Guide to Instrumentation Literature
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ERNST RUSKA Max-Eyth-Strasse 20, D-1000 BERLIN 33
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Nobel lecture, December 8, 1986 by ERNST RUSKA Max-Eyth-Strasse 20, D-1000 BERLIN 33 A. Parents’ house, family A month ago, the Nobel Foundation sent me its yearbook of 1985. From it I learnt that many Nobel lectures are downright scientific lectures, interspersed with curves, synoptic tables and quotations. I am somewhat reluctant to give here such a lecture on something that can be looked up in any modern schoolbook on physics. I will therefore not so much report here on physical and technical details and their connections but rather on the human experiences - some joyful events and many disappointments which had not been spared me and my colleagues on our way to the final breakthrough. This is not meant to be a complaint though; I rather feel that such experiences of scientists in quest of new approaches are absolutely understandable, or even normal. In such a representation I must, of course, consider the influence of my environment, in particular of my family. There have already been some scien- tists in my family: My father, Julius Ruska, was a historian of sciences in Heidelberg and Berlin; my uncle, Max Wolf, astronomer in Heidelberg; his assistant, a former pupil of my father and my godfather, August Kopff, Direc- tor of the Institute for astronomical calculation of the former Friedrich-Wil- helm University in Berlin. A cousin of my mother, Alfred Hoche, was Professor for Psychiatry in Freiburg/Breisgau; my grandfather from my mother’s side, Adalbert Merx, theologian in and Heidelberg. -
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Werner Heisenberg And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 203 (2002) Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project* Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg’s (1901-1976) involvement in the German Uranium Project is the most con- troversial aspect of his life. The controversial discussions on it go from whether Germany at all wanted to built an atomic weapon or only an energy supplying machine (the last only for civil purposes or also for military use for instance in submarines), whether the scientists wanted to support or to thwart such efforts, whether Heisenberg and the others did really understand the mechanisms of an atomic bomb or not, and so on. Examples for both extreme positions in this controversy represent the books by Thomas Powers Heisenberg’s War. The Secret History of the German Bomb,1 who builds up him to a resistance fighter, and by Paul L. Rose Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project – A Study in German Culture,2 who characterizes him as a liar, fool and with respect to the bomb as a poor scientist; both books were published in the 1990s. In the first part of my paper I will sum up the main facts, known on the German Uranium Project, and in the second part I will discuss some aspects of the role of Heisenberg and other German scientists, involved in this project. Although there is already written a lot on the German Uranium Project – and the best overview up to now supplies Mark Walker with his book German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, which was published in * Paper presented on a conference in Moscow (November 13/14, 2001) at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology [àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÒÚÓËË ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÁ̇ÌËfl Ë ÚÂıÌËÍË ËÏ. -
Ulrich Hofmann (22.01.1903 München - 05.07.1986 Heidelberg), Mitbegründer Der Modernen Tonmineralogie, Tonmineralforschung Und -Anwendung
1 Please take notice of: (c)Beneke. Don't quote without permission. Ulrich Hofmann (22.01.1903 München - 05.07.1986 Heidelberg), Mitbegründer der modernen Tonmineralogie, Tonmineralforschung und -anwendung Sein Leben und Werk. September 2005, geändert 17. Oktober 2005 Klaus O. T. Beneke Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität D-24098 Kiel [email protected] 2 Ulrich Hofmann (22.01.1903 München - 05.07.1986 Heidelberg), Mitbegründer der modernen Tonmineralogie, Tonmineralforschung und -anwendung Sein Leben und Werk. Seite Inhaltsverzeichnis 2-4 Einführung 5-9 Kurzlebenslauf von Justus von Liebig (1803 - 1873) 5-6 Kurzlebenslauf von Egon Wiberg (1901 - 1976) 6 Kurzlebenslauf von Armin Weiss (Weiß) (geb. 05.11.1927 Stefling) 6 Der Vater und Forscher Karl Andreas Hofmann (1870 - 1941) 10-26 Kurzlebenslauf von Julius Adolf Stöckhardt (1809 - 1886) 10 Kurzlebenslauf von Adolf von Baeyer (1835 - 1917) 12 Kurzlebenslauf von Gerhard Krüss (1859 - 1895) 12 Auswahl von Schülern, die unter Adolf von Baeyer