communication in the oral and written forms. The first block “Reading skill development focus” contains keywords of the lecture course given in the alphabetical order, accompanied with their definitions. A number of tasks for mastering the educational material are included. This block is aimed at developing the ability to correctly express one’s thought, separating the main information from the secondary one. The next block “Presentation skill development focus” contains lists of topics and historical events for making presentations in order to control the process of mastering the presented material and for training of information search skills. This 5 block is aimed at developing the ability to listen and hear the interlocutor’s arguments, define her / his position, and also argue one’s own. The third block contains test tasks by means of which a student can check whether his / her image of Russian history of a certain period is complete enough. It is focused on current control of mastering the material. At the end of the study guide there is a list of recommended literature and three appendices: “How to make a good presentation”, “A list of rulers of Russia” and “Historical maps of Russia”. The appendix “How to make a good presentation” provides practical tips for students who want to make substantial and effective presentations. Each time a student starts making reports and presentations for the “Reading skill development focus” block he / she is recommended to study the material of this section and follow the suggested tips. The study guide meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education, the work program of the discipline “History” and is intended for foreign students mastering educational programs for specialists. It can be used both in class and for extra-curricular activities. 6 Section 1. RUS’ Reading skill development focus 1. Read the suggested text material. 2. Make sure you understand the meaning of the concepts in bold: − identify the main point of each phrase in the definitions; − inform your groupmates about the meaning of a particular concept. Battle of Kulikovo (Куликовская битва) was a battle between the armies of the Golden Horde and various Russian principalities. It took place in 1380, in the Kulikovo Field near the Don River (today, it is Tula Oblast of Russia), and Russian Prince Dmitri won it. The victory did not end the Mongol domination over Russia, but it was the turning point when the Mongol influence began to decrease and the Moscow power – to rise. This process eventually led to Russian independence and formation of the modern Russian state.1 Battle of the Kalka River (Битва на реке Калке) was a battle between the Mongol Empire and a coalition of several principalities of Rus’. The battle was fought in 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River, in the present-day Donetsk Region of Ukraine, and ended in a decisive Mongol victory. This battle was the starting point of the Mongol invasion.2 Boyar (боярин) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Muscovy aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th century. Boyars had a considerable power through their military support. They occupied the highest state offices and, through a council (Duma), advised the Grand Duke or Prince. They received extensive grants of land and, as members of the Boyar Duma, were the major legislators of Rus’.3 1 Martin J. Medieval Russia 980–1584. Cambridge University Press, 1996. P. 214. 2 Fennell J. The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200–1304. Longman, 1983. PP. 66–68. 3 Gustave A. Reflections on the Boyar Duma // The Slavonic and Eastern
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