CATALOG OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA). 1758 TO THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM.
I. INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, AND OMALIINE GROUP
LEE H. HERMAN
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NUMBER 265 NEW YORK : 2001 Recent issues of the Bulletin may be purchased from the Museum. Lists of back issues of the Bulletin, Novitates, and Anthropological Papers published during the last five years are available at World Wide Web site http://nimidi.amnh.org. Or address mail orders to: American Museum of Natural History Library, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, N.Y. 10024. TEL: (212) 769- 5545. FAX: (212) 769-5009. E-MAIL: [email protected] CATALOG OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA). 1758 TO THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM.
I. INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, AND OMALIINE GROUP
LEE H. HERMAN Curator, Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 265, pages 1Ð650 Issued July 18, 2001 (Parts IÐVII)
Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2001 ISSN 0003-0090 ...
I
Vnnametf'friassic fFossi{ ..
Top: Staphylinus hirtus Linne. [he first species of Staphylinidae described !illustration after Panzer, 1796, Faunae insectorum Germanicae). Bottom: Unnamed Triassic fossil, the oldest known species of Staphy linidae (from photOgraph of original fossil). CATALOG OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE, PARTS IÐVII
PART I, pages 1Ð650 Introduction Brief History of Taxonomic Studies of the Staphylinidae Research History ¥ Biographical Sketches Overview of Classification Omaliine Group Dasycerinae ¥ Empelinae ¥ Glypholomatinae ¥ Micropeplinae ¥ Microsilphinae ¥ Neophoninae ¥ Omaliinae ¥ Proteininae ¥ Protopselaphinae
PART II, pages 651Ð1066 Tachyporine Group Habrocerinae ¥ Olisthaerinae ¥ Phloeocharinae ¥ Tachyporinae ¥ Trichophyinae
PART III, pages 1067Ð1806 Oxyteline Group Apateticinae ¥ Osoriinae ¥ Oxytelinae ¥ Piestinae ¥ Trigonurinae
PART IV, pages 1807Ð2440 Staphylinine Group Euaesthetinae ¥ Leptotyphlinae ¥ Megalopsidiinae ¥ Oxyporinae ¥ Pseudopsinae ¥ Solieriinae ¥ Steninae
PART V, pages 2441Ð3020 Staphylinine Group, continued Staphylininae Diochini ¥ Maorothiini ¥ Othiini ¥ Platyprosopini ¥ Staphylinini (Amblyopinina ¥ Hyptiomina ¥ Anisolinina ¥ Philonthina)
PART VI, pages 3021Ð3840 Staphylinine Group, continued Staphylininae, continued Staphylinini (Quediina ¥ Staphylinina ¥ Tanygnathinina ¥ Xanthopygina ¥ Incertae Sedis) Xantholinini Staphylinidae: Subfamily Incertae Sedis Protactinae†
PART VII, pages 3841Ð0000 Bibliography Index
iii CATALOG OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA). 1758 TO THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM
ABSTRACT This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published lit- erature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylin- inae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or descrip- tion are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or syn- onyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Dis- tributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Alesˇ Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies.
Address correspondence to: Lee H. Herman, Curator, Division of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA ([email protected]). Please send comments, corrections, or updates to either the postal or e-mail address. Reprints of new publications would be helpful and appreciated.
