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Slovenski Pravopis

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Slovenski Pravopis Slovenski pravopis. Sestavil F r. Leveč, c. kr. profesor in okrajni šolski nadzornik v Ljubljani. Cena vezani knjigi 1 krona, nevezani 90 vinarjev. =»«ce>3H->- Na Dunaju. V cesarski kraljevi zalogi šolskih knjig. 1899. Šolske knjige, na svetlo dane v c. kr. zalogi šolskih knjig, se smejo prodajati draže, nego je določeno na naslovnem listu. Pridržujejo se vse pravice. 030CVM&VO Mattsnil Karel Gorišek na Dunaju. Pravila. Prvi del. G 1 a s o s 1 o v j e. I. Glasniki. Glasove v slovenskem jeziku pišemo z naslednjimi latinskimi i. črkami: a A, b B, c C, č Č, d D, e E, f F, g O, h H, i I, j J, k K, l L, m M, n IV, o O, p JP, r B, s S, š Š, t T, u TJ, v V, » Z, ž Ž. Glasovi a, e, i, o, u so samoglasniki, vsi drugi so 2. soglasniki. Poleg pravih samoglasnikov nam rabi glas r kakor samo- glasnik : a) Kadar stoji med dvema soglasnikoma in dela zlog, 3. n. pr. brdo, grd, krvnik, jetrnik, trd, vrt; jedrnat, zrnat; ka- kršen; ciprski, Jilistrski, igrski, metrski, ogrski, sestrski . .; b) kadar stoji v začetku besede pred soglasnikom in dela 4. zlog v besedah: rdeč, rjav, rkelj, rt, rz . in njih izpeljankah: rdečkast, rdečica, rjavkast, rjaveč, rtič, rtast, ržen . Dvoglasnikov (diftongov) slovenščina nima in jih tudi 5. ne trpi; zatorej pišemo: Austria: Avstrija, Paul: Pavel, Miiropa : Evropa, Poseidon: Pozejdon, Hephaistos: Hefajst, Oidipos: Ojdip, Kretizer: krajcar . Tujih črk ch, ph, q(u), rh, th, x, y ne rabimo v slo- 6. venšeini; nadomeščamo jih s k (h), f, k(v), r, t, ks, i, n. pr. Christus: Kristus, Chios : Hij, philosophia: filozofija, Qua- drat: kvadrat, Pyrrhus: Ftr, Amphitheater: amfiteater, Lyrik: lirika, Physik: fizika, Pythia: Pitija, Diphthong: diftong . Pač pa pišemo tudi te tuje črke, kadar pridržimo v slovenščini tujo, zlasti romansko ali germansko besedo v nje tuji obliki, n. pr. Chile, Quere- taro, Bordeaux, Auerbach, Yssel . II. Kako izrekamo in pišemo soglasnik i. 7. Glasove v slovenskih besedah in v besedah, ki jih govorimo za slovenske, pišemo tako, kakor jih čuje izgovarjati uho. Edino izjemo dela soglasnik l. Soglasnik l se čisto izgovarja samo: 8. a) Pred samoglasniki, n. pr. lepa lipa, lahka ladja, bela luč, zelena loža, goli golob, debela žila . .; 9. b) za soglasniki, n. pr. glava, klanec, planina, slava / cvetlica, dekla, oblak • . .; 10. c) pred soglasnikom j v edninskem orodniku ženskih samo- stalnikov, n. pr. z drhaljo, s piščaljo, s soljo, z živaljo . 11. Pred soglasniki, na koncu besed in tudi pred polu- glasnim e se l izgovarja kakor v, v končnici el pri tvornopreteklem deležniku glagolov prvih štirih razredov I. vrste, potem pri samostalnikih in pridevnikih, narejenih s pripono l, pred katero pišemo poluglasni e, pa kakor kratek u, n. pr. čolnar ima dolg čoln — čovnar ima dovg čovn; dal mi je piščal — dav mi je piščav; jelka ima veje do tal — jevka ima veje do tav; volk: vovk, bil: biv, obul: obuv, pisal: pisav; ogorelec: ogorevec; nesel: nesu; pletel: pletu; grebel: grebu; rekel: reku, stregel: stregu; kozel: kozu; topel: topu . 