DOCSLIB.ORG

Vladimir G. Volkov Andrey N. Seslavin Introduction Results And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Genetic study of the Rurik Dynasty Vladimir G. Volkov Andrey N. Seslavin The genetic lineage of N-Y10931 is derived from Introduction Results and Discussion the subclade N-Y4339, and distrubition of this subclade is primarily found in Sweden (52%) The House of Rurik (Rurikids) is one of the oldest Within the haplogroup N-Y4339 there is a common followed by Finland (14%) Russia (10%), Britain dynasties of Europe. Rurik the founder of the SNP shared by the entire Rurikid group, that SNP (10%) with a smaller frequency in Norway (5%) dynasty lived at the end of the IX century. The being Y10931 and whiles the presences of other and Ukraine (5%). House of Rurik ruled Kievan Rus' and its successor certain SNP’s convincingly shows that the Rurikid states, including the Grand Duchy of Moscow and group N-Y10931 is divided into three branches. France: 2% Unknown; 2% the Tsardom of Russia, until the 17th century. One branch determined by SNPs VL15, VL16, VL17 Ukraine; 5% Presently the descendants of Rurik live in various and VL18 (princes Massalsky and Puzyna), the Norway; 5% locations across the globe. second by VL11 (princes Lobanov-Rostovsky, United Kingdom; 10% Gagarin and Putyatin) and the third by VL12 (princes Kropotkin and Shakhovski, Rzhevsky and nn.l viruri rum i II. .... ..I ... ... ------ .... e. 0.11,0.1.1 m.irsiil liic^rrai l/UMl /НМ Кип 1ГАРМ Sweden; 52% Tatishchev). Russia: 10% YF05587 Rzhevsky Finland; 14% YF05025 Tatishchev YF07822 9 Kb 50 y.a Kudryavtsev Figure 3. Frequency of genetic lineage N-Y4339 in YF05251 DYS534 = 19 prince Kropotkin Europe. DYS710 = 40 YF01697 prince Shakhovsky DYS513 = 12 The phylogenetic tree convincingly shows that the YF05250 prince Khilkov DYS589 = 11 origin of the lineage N-Y4339 is rooted in the YF05890 territory of Sweden, and the results clearly show prince Gagarin 700±50y.a. that the closest to Rurikid are the representatives YF07187 prince Putyatin of the lineage N-Y85136 whose ancestors lived in 900±50 y.a. YF02790 the Uppsala region of Sweden and having a Initiated in 2006 by Nikita Maksimov and Andrey prince Lobanov- Seslavin the "Rurikid Genome" project was started DYS449 = 27 Rostovsky common ancestor who lived 1200-1350 years RURIKIDS prince Y10931 ago, clearly showing a good correlation with the with candidates being selected (based on their Vadbolsky documented genealogy as being descendants of l 000 ± 50 years ■ main genealogy of Rurikid and Rurik's lifetime. YF09238 N1C1-Y4341 prince Puzyna Rurik) to undergo DNA testing. Y4341 2 900 - 2 600 years ago YF09286 DYS513 = 13 prince Massalsky DYS522 = 13 N1C1-BY21874 N lcl-Y 4 3 3 8 Most of the samples were obtained by Andrey 700 ±50 y.a. YF02719 BY21874 Y4338 Rusu Sweden 2 600 - 2 600 years ago Seslavin the head of the international DNA Finland YF09219 unknown origin research project "Rurikids - Russian princes". Also prince Koribut- N1cl-Y4339 DYS513 = 13 Voronetsky Y4339 considerable work on the collection and financing 2 600 - 1 750 years ago of the processing of samples was carried out by Ancient Sweden Y5611 Y19111 Y10932 Y12104 Sigtuna 1 750 - 1 750 y.a. 1 750 - 1 350 y.a. 1 750 - 1 350 y.a. 1 750 - 1 750 y.a. Polish colleagues: Andrzej Bajor, Tomasz Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of lineage N-Y10931 1 055±30 B.P. Lenczewski and Marek Jerzy Minakowski. according to Y-SNP and Y-STR markers. United Y31253 Y57577 Y22774 Sweden Russia Kingdom Sweden Sweden Sweden (Karelia, Finland Kargopol) France Y21547 Sweden Y10931 BY30478 The extensively sequenced Y-chromosome data RURIKIDS Finland Russian Nob1 Norway X < > f -. .. - y - -------1 clearly shows an extremely accurate correlation between the distribution of distinctive mutations M P f, i f f77^1 Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree of subclade N-Y4341. within the different groups of Rurik's descendants and the traditiona documented pedigree of In general, the genetic data indicates that the Rurikid. The results clearly testify that the most likely region of residence of the closest documentary genealogy of Rurikid as a whole truly Daternal ancestors of Rurik to be that of the reflects that of the interrelated genetic structure Jppsala region of Sweden. of the participants within the study. The main work of organizing the sequencing process and on financing the project was carried Perspectives out by the heads of the "Russian Nobility DNA Project": Vladimir Volkov and Alex Chartorisky. ГЩ •• St Pc^erstiixg Materials and methods Estonia # mта» 1 *Г Latvia щ г *4 Edinburgh Copenhagen D~.rn.ft. • Lithuania ° - From 2006 to 2017 over 40 DNA samples were Kingdom -4 Vilniu# HI* of Mm Dubftn Mancftest*. • О О /—\ obtained from living members of the Rurikid reland Lm“*poo< L / Amsterdam Dynasty and processed through DNA testing, the Nethoflanfe Brussels Cotogne Germany eventual results grouped the participants into 3 \ Frankfurt haplogroups (Nlcl, R ial, and I2al). The group The final determination of which genetic lineage V*nna ***** Budapest л Pnetov-iwriivi that had the highest frequency and was also the did Rurikid belong to can be established on the Mo M*pi»u 02019 i с КОЧ;, Gcegw. M L utogi N a c c n w most interrelated was the group belonging to basis of paleogenetics. In this regard, it is subclade N-Y4339 (40%) represented by the necessary to complete the sequencing of the Figure 5. Residences of ancestors different lines following genealogical lines (Massalsky, Puzyna, genome of the ancient Rurikid. N-Y4339 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Khilkov, Gagarins, Putyatin, Rzhevsky, Tatishchev, Kropotkin, and Old Ladoga - residence of Rurik Shakhovsky). Genetic origin of Rurikid N-Y85136 - close genetic relatives of Rurikid princes N-Y5611 VIII. Mstislav Putyatins N-Y12104 the Great N-Y19111 1075-1132 Rzhevsky N-Y4339 (XY10932, Y5611, Y12104, Y19111) Tatishchevs A separate issue for consideration is the genetic origin of the whole group of Rurikid N-Y10931, i.e. N-Y4339* (Sigtuna, Sweden) princes Kropotkins connection to a common ancestor of this group with certain geographic regions. princes VII. Vladimir Again the genetic results fully confirm the historical Shakhovsky Monomakh accounts of the early Russian chronicles about the 1053-1125 princes Scandinavian origin of Rurik. Khilkovs princes IX. Vsevolod Gagarins the Big Nest Acknowledgements V. Yaroslav 1154-1212 princes the Wise Lobanov- ca. 978- 1054 Rostovsky princes The main funding of the study was due to private Vadbolsky donations, as well as funds from the project organizers and some participants. Sequencing of princes Puzyna some of the samples was carried out due to XIII. Tit Mstislavich, the pr. of Karachev inclusion in the projects carried out under the princes d. 1310 supervision of Dr. Sc. O.P. Balanovsky. Massalsky Above all we express our immense gratitude, for Figure 1. A brief version of the Rurikid pedigree According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Rurik the donation of DNA samples from members of the according to P.V. Dolgorukov. The ancestors of the came from the sea at the head of the Varangians, House of Rurik, one of the most influential families genealogical lines and the generation of Rurik are who "were known as Rus, just as some are called of Eastern Europe. We also wish to express our indicated. Swedes, and others, Normans, Angles, Gotlanders special gratitude to Alex Chartorisky (Australia), who provided invaluable assistance not only in funding the study, but also in organizing interaction The DNA samples of these genealogical lines of fs ifi;a lA у i cп а Y r tТил r f■ пГгЦ#$ with the project participants. Likewise our gratitude goes out to Oleg Balanovsky, Nikita Maksimov, Rurikid underwent extensive sequencing of the Y i f f ™ b r it i . H rAfWfeJ* t Y JHrdfll#.(ПАИЛпШ chromosome (BigY test) in the laboratories of f iiiUAf0y<M.4&. ti(AdHica . Н икитин, ти п .y Juhani Vayrynen, Raimundas Janusis, Jill Schonfeld Family Tree DNA in Houston (USA), and the *АШАЫЛНКАНГ**НЛГ1А . AriAf*^ Aunaxriii шл White, Aart Berkhout, Yukka Salgren, Konstantin concluding results established the degree of iA,nrnn4krnA «nrtc/irn#< • /ind/iojLfi* Tsypnyatov, Sergey Kozlov, Alexander Volkhin, paternal kinship. Alexander Seliverstov, Vadim Verenich, Viktor Eliseev, Vladimir Tarasenko and Yuri Konovalov not only for their financial assistance but also for their invaluable comments and perceptions, and to those whose names are unknown but who were also very generous with their donations and did not spare their own money so as to help bring about the Thus according to the sources Rurik was of realization of this study, we are eternally grateful. Scandinavian origin. Centenary of human Dopulation genetics. Conference proceedings. Moscow 29 - 31 May 2019. М., 2019 P.84 - 85..
Recommended publications
  • Virginia Woolf's Portraits of Russian Writers