iv CONTENTS
PART I INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, AND OMALIINE GROUP
Introduction ...... 1 Acknowledgments ...... 14 Brief History of Taxonomic Studies of the Staphylinidae Including Biographical Sketches of the Investigators, by Alesˇ Smetana and Lee H. Herman ...... 17 Research History ...... 17 Biographical Sketches ...... 38 Overview of Classification ...... 161 Staphylinidae ...... 167 Omaliine Group ...... 175 Dasycerinae ...... 175 Empelinae ...... 179 Glypholomatinae ...... 181 Micropeplinae ...... 183 Microsilphinae ...... 205 Neophoninae ...... 207 Omaliinae ...... 209 Anthophagini ...... 210 Aphaenostemmini ...... 377 Corneolabiini ...... 378 Coryphiini ...... 381 Boreaphilina ...... 381 Coryphiina ...... 389 Eusphalerini ...... 409 Hadrognathini ...... 467 Omaliini ...... 468 Proteininae ...... 599 Anepiini ...... 600 Austrorhysini ...... 600 Nesoneini ...... 601 Proteinini ...... 602 Silphotelini ...... 648 Protopselaphinae ...... 649
PARTS IIÐVII Tachyporine Group ...... Part II Oxyteline Group ...... Part III Staphylinine Group ...... Parts IVÐVI
v vi CONTENTS Bulletin AMNH
Staphylinidae: Subfamily Incertae Sedis ...... Part VI Protactinae† ...... Part VI Bibliography ...... Part VII Index ...... Part VII INTRODUCTION
atalogs are among the most indispensable tools used by systematists and other biologists; Ctheir scarcity is a major impediment to progress in the study of a group. Without catalogs it is laborious to determine what groups are described, what species are included in each group, and what has been published about them. Minimally, catalogs present a list of species and gen- era. Maximally, they tabulate the names of the taxa with their author and date and place of pub- lication; their subsequent use; their synonyms; notation of homonyms; the current classification; the type species for each genus-group name; the type locality for each species-group name; the original, subsequent, and current genus-species combination; the geographical distribution, habi- tat, host, natural history; and so on for each species, in short, every published mention of a taxon. Ideally, catalogs permit us to keep track of available names, valid names, unavailable names, and the composition of taxonomic groups. Catalogs state the spelling, validity, and availability of names and their dates of publication; verification of these data, particularly the last, are not as simple as might first appear. They permit discovery of homonyms and help prevent publication of others. They organize the scattered original descriptions and subsequent literature. Catalogs summarize the historical development and studies of a group. They outline the currently recog- nized classification and the state of knowledge of a taxon, bringing together in one place all that we know about it. Catalogs provide a common language through which we can communicate, and without which we would be immersed in a bedlam of names and literature. My intention is to provide a guide to the taxa and literature of the Staphylinidae and to make both the catalog as practical as possible and the literature accessible. This project was undertaken because a new catalog was desperately needed. The Bernhauer- Schubert-Scheerpeltz catalogs and supplements were long out of date and no one else volunteered to produce a new one. It had become necessary to review over 60 years of the Zoological Record to begin a new research project, to gather information about a taxon and its composition, or to know which names were valid and which were synonyms. The most recent catalog for the Staphylinidae of the world was published in six parts between 1910 and 1926 (Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916; Bernhauer and Scheer- peltz, 1926) with major supplements by Scheerpeltz (1933, 1934). All subsequent catalogs or checklists have been restricted to specified geographical regions. Some examples of such lists and catalogs include those for Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America (Blackwelder, 1944), central Europe (Horion, 1963, 1965, 1967; Lucht, 1987), Austria (Scheer- peltz, 1968a), the former Soviet Union (Tikhomirova, 1973a), Taiwan (Shibata, 1973c, 1986a), America north of Mexico (Moore and Legner, 1975), Japan (Shibata, 1976, 1977, 1983, 1984, 1985a), Britain (Pope, 1977), Poland (Burakowski et al., 1979; Burakowski et al., 1980), Fenno- scandia and Denmark (Muona, 1979), Korea (Yuh et al., 1985), Fennoscandia, Denmark, and the Baltic region (Silfverberg, 1992), the former Czechoslovakia (various authors, in Jelínek, 1993, Check-list of Czechoslovak Insects IV), Denmark (Hansen, 1996, along with subsequent multi- authored supplements), Latvia (Telnov et al., 1997), Italy (in Ciceroni, Puthz, and Zanetti, 1995), Ireland (Anderson et al., 1997), and northeastern Asia (Ryabukhin, 1999), and so on. The pre- ceding list is not complete; it includes only some of the multitude of such lists, particularly for Europe, many of which are cited in the catalog and many of which are not. These checklists pro- vide lists of taxa, citations to their original descriptions, and (in some cases) their synonyms for the region under consideration as well as their distributions within those regions. They summa- rize the fauna for a region and may report the first published record for a taxon from a region. Most omit references published after the original description of the taxon. The volume of literature and surfeit of species make the preparation of a new catalog of the Staphylinidae a formidable undertaking. The original and supplemental catalogs by Bernhauer, Schubert, and Scheerpeltz included nearly 20,000 species (Arnett, 1963). In the succeeding 65 years the number of taxa has nearly doubled. It was decided to publish a new catalog rather than provide a supplement to the old because of the tens of thousands of new genera and spe- cies and changes such as genus-species recombinations, emendations, elevations, reductions,