an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in München promoviert haben 17 Schüler von Adolf von Baeyer, die sich als Privatdozenten für Chemie in München habilitiert haben 18 3 Kurzlebenslauf von Hugo Erdmann (1862 - 1910) 23-24 Der Sohn Ulrich Hofmann (1903 - 1986) 27-83 Kurzlebenslauf von Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie jr (1817 - 1880) 29-30 Kurzlebenslauf von Kurd Endell (1887 - 1945) 34 Kurzlebenslauf von Franz B. Hofmann (geb. 21.05.1942 Wien) 35 Kurzlebenslauf von László Mattyasovszky (1912 - 1992) 42-43 Kurzlebenslauf von Vilmos Zsolnay (1828 - 1900) 42-43 Kurzlebenslauf von Rudolf Schenck (1870 - 1965) 49-50 Kurzlebenslauf von Max Trautz (1880 - 1960) 50 Kurzlebenslauf von Julius Paul Kunze (geb. -
CLEO Conference
Executive Ballroom Executive Ballroom Executive Ballroom Executive Ballroom 210A 210B 210C 210D CLEO: QELS-Fundamental Science 08:00–10:00 08:00–10:00 08:00–10:00 08:00–10:00 FM1A • Quantum Engineering FM1B • Relativistic Laser-Plasma FM1C • Hyperbolic and Epsilon- FM1D • PT Symmetry and Presider: Nicholas Peters; Applied Interactions near-zero Materials Related Phenomena Communication Sciences, USA Presider: Sergei Tochitsky; Univ. Presider: Philippe Tassin; Presider: Matthias Heinrich, Univ. of California Los Angeles, USA Chalmers Univ., Sweden of Central Florida, USA FM1A.1 • 08:00 Tutorial FM1B.1 • 08:00 Invited FM1C.1 • 08:00 FM1D.1 • 08:00 Quantum Optomechanics, Markus Aspel- High energy ion acceleration and neutron Wave Propagation in Magnetized Epsilon- Beyond PT-symmetry: SUSY-mediated real meyer1; 1Universitat Wien, Austria. This production using relativistic transparency Near-Zero Metamaterials, Arthur Davoyan1, spectra in complex refractive index land- 1 1 1 tutorial provides an introduction to the cur- in solids, Markus Roth1, Daniel Jung2, Kat- Nader Engheta ; Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA. scapes, Mohammad-Ali Miri , Matthias Hein- 1 1 1 rent state-of-the-art, the challenges and the erina Falk2, Nevzat Guler2, Vincent Bagnoud3, In this work we theoretically study light propa- rich , Demetrios N. Christodoulides ; CREOL prospects of achieving quantum optical con- Stefan Bedacht1, Oliver Deppert1, Matthew gation in magnetized epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) The College of Optics and Photonics, Univ. of trol over nano-, micro- and macro-mechanical J. Devlin2, Andrea Favalli2, Juan Fernandez2, metamaterials. We reveal novel regimes of Central Florida, USA. In the presence of gain devices, i.e. quantum optomechanics. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
On the Shoulders of Giants: a Brief History of Physics in Göttingen
1 6 ON THE SHO UL DERS OF G I A NTS : A B RIEF HISTORY OF P HYSI C S IN G Ö TTIN G EN On the Shoulders of Giants: a brief History of Physics in Göttingen 18th and 19th centuries Georg Ch. Lichtenberg (1742-1799) may be considered the fore- under Emil Wiechert (1861-1928), where seismic methods for father of experimental physics in Göttingen. His lectures were the study of the Earth's interior were developed. An institute accompanied by many experiments with equipment which he for applied mathematics and mechanics under the joint direc- had bought privately. To the general public, he is better known torship of the mathematician Carl Runge (1856-1927) (Runge- for his thoughtful and witty aphorisms. Following Lichtenberg, Kutta method) and the pioneer of aerodynamics, or boundary the next physicist of world renown would be Wilhelm Weber layers, Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) complemented the range of (1804-1891), a student, coworker and colleague of the „prince institutions related to physics proper. In 1925, Prandtl became of mathematics“ C. F. Gauss, who not only excelled in electro- the director of a newly established Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute dynamics but fought for his constitutional rights against the for Fluid Dynamics. king of Hannover (1830). After his re-installment as a profes- A new and well-equipped physics building opened at the end sor in 1849, the two Göttingen physics chairs , W. Weber and B. of 1905. After the turn to the 20th century, Walter Kaufmann Listing, approximately corresponded to chairs of experimen- (1871-1947) did precision measurements on the velocity depen- tal and mathematical physics. -
Father of the Shell Model