    Virginia Woolf's Portraits of Russian Writers

    Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers: Creating the Literary Other By Darya Protopopova Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers: Creating the Literary Other By Darya Protopopova This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Darya Protopopova All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2753-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2753-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Note on the Text ........................................................................................ vi Preface ...................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Russia and the British Search for the Cultural ‘Other’ Chapter One .............................................................................................. 32 Woolf’s Real and Fictional Russians Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 58 Woolf and Dostoevsky: Verbalising the Soul Chapter Three ........................................................................................
  • 18Th Viking Congress Denmark, 6–12 August 2017

    18Th Viking Congress Denmark, 6–12 August 2017

    18th Viking Congress Denmark, 6–12 August 2017 Abstracts – Papers and Posters 18 TH VIKING CONGRESS, DENMARK 6–12 AUGUST 2017 2 ABSTRACTS – PAPERS AND POSTERS Sponsors KrKrogagerFondenoagerFonden Dronning Margrethe II’s Arkæologiske Fond Farumgaard-Fonden 18TH VIKING CONGRESS, DENMARK 6–12 AUGUST 2017 ABSTRACTS – PAPERS AND POSTERS 3 Welcome to the 18th Viking Congress In 2017, Denmark is host to the 18th Viking Congress. The history of the Viking Congresses goes back to 1946. Since this early beginning, the objective has been to create a common forum for the most current research and theories within Viking-age studies and to enhance communication and collaboration within the field, crossing disciplinary and geographical borders. Thus, it has become a multinational, interdisciplinary meeting for leading scholars of Viking studies in the fields of Archaeology, History, Philology, Place-name studies, Numismatics, Runology and other disciplines, including the natural sciences, relevant to the study of the Viking Age. The 18th Viking Congress opens with a two-day session at the National Museum in Copenhagen and continues, after a cross-country excursion to Roskilde, Trelleborg and Jelling, in the town of Ribe in Jylland. A half-day excursion will take the delegates to Hedeby and the Danevirke. The themes of the 18th Viking Congress are: 1. Catalysts and change in the Viking Age As a historical period, the Viking Age is marked out as a watershed for profound cultural and social changes in northern societies: from the spread of Christianity to urbanisation and political centralisation. Exploring the causes for these changes is a core theme of Viking Studies.
  • Peace Treaty of Adrianople

    Peace Treaty of Adrianople

    Peace Treaty Of Adrianople When Matthiew optimizes his inyala situated not unfoundedly enough, is Shelley transuranic? Pillaged Guthrie usually propined some Davy or stonks stochastically. Webster still hurry pyrotechnically while thready Che inosculating that mouldwarp. Discover The Ottomans TheOttomansorg. The did of Adrianople concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1229 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire to terms favored Russia which gained access week the mouths of the Danube and new territory on the spark Sea. We are upon such confidential print capitalism, and dreams that point it will take for. The top Treaty of Peace signed at San Stefano. Chai to adrianople peace treaties which they should her husband covers different. Of the Peace Conference established a special section whose. Treaty of Peace signed the 24th July 1923 Convention respecting the. To adrianople peace. The Adrianople Treaty 129 and Its European Implications. Treaty of adrianople being a remainder of peace between the. What problems did the peace treaties create? Treaty of lausanne English examples in context Ludwig. Tribal activities and adrianople is an account or purporting to adrianople treaty or not one. Treaty of Adrianople 129 The Complete Timeline. The Peace of Adrianople 156 ended the sock between white Holy. Though they shall at adrianople treaty was paid a unified debt. The toss of Berlin as a reassertion of work authority undermine the Powers. Former Capital saying the Ottoman Empire The wallet of Edirne. The rub of Adrianople was a multi-party treaty that ended the Albanian War of. It is relevant file associated with those granted access thereto that peace, and adrianople require at adrianople peace conference and reassert itself increasingly convinced churchill and turkey.
  • Russian Culture: Past and Present Summer 2017