1 2 INTRODUCTION Bulletin AMNH synonyms, and replacement of homonyms. A new supplement would be cumbersome to use be- cause it would compel researchers to have at hand and use the earlier catalogs and supplements along with the new supplement. Although the existing catalogs were vital and provided direction for vast quantities of work, many errors needed correction, many species were overlooked, some taxa were misinterpreted, fossil taxa were omitted, misidentified taxa were cited as synonyms, and few subsequent references were included. Moreover, thousands of articles have been published since 1934; therefore, searching the literature is increasingly complex and time consuming. Of the 32 subfamilies, 28 are included in the present work. The Aleocharinae was omitted so as to produce a catalog for the majority of the subfamilies within a reasonable time frame. An unedited, unverified checklist, the precursor to a catalog of that subfamily, has been prepared. The Pselaphinae was excluded because it was transferred to the Staphylinidae recently (Newton and Thayer, 1995: 302; Lawrence and Newton, 1995: 825, 828) when the present catalog was in advanced stages of preparation. An annotated list of the genera of the Pselaphinae was published (Newton and Chandler, 1989), but it is hoped that the generic catalog and the present work will serve as cues for someone to publish a species-level catalog with subsequent references for the group. The Scaphidiinae was not included because a catalog for the group was already underway and has since been published (Löbl, 1997). The Paederinae are separated from the present work. A catalog for that subfamily is finished. However, since the revision of the subtribal and generic classification currently underway and in advanced stages of development will result in thousands of changes (Herman, in prep.), a published catalog for that group is premature and will be pub- lished upon completion of the revision. A published estimated number of species in the family through 1987 is 41,983 (Newton, 1990a). That number includes four families, Dasyceridae, Micropeplidae, Scaphidiidae, and Pse- laphidae, that are now subfamilies of the Staphylinidae (Lawrence and Newton, 1995). Since then three other subfamilies were added, Microsilphinae, Protopselaphinae, and Empelinae (Lawrence and Newton, 1995), and many species have been added to the other subfamilies. Through 1999 at least 45,700 species have been included in the family (table 4, p. 000). Excluding the Aleocharinae, Pselaphinae, and Scaphidiinae, nearly 18,000 available names had been published by the end of 1933, more than 12,000 of which are still valid. Since then over 13,600 more names have been made available, excluding the three subfamilies listed above. Among these more than 31,000 available names, over 23,500 are valid species and 979 are valid genera. This is not a complete catalog; it does not include every published mention of each taxon. Its emphasis is a list of the names and references to the original descriptions for the genera and species and their synonyms, documentation of the status of each name, references to revision- ary and monographic publications for each taxon, and a summary of the distribution of each species and genus. All new taxa, newly recognized synonyms and homonyms, revised genus-species combinations, and subfamilial assignments were reported. Emphasis was placed on published monographs, revi- sions, faunal studies, keys, and morphological and distributional data. References to descriptions of immature stages and natural history phenomena were included, but no systematic search was made for them. For taxa occurring outside Europe, almost any article found was cataloged. Because of the immense number of articles published on European species, many of those articles were omitted. For example, articles that provided only a list of species collected at one site or another in Europe were often excluded; there are hundreds of such articles. In descriptions or redescrip- tions of taxa there are often comparisons to another taxon of the same rank. These comparisons were not cataloged, in spite of the fact that there may be new information presented. In the pres- ent work, the listing for each nominal genus and species included in the catalogs of Bernhauer and Schubert (1910Ð1916) and Scheerpeltz (1933, 1934) is recorded. Their catalogs played such a piv- otal role in the recent development of the study of the Staphylinidae that it seemed important to be able to go easily from the present catalog to theirs. Such complete tabulation of taxa was done for few of the plethora of other catalogs and checklists. The other compilations are cited among the subsequent references for the genus and/or subfamily. Bulletin AMNH INTRODUCTION 3
The present work was done chronologically. First a skeleton for each subfamily was prepared. The skeleton consisted of a list of species for each genus and a list of genera for each subfamily. This list was extracted from the catalogs of Bernhauer and Schubert (1910Ð1916) and the sup- plement by Scheerpeltz (1933, 1934); the author, date of publication, and page for the original ref- erences for each genus and species name were copied. To update the list, names, authors, dates, and page numbers of new taxa were drawn from the 1933 through 1999 volumes (vols. 70 to 136) of the Zoological Record. The resulting list was, in effect, an unverified checklist of the genera and species and their synonyms. To verify every original description, add subsequent references for each taxon, and ascertain the status of each name, the entire unverified checklist, the skeleton, was reorganized chronologically. The first reference examined was Linné, 1758, the second was Sulzer, 1761, the third, Scopoli, 1763, and so forth, year by year, decade by decade. The original citation for every genus and species and every subsequent citation included was examined.
STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONS The present catalog was begun with a format similar to that used by Bernhauer, Schubert, and Scheerpeltz but I soon realized that the project was too large to comfortably accommodate their organization. Furthermore, a somewhat modified form was needed to add tools and structure that would facilitate the catalog’s use. The devices include, among others, cross-indexing, annotated original and subsequent references, and full bibliographic citations. Fundamentally, catalogs are not merely lists of the literature and taxa of a group but include the author’s interpretations of the literature. Therefore, the present catalog is annotated throughout to clarify the logic of par- ticular actions. This catalog is a reflection of the published literature and the sources of the information included are documented. Unpublished information is excluded. In the course of preparation, many errors in the previous world catalog that needed correction were discovered. Certain mistakes, such as erroneous dates, page numbers, authorship, gender endings for species, and (some) mis- spellings, were altered directly in the catalog and annotated where needed for clarity. Others, resulting in about 750 nomenclatural changes, were published by Herman (2001). The arrangement of subfamilies is that proposed by Lawrence and Newton (1995). An alter- native classification that differs in details was published by Hansen (1997). However, much work on the higher classification remains. Names are listed in accordance with their current disposition as to availability, validity, and generic and subfamilial assignment. For each taxon the reference (author, date of publication, page number) to the original citation is included. Full references for all citations are included in the bibliography in the last volume. Within each subfamily, tribe, and subtribe the genera are arranged alphabetically, as are the species in each genus. Synonyms and homonyms are listed chronologically under the valid name. Species-group homonyms and synonyms are cross-indexed within the genera. The alignment of the names indicates which names are valid and which are subordinate. Valid names are flush to the left margin and their synonyms and subordinate names are indented. To determine if a subordinate name is a subgenus, subspecies, or synonym, the user must inspect the annotations for the original and subsequent references. The most recent refer- ence usually dictates the current status. The genera are arranged alphabetically in the subfamily or, where applicable, in tribes and sub- tribes. The genera included in each tribe and subtribe are taken from an unpublished manuscript by Newton. In subfamilies with a tribal (or subtribal) classification, genera without tribal (or sub- tribal) assignment are listed as “incertae sedis” at the end of the subfamily listing. Species are arranged alphabetically within their respective genera. Subgeneric assignments may be determined by inspection of the annotations of the subsequent references. An index to all taxonomic names is provided in the last volume. Issues of nomenclature were resolved by consulting the fourth (1999) edition of the Inter- national Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter referred to as “the Code”. Of particular importance for the stability of names were provisions of Articles 23.9 (Reversal of Precedence) 4 INTRODUCTION Bulletin AMNH and 70.3 (Misidentified Type Species). Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature are cited in the text and in the bibliography as “ICZN” along with a date. Articles of the Code cited in the catalog are simply cited as, for example, “Article 13.3”.