12. Kdor pred soglasniki in na koncu besed l čisto izgovarja, tisti se spakuje, govori tuje in prisiljeno ter dela silo narodni govorici. 13. Samo tuj e besede ohranijo tudi pred soglasniki in na koncu besed svoj čisti l, n. pr. Albanija, Alpe, Alvernija, Dalmacija, Olga, Volga, Voltava; admiral, eventualno, general, plural, violončel . Kadar ne veš, ti je li na koncu besed pisati l ali v (u), 14 tedaj postavi besedo ali v ženski spol, ali pa v množino, in takoj se ti pokaže prava oblika, n. pr. bev, dav, obuv, piščav, prav, zdrav ... je pisati bel, dal, obul,- piščal, prav, zdrav . ker imajo v ženskem spolu bela, dala, obula, prava, zdrava . in v množini beli, dali, obuli, piščali, pravi, zdravi . Kadar ne veš, bi li na koncu besed, pred soglasniki in za 15 njimi pisal l ali Ij, tedaj piši l, če narod izreka v (u), Ij pa takrat, če narod izreka čisti l, n. pr. vovk, dajav, prišu . je pisati volk, dajal, prišel, a besede konopla, mravla, zemla, rogel, škratel, učitel ... je pisati konoplja, mravlja, zemlja, rogelj, škratelj, učitelj . III. Kako delimo samoglasnike in soglasnike. I. Samoglasniki so: a) trdi: a, o, u; pred temi se goltniki ne mehčajo; 16 b) mehka e, i; pred tema dvema se goltniki izpreminjajo 17 v nebnike ali sičnike, n. pr. otrok, otroče, otroci; ubog, ubožec, ubožica; gluh, glušec, glušica . Poleg teh samoglasnikov je za naš pravopis posebno važen 18 še poluglasni e (gibljivi e) ali nedoločni samoglasnik. Ta se lehko spozna po tem, a) da v zadnjem zlogu vselej izpade, kadar besedo izpre- 19 meniš tako, da iina na koncu samoglasnik, n. pr. pevec: pevca, orel: orla, starček: starčka, oven: ovna; Andrejček: Andrejčka, Dolenjec: Dolenjca, Strucelj: Struclja; Žitek: Zitka; Zumer: Zumra; bister: bistra, bistro; svetel: svetla, svetlo; močen: močna, močno; rekel sem: rekli smo; nesel je: nesli so ... ; b) da se vselej premeni v a, kadar dobi dolg naglas, n. pr. 20 dehniti, dehnil: dahnem; geniti, genil, genila, genili: ganem ; premekniti, premeknil, premeknili: premaknem; spotekniti: spotaknem; kesdn, kesna, kesno, kesnejši, kesneje, zakesnim, zakesniti, toda: kasni, kasna, kasno ber, bte, bas fpate, kašnji, kdšnja, kdšnje, prekasni, prekasna, prekdsno; — legak, lehka, lehko, toda: lahki, lahka, lahko; lažji, lažja, lažje, laglje, naldhko, prelahek, lajšati; — legati, legal, ležniv, ležnivec, toda: laž, leži; ravan, ravni . II. Soglasniki so: 21. 1. Po govorili h, ki posebno sodelujejo med izgovorom: a) goltniki k g h b) nebniki d £ š j c) sičniki C s I . č) šumniki č Ž š d) zobnika t d e) ustniki p b v m f) jezičniki l u r U nj 22. 2. Po izreki so soglasniki: a) mehki: c, č, ž, š, j, (Ij, nj, rj) h) trdi: b, d, f, g, Ti, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z. 23. 3. Po svoji zvenečnosti so soglasniki: a) nemi . c č f h k P s t 1 b) zveneči . v 9 b s z d l m n r j IV. Premembe na samoglasnikih. 24. Za pravopis najvažnejše premembe na samoglasnikih so: I. mehčanje, II. zev, III. krčenje, IV. izpad in odpad, "V. vrinek. 