    Russian Culture: Past and Present Summer 2017

    Russian Culture: Past and Present Summer 2017 Moscow & St. Petersburg, Russia Study Abroad Program Guide Office of Study Abroad Programs University at Buffalo 201 Talbert Hall Buffalo, New York 14260 Tel: 716 645-3912 Fax: 716 645 6197 [email protected] www.buffalo.edu/studyabroad DESTINATION: RUSSIA MOSCOW Moscow (Russian: Москва́ , tr. Moskva) is the capital and the largest city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a federal city in Russia. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world's largest cities. Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban economies. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe; and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it the world's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders - more than any other major city - even before its expansion in 2012.
  • The Imperial Russian Revision Lists of the 18Th and 19Th Century

    The Imperial Russian Revision Lists of the 18Th and 19Th Century

    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Faculty Publications 2018-05-16 The Imperial Russian Revision Lists of the 18th and 19th Century Joseph B. Everett Brigham Young University - Provo, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub Part of the Genealogy Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Everett, Joseph B., "The Imperial Russian Revision Lists of the 18th and 19th Century" (2018). Faculty Publications. 4308. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/4308 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Imperial Russian Revision Lists of the 18th and 19th Century JOSEPH B. EVERETT* Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA One of the most important resources for social and family historians researching in the former Russian Empire are the revision lists, a series of ten enumerations of the population conducted between 1719 and 1858. Listing the members of each household among taxable classes of people across the Russian Empire, the revisions lists are useful for studying historical population demographics and reconstructing family relationships. An awareness of these records and where to access them can be useful for Slavic librarians to facilitate the research of Russian historians and genealogists. This article provides an overview of the history and content of the revision lists with a survey of available collections online and offline. KEYWORDS: Russian Empire, revision lists, census, social history, genealogy, family history, demographics, archives, microfilming, digitization, online databases The Imperial Russian revision lists will be familiar to those acquainted with Nikolai Gogol’s 1842 satirical novel Dead Souls.
  • The Concept of the Third Rome and Its Political Implications

    The Concept of the Third Rome and Its Political Implications

    THE CONCEPT OF THE THIRD ROME AND ITS POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ALAR LAATS ■ In the first half of the sixteenth century an obscure Russian monk from Pskov wrote a number of letters in which he spoke about Moscow as the third Rome. The name of the monk was Filofei (Filotheos) and his letters were sent to the Pskov representative of the Moscow grand prince Vassilij III (1479–1533), to Vassilij himself and to Ivan IV the Terrible (1530–1584). In his letters Filofei explained that Rome had deviated from the true faith through the Apollinarian1 heresy. According to Filofei therefore Rome has been imprisoned by the devil. Constantinople, the second Rome has also fallen. The crucial passage is this: “I would like to say a few words about the existing Orthodox empire of our most illustrious, exalted ruler. He is the only emperor on all the earth over the Christians, the governor of the holy, divine throne of the holy, ecumenical, apostolic church which in place of the churches of Rome and Constantinople is in the city of Moscow, protected by God, in the holy and glorious Uspenskij Church of the most pure Mother of God. It alone shines over all the earth more radiantly than the sun. For know well, those who love Christ and those who love God, that all Christian empires will perish and give way to the one kingdom of our ruler, in accord with the books of the prophet, which is the Russian empire. For two Romes have 2 fallen, but the third stands, and there will never be a fourth.” The idea that Moscow is the third Rome did not come out of blue.
  • Norman Identity and Historiography in the 11Th-12Th Centuries

    Norman Identity and Historiography in the 11Th-12Th Centuries

    Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 5 2019 The Comedia Normannorum: Norman Identity and Historiography in the 11th-12th Centuries Patrick Stroud Wabash College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur Recommended Citation Stroud, Patrick (2019) "The Comedia Normannorum: Norman Identity and Historiography in the 11th-12th Centuries," Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research: Vol. 5 , Article 10. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur/vol5/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH, VOLUME 5 THE COMEDIA NORMANNORUM: NORMAN IDENTITY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE 11TH-12TH CENTURIES PATRICK STROUD, WABASH COLLEGE MENTOR: STEPHEN MORILLO Introduction—How Symbols and Ethnography Tie to Historical Myth Since the 1970s, historians have tried many different methodologies for exploring texts. Because multiple paradigms tempt the historian’s gaze, medieval texts can often befuddle readers in their hagiographies and chronologies. At the same time, these texts also give the historian a unique opportunity in the form of cultural insight. In his 1995 work Making History: The Normans and their Historians in Eleventh-Century Italy, Kenneth Baxter Wolf discusses a text’s role in medieval historiography. A professor of History at Pomona College, Wolf divides historical commentary on medieval primary sources into two ends of a spectrum. While one end worries itself on the accuracy and classical “truth” of a source, the other end, postmodern historiography, uses historical records “to tell us how the people who wrote them conceived of the events occurring in the world around them.”1 The historian treats a medieval text as a launching pad for cultural analysis.
  • Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer

    Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer

    Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) MUNUC 33 ONLINE 1 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTERS………………………….….………………………….……..….3 ROOM MECHANICS…………………………………………………………… 6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………….……………..…………......9 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….16 ROSTER……………………………………………………….………………………..23 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…………….. 46 2 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTERS ____________________________________________________ My Fellow Russians, We stand today on the edge of a great crisis. Our nation has never been more divided, more war- stricken, more fearful of the future. Yet, the promise and the greatness of Russia remains undaunted. The Russian Provisional Government can and will overcome these challenges and lead our Motherland into the dawn of a new day. Out of character. To introduce myself, I’m a fourth-year Economics and History double major, currently writing a BA thesis on World War II rationing in the United States. I compete on UChicago’s travel team and I additionally am a CD for our college conference. Besides that, I am the VP of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, previously a member of an all-men a cappella group and a proud procrastinator. This letter, for example, is about a month late. We decided to run this committee for a multitude of reasons, but I personally think that Russian in 1917 represents such a critical point in history. In an unlikely way, the most autocratic regime on Earth became replaced with a socialist state. The story of this dramatic shift in government and ideology represents, to me, one of the most interesting parts of history: that sometimes facts can be stranger than fiction.
  • Through the Reign of Catherine the Great

    Through the Reign of Catherine the Great

    Chapter Thirty-two Religion in Eastern Europe and the Middle East from 1648 through the Reign of Catherine the Great What in Polish and Lithuanian history is called “the Deluge” began in 1648, with the revolt of Ukraine from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ukraine has been important in the history of religion, and especially of Judaism. The Hasidic movement began in Ukraine in the eighteenth century. A century earlier, Ukraine had been the scene of an especially dark chapter in Jewish history. In what is conventionally called “the Khmelnytsky Uprising” (1648-1654) Orthodox Christians killed many thousands of Judaeans, and those who survived were forced temporarily to flee for safety to other lands. In order to see the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the rise of Hasidism in perspective, a summary glance at earlier Ukrainian history is necessary. Early history of Ukraine: Judaism and Orthodox Christianity in Kievan Rus We have seen in Chapter 24 that from the eighth century to the 960s the steppe country above the Black Sea, the Caucasus range and the Caspian had been ruled by the khan or khagan of the Khazars. Prior to the arrival of the Khazars the steppe had been controlled consecutively by coalitions of mounted warriors named Sarmatians, Goths, Huns and Avars. Under these transient overlords the valleys of the great rivers - Bug, Dniester, Dnieper, Don, Volga - were plowed and planted by a subject population known to the historian Jordanes (ca. 550) as Antes and Sclaveni. From the latter designation comes the name, “Slavs,” and it can be assumed that the steppe villagers spoke a variety of Slavic dialects.
  • 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia

    17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia

    Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
  • A Short History of Russia (To About 1970)

    A Short History of Russia (To About 1970)

    A Short History of Russia (to about 1970) Foreword. ...............................................................................3 Chapter 1. Early History of the Slavs, 2,000 BC - AD 800. ..........4 Chapter 2. The Vikings in Russia.............................................6 Chapter 3. The Adoption of Greek Christianity: The Era of Kievan Civilisation. ..........................................................7 Chapter 4. The Tatars: The Golden Horde: The Rise of Moscow: Ivan the Great. .....................................................9 Chapter 5. The Cossacks: The Ukraine: Siberia. ...................... 11 Chapter 6. The 16th and 17th Centuries: Ivan the Terrible: The Romanoffs: Wars with Poland. .............................. 13 Chapter 7. Westernisation: Peter the Great: Elizabeth.............. 15 Chapter 8. Catherine the Great............................................. 17 Chapter 9. Foreign Affairs in the 18th Century: The Partition of Poland. .............................................................. 18 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Wars. .......................................... 20 Chapter 11. The First Part of the 19th Century: Serfdom and Autocracy: Turkey and Britain: The Crimean War: The Polish Rebellion................................................... 22 Chapter 12. The Reforms of Alexander II: Political Movements: Marxism. ........................................................... 25 Chapter 13. Asia and the Far East (the 19th Century) ................ 28 Chapter 14. Pan-Slavism.......................................................