EXAMPLES: Quedius Stephens, 1829a: 22. TYPE SPECIES: Quedius levicollis Brullé, fixed by subsequent designation in Opinion 1851 (ICZN, 1996: 215). ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1996. Opinion 1851. Xantholinini Erichson, 1839 and Quediini Kraatz, [1857] (Insecta, Coleoptera): given precedence over some senior synonyms; Quedius Stephens, 1829: Staphylinus levicollis Brullé, 1832 designated as the type species. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 53(3): 215Ð217.
FAMILY-GROUP NAMES. Each subfamily name begins on a right-hand page followed by a bracketed statement of the number of genera and species in the group and a summary of its dis- tribution by zoogeographic region. Tribes are alphabetical within the subfamilies and subtribes are similarly arranged within tribes. The original reference is cited with the original spelling of the family-group name, date of publication, and page number and, in parentheses, a list of the originally included genera. It is from these genera that the type genus is chosen. Next is a state- ment of the type genus and a reference concerning its designation. Synonymic family-group names are indented under the appropriate senior name. Subsequent references are further indented. The date of publication and type genus of each family-group name were taken from Newton and Thayer (1992), and the data verified against the original literature.
EXAMPLE:
LEPTOTYPHLINAE [42 genera; 513 species; Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions] Leptotyphlinae Fauvel, 1874. Tribe Cephalotyphlini Cephalotyphlini Coiffait, 1963d: 380, 381 (genera included: Cephalotyphlus). TYPE GENUS: Cephalotyphlus (see Newton and Thayer, 1992: 56). Tribe Leptotyphlini Leptotyphlini Fauvel, 1874. Leptotyphli Fauvel, 1874: 329 [= 1874b: 35] (genera included: Leptotyphlus). TYPE GENUS: Leptotyphlus (see Newton and Thayer, 1992: 56).
GENUS-GROUP NAMES. For valid genera, the centered genus heading is followed (in brack- ets) by the number of currently included valid species and a summary of the distribution by zoo- geographic region. The first line of the generic paragraph includes the valid generic name in ital- ics, the author, date, and page number for the original reference and (in parentheses) a list of the originally included, available nominal species, from which the type species is selected. If the genus was originally described as a subgenus, that is also stated, but obviously the original use of the name is not necessarily the current status. Following the information in parentheses is the type species and the method of fixation or reference to such information. Following the valid generic name are synonymic or subgeneric genus-group names listed chronologically. The synonymic or subgeneric genus-group names include the same kind of information given for the valid name. Synonymic and subgeneric names are identified by examining the original and subsequent ref- erences to ascertain the most recent disposition of the name. Bulletin AMNH INTRODUCTION 5
EXAMPLE: Acylophorus [128 species; Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Madagascan, Oriental, and Australian Regions] Acylophorus Nordmann, 1837: 127 (species included: ahrensii, femoralis). TYPE SPECIES: Acylophorus ahrensii Nordmann, fixed by subsequent designation by Blackwelder, 1943: 466. Rhygmacera Motschulsky, 1845a: 40 (species included: nitida). TYPE SPECIES: Rhygma- cera nitida Motschulsky, fixed by original designation and monotypy. — Smetana, 1971: 246 (synonym of Acylophorus). Paracylophorus Bierig, 1938: 123 (subgenus of Acylophorus; species included: schmidti). TYPE SPECIES: Acylophorus (Paracylophorus) schmidti Bierig, by original designa- tion and monotypy. — Blackwelder, 1952: 289 (subgenus of Acylophorus; type species: schmidti).
SPECIES-GROUP NAMES. Valid species are in boldface type and are flush to the left margin. Each includes the name of the species, the author, date, and page number for the original descrip- tion, followed by (in parentheses) the original genus-species combination and the type locality. Synonymic and subspecific names are listed chronologically below the valid species name and include the same type of information given for the valid name. If a species-group name was orig- inally included in a subgenus, or described as a subspecies, race, variety, form, aberration, or mutant, that is stated. To determine the current status of a species-group name, the user must look at the original and most recent subsequent references. Gender agreement with the genus of cur- rent assignment was corrected where necessary.