25. I. Mehčanje. Za mehkimi soglasniki (glej pravilo 22, a) se trdi samoglasniki preminjajo v mehke: a) V samostalniških sklonilih om, orna, ov, ki dajo em, ema, ev, n. pr. s kraljom: kraljem; pevcOma: pevcema; mečov: mečev; nožom, nozoma, nožov: nožem, nožema, nožev . ; » 26. b) v edninskem imenovalniku srednjih samostalnikov in pri- devnikov, kjer se o izpreminja v e, n. pr. iz cvetočo lico, sinjo morjo. nastane cvetoče lice, sinje morje . ; c) v nedoločnikovi osnovi ova, ki daje eva, n. pr. kralj- 27. ova-ti, konc-ova-ti, mož-ova-ti . daje kralj-eva-ti, konč- eva-ti, mož-eva-ti . .; č) pri tvoritvi svojilnih pridevnikov na ov, ki prehaja 28. v ev, n. pr. mož-ov, pastirj-ov, Janežič-ov, hruš-ov . daje •možev, pastirjev, Janežičev, hrušev . .; d) v sestavljenih besedah, n. pr. iz kri&ogled, rdecoličen, 29. slovenjograški, svojoglav, konjorejec, poljodelec . nastane križegled, rdečeličen, slovenjegraški, svojeglav, konjerejec, po- ljedelec . II. Zev. Pravilno stoji na enem mestu samo po en samo- 30. glasnik. Pride li po kakršnikoli poti k njemu še drug samo- glasnik, tedaj nastane zev, ki se mora odpraviti. Sredi besede stojita po dva samoglasnika samo v nekaterih 31. sestavljenih besedah, n. pr. neenak, neumit, radoucen, vele- ugleden, južnoavstralski; nauk, zaimek, neokretnež; zaupati, preiskati, preorati; priigrati, priihteti, priimek . Zev se odpravi s tem, a) da se zatakne s soglasnikom j, n. pr. da-ati: da-j-ati; 32. se-em: se-j-em; Maria: Mari-j-a, idea: ide-j-a; diaconus: di-j-ak . b) da se zatakne s soglasnikom v, n. pr. da-ati: da-v-ati; 33. pe-ec: pe-v-ec; igra-ec: igra-v-ec; pre-or: pre-v-or . .; c) da se zatakne s soglasnikom n, n. pr. s-n-iti iz s-iti; 34. s-n-eti iz s-eti, v-n-eti iz v-eti; s-n-esti iz s-esti; do n-jega, k n-jemu iz do jega, k jemu . č) da se samoglasnik i in u utrdi v sorodni soglasnik j 35. in v, n. pr. poidem: poj dem; zaidem: zajdem; dela-i: delaj; se-i: sej; Austria: Avstrija; Europa: Evropa . .; d) da se dva enaka samoglasnika skrčita, n. pr. priidem: 36. pridem; priimem: primem; hvali-i: hvali . Kako je ravnati s tujimi besedami, glej pravilo 467, 468. III. Krčenje. Kadar stojita po dva samoglasnika neposrednje 37. skupaj, bodisi da že prvotno ni bilo soglasnika vmes, bodisi da je pozneje izpadel, tedaj se v mnogih primerih spajata v enega dolgega, n. pr. ne imam: nemam, nimam; ne (h)očem: nočem, nečem; ne (j)sem: nesem, nisem; stofjjati: stati; bo(j)ati se: bati se; po(j)as: pas; gospo(j)a: gospa; ne (ve se) kdo: nekdo; ne (ve se) kaj: nekaj; (k)do (vje kaj: dokaj; Dobro(j)e polje: Dobrepolje . 38. IV. Odpad in izpad, a) Posebno cesto odpada i v besedah, zloženih s predlogom iz, n. pr. izgaga: zgaga; izkaza: skaza; izpaka: spaka . Glej tudi pravilo 122. 39. b) Samoglasnik u se premeni v v in potem odpade, n. pr. uže: vže: ze; ubog: vbožen: boren . 40. c) Poluglasni e, bodisi prvoten ali po analogiji iz določ- nega samoglasnika nastal, izpada v besedah pes: psa; sel: sla; posel: posla; sen: sna; mesec: mesca; zajec: zajca. Nikakor pa ni pravilno izpuščati e v glagolih dejati (djati) ; nadejati se (nadjati se); sejati (sjati) . 41. č) V priponah ija in ije je •ž v poluglasnik oslabel in izpadel, n.
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