CENTENARY Father of the shell model Heidelberg University held a symposium on fundamental physics and the shell model this summer to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Hans Jensen, the German who created the nuclear shell model with Maria Goeppert-Mayer of Argonne. Hans Jensen (1907–1973) is the only theorist among the three winners from Heidelberg University of the Nobel Prize for Physics. He shared the award with Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963 for the development of the nuclear shell model, which they published independently in 1949. The model offered the first coherent expla- nation for the variety of properties and structures of atomic nuclei. In particular, the “magic numbers” of protons and neutrons, which had been determined experimentally from the stability properties and observed abundances of chemical elements, found a natural explanation in terms of the spin-orbit coupling of the nucleons. These numbers play a decisive role in the synthesis of the ele- ments in stars, as well as in the artificial synthesis of the heaviest elements at the borderline of the periodic table of elements. Hans Jensen was born in Hamburg on 25 June 1907. He studied physics, mathematics, chemistry and philosophy in Hamburg and Freiburg, obtaining his PhD in 1932. After a short period in the Hans Jensen in his study at 16 Philosophenweg, Heidelberg German army’s weather service, he became professor of theo- in 1963. (Courtesy Bettmann/UPI/Corbis.) retical physics in Hannover in 1940. Jensen then accepted a new chair for theoretical physics in Heidelberg in 1949 on the initiative Mayer 1949). -
Bruno Touschek in Germany After the War: 1945-46
LABORATORI NAZIONALI DI FRASCATI INFN–19-17/LNF October 10, 2019 MIT-CTP/5150 Bruno Touschek in Germany after the War: 1945-46 Luisa Bonolis1, Giulia Pancheri2;† 1)Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany 2)INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13, I-00044 Frascati, Italy Abstract Bruno Touschek was an Austrian born theoretical physicist, who proposed and built the first electron-positron collider in 1960 in the Frascati National Laboratories in Italy. In this note we reconstruct a crucial period of Bruno Touschek’s life so far scarcely explored, which runs from Summer 1945 to the end of 1946. We shall describe his university studies in Gottingen,¨ placing them in the context of the reconstruction of German science after 1945. The influence of Werner Heisenberg and other prominent German physicists will be highlighted. In parallel, we shall show how the decisions of the Allied powers, towards restructuring science and technology in the UK after the war effort, determined Touschek’s move to the University of Glasgow in 1947. Make it a story of distances and starlight Robert Penn Warren, 1905-1989, c 1985 Robert Penn Warren arXiv:1910.09075v1 [physics.hist-ph] 20 Oct 2019 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Authors’ ordering in this and related works alternates to reflect that this work is part of a joint collaboration project with no principal author. †) Also at Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Hamburg 1945: from death rays to post-war science4 3 German science and the mission of the T-force6 3.1 Operation Epsilon . -
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at The
James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics Published under the auspices of the Board of Directors of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society: Hans-Joachim Freund Gerard Meijer Matthias Scheffler Robert Schlögl Martin Wolf Jeremiah James · Thomas Steinhauser · Dieter Hoffmann · Bretislav Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 1911–2011 De Gruyter An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Aut ho rs: Dr. Jeremiah James Prof. Dr. Dieter Hoffmann Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Institute for the Max Planck Society History of Science Faradayweg 4–6 Boltzmannstr. 22 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Thomas Steinhauser Prof. Dr. Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Cover images: Front cover: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 1913. From left to right, “factory” building, main building, director’s villa, known today as Haber Villa. Back cover: Campus of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 2011. The Institute’s his- toric buildings, contiguous with the “Röntgenbau” on their right, house the Departments of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics. -
Mitteilungen 2 Technical and Scientific Journal of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt 2012
MITTEILUNGEN 2 TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT 2012 PTR/PTB: 125 Years of Metrological Research MITTEILUNGEN JOURNAL OF THE PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT Special Journal for the Economy and Science Official Information Bulletin of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin Advance copy from: 122nd volume, issue 2, June 2012 Contents PTR/PTB: 125 Years of Metrological Research Chronology 1887–2012 6–61 • Ernst O. Göbel: Preface 3 • Wolfgang Buck: The Intention 4 • Helmut Rechenberg: Helmholtz and the Founding Years 8 • Jörg Hollandt: The “Black Body” and the Quantization of the World 12 • Robert Wynands: The “Kuratorium”, PTB’s Advisory Board 16 • Wolfgang Buck: “New Physics” and a New Structure 20 • Dieter Hoffmann: The Einstein Case 22 • Wolfgang Buck: The Merging of the RMG and the PTR 26 • Dieter Hoffmann: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in the Third Reich 30 • Dieter Hoffmann: The PTR, PTA and DAMG: the Post-war Era 34 • Peter Ulbig, Roman Schwartz: Legal Metrology and the OIML 38 • Wolfgang Schmid: European Metrology 46 • Dieter Kind: The Reunification of Metrology in Germany 50 • Roman Schwartz, Harald Bosse: PTB – A Provider of Metrological Services and a Partner of Industry, Science and Society 56 • Ernst O. Göbel, Jens Simon: PTB at the Beginning of the 21st Century 62 Authors 66 Picture credits 67 Literature 68 Title picture: Together with Werner von Siemens and others, Hermann von Helmholtz campaigned personally for the foundation of the PTR and became its first presi- dent from 1888 to 1894. Imprint The PTB-Mitteilungen are the metrological specialist journal and official infor- mation bulletin of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin. -
Report on Cyclotron Investigation, Heidelberg, Germany
ITEM NO. 21 & 24 COPY NO. FILE NO. XXIX-47 CYCLOTRON INVESTIGATION ... HEIDELBERG COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE Report on CYCLOTRON INVESTIGATION HEIDELBERG, GERMANY Reported by: C. W. EANSELL, Lt. Col. J. J. SLATTERY, Maj. J. M. SANABRIA U. S. on behalf of the U.S. Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee CIOS Target Numbers 6. 21/65 & 24/17a Metallurgy - Medical June 1, 1945 COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE G-2 Division f SfLAEF (Rear) AP0.413 Reproduction Aug. 13 1945 T FORCE SECTION HEADQUARTERS SIXTH AG GROUP I 1 June 1945 Subject: Cyclotron investigation at Heidelberg TO : CIOS Secretariat Investigators: Mr, C. W. Hans©11, TIIC Lto Col. J. J, Slattery Maj. J. M. Sanabria The above investigators were accompanied by Dr. Max Knoll, a German scientist of the Telefunken Co., who had been separated from his laboratories in and around Liebenstein and who had attached himself to the headquarters of the Ferdinand Braun Institute at Brannenburg. He was released by the local military government at Rosenheim for the trip to Bad Liebenstein and vicinity. It was he who supplied names of scientists and institutions in which the investigators had a special Interest. It had been learned at Munich from Mr. Harry Marvin of the General Electric Co., another Investigator, that the Bad Liebenstein area had been investigated by him but some of the targets had been overlooked. It was therefore agreed with Col. Jackson and Major Johnson-Ferguson at Munich that it would be proper to proceed to the Telefunken Laboratories in the Bad Liebenstein area with Dr. Knoll as guide and interpreter. -
Prof. Hans Kopfermann
No.4905 November 2, 1963 NATURE 403 OBITUARIES Sir Leonard Bairstow, C.B.E., F.R.S. ment as to be easily taken for granted or even overlooked by future generations of workers in the subject; more THE death of Sir Leonard Bairstow on September 8 durable evidence of his distinction is provided by deprives us of one of the few remaining his pioneers of book, Applied Aerodynamics. Published in 1919, it was aviation: a man whose meticulous analytical and experi the first comprehensive text-book on the subject mental study of aerodynamics helped and to secure the remained so for many years. Indeed, the second edition foundations of that subject at a time when the theory of was reprinted as late as 1944, a remarkable tribute flight was barely more than an expression to a of the physical work that was fashioned while the subject was courage of those who still in its practised it. infancy. In the preface to the first edition, Sir Leonard was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, Bairstow on June wrote: "The main outlines of the theory of flight 25, 1880, and, after obtaining a diploma are in mechanics at simple, but the stage of application now reached the Royal College of Science, London, he necessi joined the staff tates careful examination of secondary features". of the National Physical Laboratory. His Since work there these words first appeared, their truth may for encoi::--.passed most of the then current a time problems of aero have been in doubt when the outlines of the theory became dynamics: balloons, airships, seaplanes, propellers, the blurred by the complex interaction between the motion design of wing sections, wind tunnels, and aeroplane of a high-speed aeroplane and the forces exerted on it by performance as well as its structure.