EXAMPLE (from Gabrius): astutus Erichson, 1840: 492 (Philonthus; Type locality: Austria). erythrostomus Hochhuth, 1851: 22 (Philonthus; Type locality: Armenien). mendosus Bernhauer, 1928b: 12 (Philonthus; subgenus Gabrius; Type locality: Kaukasus: Borshom). hoggarensis Coiffait, 1966b: 343 (Gabrius; subspecies of nigritulus; Type locality: Hoggar, Tamanrasset).
PARENTHESES. Article 51.3 of the Code requires that “When a species-group name is com- bined with a generic name other than the original one, the name of the author of the species-group name, if cited, is to be enclosed in parentheses.” Because the original and current generic assign- ments are specified in the catalog, the author’s name is not enclosed by parentheses.
HOLOTYPES. The depositories of holotypes, syntypes, or lectotypes are not provided. The pub- lished information for the deposition of holotypes is not always available or reliable and the logis- tics of verifying the repositories for 31,000 species-group names would have been monumental.
SUBSEQUENT REFERENCES. References to information published after the original descrip- tion of taxonomic names follow the relevant names. Subsequent references provide a history of the use and summary of the knowledge for each name. Each subsequent reference begins on a separate indented line, preceded by a dash and arranged in chronological order. For both genus- group and species-group names the subsequent references include the author, date and page, and a summary of the contents of the article. The summary includes the generic and, if applicable, subgeneric placement used in that article, a brief notation of the kind of information included, and the country or region from which the species was reported. If the species was assigned to a 6 INTRODUCTION Bulletin AMNH subgenus or its status altered, that information is included and is the basis upon which the user can determine the current disposal of a name.
EXAMPLES (from several genera): — Coiffait, 1974: 54 (Gabrius; characters; subspecies of nigritulus). — Nowosad, 1990: 147 (Quedius; collected from mole nest; notes; Poland). — Huth, Dettner, Frössl, and Boland, 1993 (Oxytelus; defensive secretion; biosynthesis of sol- vents; ester formation). — Schillhammer, 1996a: 81 (Gabrius; valid species; France).
CURRENT STATUS OF A NAME. The status and assignment of a name are usually determined by the most recent publication. For example, if a name was originally described as a species, reduced to varietal status, then considered a synonym, then elevated to subspecies by the most recent author, the name is treated as a subspecies. In some few cases the most recent disposition of the name may not determine its placement in the catalog. For example, a species name has been listed for many years by many authors as a synonym. Then recent work that included examination of the type specimen resulted in the recognition of the synonym as a valid species. If, after the revised status was published, another author continued to list it as a synonym and gave no indication of awareness that it had been ele- vated, then the name was listed as a valid species in the present work. The disposition of genus- group names is similarly reflected in the catalog.
DISTRIBUTION. For genera, a distributional summary is given by zoogeographic region. The regions are divided along political boundaries for practical reasons. The regions as used herein are summarized below. Neotropical: Falkland Islands, Juan Fernandez Islands, Galapagos Islands, South America, Central America, Mexico, the West Indies including the Bahamas. Nearctic: Greenland, Canada, USA to the Mexican border, and Bermuda. Palaearctic: Iceland, Atlantic islands (including Azores, Madeira Islands, Canary Islands), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Turkey to Pakistan and Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyr- gyzstan, Tajikistan, northern India (including Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, and Darjeeling), Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, China (all), Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Ethiopian: Cape Verde Islands, Saint Helena, Africa from Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, and Sudan south through South Africa. Madagascan: Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, and Réunion. ORIENTAL: India (excluding Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, and Darjee- ling), Sri Lanka, Laccadive and Maldive Islands, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Island of Borneo, Indonesia (excluding Irian Jaya), Philippines. Australian: Island of New Guinea, Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, and Chatham Island. Oceanic: Pacific Islands including New Britain, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas Islands, Society Islands, Pitcairn, Easter Islands. Antarctic: Subantarctic Islands including South Georgia, Prince Edward Islands, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie Island, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island but excluding southern Chile, Argentina, and New Zealand. For species, following the original and subsequent references for the valid name, a summary of the geographical distribution by country is included. This information is taken from the ref- erences cited for the valid and synonymic names. The countries are listed geographically, from north to south, east to west, etc., to facilitate visualizing the pattern of distribution. Bulletin AMNH INTRODUCTION 7
EXAMPLES: