Genetic study of the Rurik Dynasty
Vladimir G. Volkov Andrey N. Seslavin
The genetic lineage of N-Y10931 is derived from Introduction Results and Discussion the subclade N-Y4339, and distrubition of this subclade is primarily found in Sweden (52%) The House of Rurik (Rurikids) is one of the oldest Within the haplogroup N-Y4339 there is a common followed by Finland (14%) Russia (10%), Britain dynasties of Europe. Rurik the founder of the SNP shared by the entire Rurikid group, that SNP (10%) with a smaller frequency in Norway (5%) dynasty lived at the end of the IX century. The being Y10931 and whiles the presences of other and Ukraine (5%). House of Rurik ruled Kievan Rus' and its successor certain SNP’s convincingly shows that the Rurikid states, including the Grand Duchy of Moscow and group N-Y10931 is divided into three branches. France: 2% Unknown; 2% the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century. One branch determined by SNPs VL15, VL16, VL17 Ukraine; 5% Presently the descendants of Rurik live in various and VL18 (princes Massalsky and Puzyna), the Norway; 5%
locations across the globe. second by VL11 (princes Lobanov-Rostovsky, United Kingdom; 10% Gagarin and Putyatin) and the third by VL12 (princes Kropotkin and Shakhovski, Rzhevsky and nn.l viruri rum i II...... I ...... ------.... e. 0.11,0.1.1 m.irsiil liic^rrai l/UMl /НМ Кип 1ГАРМ Sweden; 52% Tatishchev). Russia: 10%
YF05587 Rzhevsky Finland; 14% YF05025 Tatishchev YF07822 9 Kb 50 y.a Kudryavtsev Figure 3. Frequency of genetic lineage N-Y4339 in YF05251 DYS534 = 19 prince Kropotkin Europe. DYS710 = 40 YF01697 prince Shakhovsky DYS513 = 12 The phylogenetic tree convincingly shows that the YF05250 prince Khilkov DYS589 = 11 origin of the lineage N-Y4339 is rooted in the YF05890 territory of Sweden, and the results clearly show prince Gagarin 700±50y.a. that the closest to Rurikid are the representatives YF07187 prince Putyatin of the lineage N-Y85136 whose ancestors lived in 900±50 y.a. YF02790 the Uppsala region of Sweden and having a Initiated in 2006 by Nikita Maksimov and Andrey prince Lobanov- Seslavin the "Rurikid Genome" project was started DYS449 = 27 Rostovsky common ancestor who lived 1200-1350 years RURIKIDS prince Y10931 ago, clearly showing a good correlation with the with candidates being selected (based on their Vadbolsky documented genealogy as being descendants of l 000 ± 50 years ■ main genealogy of Rurikid and Rurik's lifetime. YF09238 N1C1-Y4341 prince Puzyna Rurik) to undergo DNA testing. Y4341 2 900 - 2 600 years ago YF09286 DYS513 = 13 prince Massalsky DYS522 = 13 N1C1-BY21874 N lcl-Y 4 3 3 8 Most of the samples were obtained by Andrey 700 ±50 y.a. YF02719 BY21874 Y4338 Rusu Sweden 2 600 - 2 600 years ago Seslavin the head of the international DNA Finland YF09219 unknown origin research project "Rurikids - Russian princes". Also prince Koribut- N1cl-Y4339 DYS513 = 13 Voronetsky Y4339 considerable work on the collection and financing 2 600 - 1 750 years ago of the processing of samples was carried out by Ancient Sweden Y5611 Y19111 Y10932 Y12104 Sigtuna 1 750 - 1 750 y.a. 1 750 - 1 350 y.a. 1 750 - 1 350 y.a. 1 750 - 1 750 y.a. Polish colleagues: Andrzej Bajor, Tomasz Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of lineage N-Y10931 1 055±30 B.P. Lenczewski and Marek Jerzy Minakowski. according to Y-SNP and Y-STR markers. United Y31253 Y57577 Y22774 Sweden Russia Kingdom Sweden Sweden Sweden (Karelia, Finland Kargopol) France
Y21547 Sweden Y10931 BY30478 The extensively sequenced Y-chromosome data RURIKIDS Finland Russian Nob1 Norway X < > f -. . .. - y ------1 clearly shows an extremely accurate correlation between the distribution of distinctive mutations M P f, i f f77^1 Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree of subclade N-Y4341. within the different groups of Rurik's descendants and the traditiona documented pedigree of In general, the genetic data indicates that the Rurikid. The results clearly testify that the most likely region of residence of the closest documentary genealogy of Rurikid as a whole truly Daternal ancestors of Rurik to be that of the reflects that of the interrelated genetic structure Jppsala region of Sweden. of the participants within the study. The main work of organizing the sequencing process and on financing the project was carried Perspectives out by the heads of the "Russian Nobility DNA Project": Vladimir Volkov and Alex Chartorisky.
ГЩ •• St Pc^erstiixg Materials and methods Estonia # mта» 1 *Г Latvia
щ г *4 Edinburgh Copenhagen D~.rn.ft. • Lithuania ° - From 2006 to 2017 over 40 DNA samples were Kingdom -4 Vilniu# HI* of Mm Dubftn Mancftest*. • О О /—\ obtained from living members of the Rurikid reland Lm“*poo< L / Amsterdam Dynasty and processed through DNA testing, the Nethoflanfe Brussels Cotogne Germany eventual results grouped the participants into 3 \ Frankfurt
haplogroups (Nlcl, R ial, and I2al). The group The final determination of which genetic lineage V*nna ***** Budapest л Pnetov-iwriivi that had the highest frequency and was also the did Rurikid belong to can be established on the Mo M*pi»u 02019 i с КОЧ;, Gcegw. M L utogi N a c c n w most interrelated was the group belonging to basis of paleogenetics. In this regard, it is subclade N-Y4339 (40%) represented by the necessary to complete the sequencing of the Figure 5. Residences of ancestors different lines following genealogical lines (Massalsky, Puzyna, genome of the ancient Rurikid. N-Y4339 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Khilkov, Gagarins, Putyatin, Rzhevsky, Tatishchev, Kropotkin, and Old Ladoga - residence of Rurik Shakhovsky). Genetic origin of Rurikid N-Y85136 - close genetic relatives of Rurikid princes N-Y5611 VIII. Mstislav Putyatins N-Y12104 the Great N-Y19111 1075-1132 Rzhevsky N-Y4339 (XY10932, Y5611, Y12104, Y19111) Tatishchevs A separate issue for consideration is the genetic origin of the whole group of Rurikid N-Y10931, i.e. N-Y4339* (Sigtuna, Sweden) princes Kropotkins connection to a common ancestor of this group with certain geographic regions. princes VII. Vladimir Again the genetic results fully confirm the historical Shakhovsky Monomakh accounts of the early Russian chronicles about the 1053-1125 princes Scandinavian origin of Rurik. Khilkovs
princes IX. Vsevolod Gagarins the Big Nest Acknowledgements V. Yaroslav 1154-1212 princes the Wise Lobanov- ca. 978- 1054 Rostovsky
princes The main funding of the study was due to private Vadbolsky donations, as well as funds from the project organizers and some participants. Sequencing of princes Puzyna some of the samples was carried out due to XIII. Tit Mstislavich, the pr. of Karachev inclusion in the projects carried out under the princes d. 1310 supervision of Dr. Sc. O.P. Balanovsky. Massalsky Above all we express our immense gratitude, for Figure 1. A brief version of the Rurikid pedigree According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Rurik the donation of DNA samples from members of the according to P.V. Dolgorukov. The ancestors of the came from the sea at the head of the Varangians, House of Rurik, one of the most influential families genealogical lines and the generation of Rurik are who "were known as Rus, just as some are called of Eastern Europe. We also wish to express our indicated. Swedes, and others, Normans, Angles, Gotlanders special gratitude to Alex Chartorisky (Australia), who provided invaluable assistance not only in funding the study, but also in organizing interaction The DNA samples of these genealogical lines of fs ifi;a lA у i cп а Y r tТил r f■ пГгЦ#$ with the project participants. Likewise our gratitude goes out to Oleg Balanovsky, Nikita Maksimov, Rurikid underwent extensive sequencing of the Y i f f ™ b r it i . H rAfWfeJ* t Y JHrdfll#.(ПАИЛпШ chromosome (BigY test) in the laboratories of f iiiUAf0y