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Paper ID: IJA/03/01/2017/IJA_13631 Date: 23-Mar-2017

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A Study on the History and Development of the Shanghai Mosques : Study Case Songjiang Mosque ，Pudong Mosque and Xiaotaoyuan Mosque 1

Shroq Omar Mohammedi，Dongmei Zhaoii，Shixing Liuiii

Abstract：Islam architecture forms a distinctive architectural style. The impact of mosques in every era of the Islamic civilization shows a distinctive architectural character in terms of form and ornaments. Islam is the religion of simplicity and “Fitrah” (human nature), but mosques have gained all the attention in the location, construction and architecture because of its famous function for the religion, which makes mosques more distinct from all other buildings. Mosque buildings varied in East and the West in Muslims and non-Muslims countries, due to the circumstances, customs, traditions, materials and construction methods of each country. China is one of the non- Muslim countries in Asia. Islam came to Shanghai in 1275 from Yuan Dynasty and was affected by trade trips for Islam and openness of cultures and it migrated to a significant impact on the Islamic architecture in Shanghai. Today Shanghai has heritage and became historically diversified in Islamic architecture. Historical and social factors which influenced the mosques evolution in Shanghai was studied and analyzed which represents the most important periods in the history of Islamic architecture in Shanghai. These mosques were compared with a similar model mosque from an Arab country.

Key words：Chinese architecture；Islamic architecture；Shanghai mosques

1 The paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The project approval number: 51508322 1. Islamic religion in the world Although Islam was founded 1,300 years after Buddhism and Christianity it has rapidly spread and developed throughout the world, creating a brilliant Islamic culture occupied in the history of world civilization in an extremely important position. There are currently more than 90 countries in the world with about 800 million people who are Muslims. That Islam is a religion, but also with a strong social and political set up. There are 42 countries around the world of Islamic as the state religion. To respect the country's political, economic, ideological, and cultural dominance plays an important role. Especially in Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa and many other places. The word Islam is Islam Arabic transliteration, meaning "submissive" or total submission to the will of Allah. To examine the Arab etymology, the word Islam from "Cerato eye" or "blue color" (Salam), is intended to peace, and therefore Islam, also known as the religion of peace. Islam advocates for all Muslims, regardless of the clan, and color. All Muslims are brothers.

2. The definition of mosque : Masjid or mosque or house of worship for Muslims, which imposes five daily obligatory prayers are held. Others call it the mosque because it is a place to worship God, and called on the mosque also collector's name, especially if it was great. Often called the name «collector» because it brings people to perform Friday prayers in which every mosque and not every mosque, also called Chapel name instead of a mosque at the performance of some of the five obligatory prayers the name does not make commitment like chapels schools, institutions, companies and travel routes and others that often with limited prayers, according to the current time period. Calling for prayers in the mosque through the athan is calling people for prayers five times a day. Shanghai is located in the center of the mainland in the estuary of the Yangtze River; as partners with Jiangsu and North West Frontier Province coast, and share with the southern border of Zhejiang Province, Shanghai Huangpu River divides the territory into two parts. Can Shanghai Tourism for tourism and to enjoy the beautiful scenery and see the tremendous developments that have characterized it, and the best time to visit is March, April, September, and October. The weather is mild and beautiful as the temperature rises in July and August. The number of population in Shanghai is31,300,000, as in 2003 - approximately 16,500,000 without the population of the suburbs.

3.Geographical location of shanghai: Shanghai is China's biggest city and most important. It is located at the southern end of the bay where the Yangtze River flows into the Pacific Ocean, near 30 degrees north latitude, the first of dozens of big Chinese cities, which exceeds the number of inhabitants of each one million people. Given the availability of its natural conditions, economic and historical adequate stability and reproduction, and then for growth and prosperity, moderate, such as climate and abundance of water resources and soil fertility in the coastal plain surrounding, Shanghai city first became China's present economic, social and political city. Its port is today the largest port and important for the country's foreign trade movement. There are heavy manufacturing industries, which includes a full range of iron and steel, automobiles, bicycles, electrical appliances, cameras and textile factories centers, especially silk, focus and development of many of the old industries that China impressed the world, as an industry paper, silk, porcelain, China is famous historical country dating back more than four thousand years. In 1921 the Chinese Communist Party was founded, which has been the ruling party of the country since then. In 1997 it opened the World Conference of the International Chambers of Commerce, which was attended by more than 1,000 banks and business owners and economists from 74 countries. The mosques tradition for various activities in the Chinese Muslim community centers, and is known for the history of Muslims in China’s internal migration as a result of many reasons, whereby they built mosques as centers of worship, Now there are many mosques estimated to be about 23 thousand but mosques at the metropolitan is estimated to be 7000 120 Mosques. The government has been helping only recently. The number of mosques in China is now more than 30 thousand according to the latest local statistics, and they are distributed unevenly throughout China, each with a long history, kept the Islamic architecture of the Arab and Turkish character of the original Persian, and some are mixed with the Chinese character, and some of them the other clung to the ancient Chinese architectural character of all, especially the ones of old mosques. Among these mosques in various Chinese architecture, there is a well-known Chinese and international historical landmarks, such as a mosque (Hoaycheng: no nostalgia for the Prophet) in Koangcho city built in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD).

4. Islam in china Islam was introduced in china in the beginning of 651, and that's when the third Caliphs of Islam Uthman bin Affan (P.B.U.H), sent an envoy to Chang' an, the capital of China at the time. His envoy met with Chinese envoy of the Emperor, and briefed him on the conditions of the Caliphate State and the conditions of Islam and Muslims habits, here it is considered by historians the beginning of this year and the arrival of Islam to China.At this stage, it was the Muslims coming from Persia, Arab or other countries, traders and diplomats and soldiers, where they stayed at various places in China, and they called themselves residents of Tang. After years of intermarriage they became the Residents of the Tang «local foreign guests», and their children and grandchildren became local China's Muslims. In the Yuan Dynasty, which existed between 1206 and 1368AD, the family founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, the number of Chinese Muslims increased rapidly, and because of high social status has seen Islam developed rapidly in China, and constitutes put «deployed in various parts of China in terms of total and gathered in the regions concerned in terms of section »gradually. In the Ming Dynasty, existed between 1368 and 1644AD, Islam has seen continuous development in China, where Chinese Muslims achieved fruitful achievements. Muslim and diplomatic «Zheng He» sailed the seas for 28 years, starting in 1405 and until 1433 AD, to the Western Ocean seven times, and he was considered as the leader of the largest naval fleet in the world at the time. In 1433, Zheng arrived in the port of Jeddah, and sent a Hajj delegation to Mecca, also he drew a picture of the sacred Kaaba to take it back to China. The number of Muslims in China today is more than 23 million people, and there are currently more than 34 thousand mosques in areas where Muslims live, at a rate of almost 500 people per Mosque, and the number of Islamic preachers (imams)is more than 45 thousand. According to the Chinese Embassy in Saudi Arabia, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Beijing and Riyadh allowed Chinese pilgrims to more concessions, where the number of pilgrims in China more than 70,000 people. After the founding of China in 1949, China's government has pursued the equality of nationalities and the policy of freedom of religion, and the Muslims of China have achieved a new life, and enjoyed the freedom of belief, national, political and economic equality.And it focused on local governments across China to protect mosques and domes, and religious sites, and respect the customs and traditions of Muslims, from the identification of special permits for Muslims, according to the habits and national traditions, Muslims would receive licenses in the Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha and others.

5. Islam in shanghai The word Islam is from Arabic with the original meaning of obedience and it also means tranquility and peace as well. Islam as a religion originated from Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century. It has developed into one of the worldwide religions, through the propagation of Mouhamed (PBUH) and his followers .Islam was introduced into China in the 2nd year of the Yonghui reign in tang dynasty (651A.D) and also known as Qing Zhen Jiao, Tian Fang Jiao , Hui Hui Jiao or in the Republic of china period (1912-1949 A.D) as Hui Jiao (a religion of Hui people). Islam was first brought to shanghai in yuan dynasty. History recorders show that in the 12th year of Zhiyuan reign (1275A.D) general ShaQuan (a muslim from the western regions) once stationed in Huating country and was conferred Darghachi (Mongolian , Chief officer ) of Huating country in the 14th year of Zhiyuan reign songjiang prefecture was established with genral Sha Quan becoming its Darughachi . Ever since then army soldiers and their dependents started to reside in songjiang. As there were many semu people (a common name for minorities from the western Regions)in the army of yuan Dynasty and some them believed in Islam , Islam as a religion was brought to shanghai . Islam has gained development after the people’s Republic of china was founded in 1949. In April 1959 shanghai mosque Imam Ha De Cheng, who made Adminstration Committee was founded to offer unified leadership and outstanding contribution to the management to all the mosques in shanghai. In August 1962 the first development of shanghai Islam shanghai Islamic Representative conference was held, which led to the founding of shanghai Islamic Association a patriotic religious organization located at No.177 Xicangqiao Street , Huangpu District . Venerable Muslim elders such as Sha Yan Kai Ma Ren bin and jin You yun have once been president of shanghai Islamic Association in succession ,the new leadership was selected out during the 7th shanghai Islamic Representative conference in September 2004 , with Imam Bia Run Sheng serving as president, HuoEnJie ,Jin Hong Wei and Fang Zong Wei as Vice president ,and Fang ZongWie currently serving as secretary General . Islam in shanghai has distance nationality character .Most shanghai Muslim are of the Hui nationality and others are of Uighur, Kazakhstan ,and Salar nationality .etc. satatistics show that till the end of 2008 there are 70,000 odd Muslims with shanghai citizenship and 100,000-some Muslims are from outside shanghai .All these Muslims enjoy the great achievements of this international city and at the same time , contribute a lot of their efforts to shanghai and become important part of this multi-culture city . Along with china’s economic development, china’s policies on nationalities and religions have been improved to be perfect, ensuring Muslims have sufficient freedom on religious belief. China central government’s policies on reform and opening –up have also led to a new era and the prime period of shanghai Islam.

6. Historical development of the mosques in Shanghai Islam was introduced into china in 2nd year of the yonghui region in tang dynasty (651a.d) islam was first brought to shanghai in yuan dynasty 12th year of zhiyuan reign (1275A.D) The first mosque in shanghai was songjian in 14th year of zhiyuan reign .

6.1 The evolution of the forms configuration of Islamic architecture in China and the influence of traditional architecture over the ages The evolution of architectural form of mosques during different historical periods China's first mosque architecture was simple like the first mosque of Islam in Medina and Kufa, Basra, and Fustat, and then evolved; to take a distinct architectural forms influenced the overall shape of the hand three factors can be summarized as follows: 1- influenced by the spirit of Islamic architecture: Such as the need to have a niche for prayer is simple, which is what we see in many mosques devoid of decoration, which is urged by the Islamic religion, though some mosques - and in a large area private or established by the senior statesmen - rich of architectural and decorative . 2 - influenced by local architectural character: Using Chinese bishop of known formats, and a result of this vulnerability in some local mosques tyrannical nature. Taking into account the requirements of the Islamic faith and sometimes mixing between the character and architectural character of Islamic architecture, and the result of this merger architectural privileged.

6.2 Elements of Islamic architecture at Shanghai mosque: the main entrance：The main entrances of the Chinese mosques is a large gate and the name of the mosque was written in Arabic, Chinese language, and also some verses of the Quran . The doors in the past were made of wood but now are made of metal. Courtyard of the mosque (fanna): is a place that combines the different buildings of the mosque and it is characterized by simplicity and the presence of trees, flowers and plants that give some form of aesthetically pleasing place. The prayer hall: It is the space to pray and the prayer hall always square shaped and consist of one or two floors, and sometimes three or four floors It should be noted that the gate of each hall is stretching with the mihrab on the line of axial mosque place which is when you enter the door of the prayer hall, you will find the mihrab straight ahead. It contains the prayer hall on the niche (mehrab) and stick Imam Minber and Minber. Minber:Minber in Chinese mosques have different forms some of which is very close to the Arabic form and some of which are characterized by a Chinese special high chair and a small dome above it.

6.3 Influences in Islamic architecture

Mosques in the old period: collected in the construction of Chinese style architecture while keeping the spirit of Arabic, Persian and Islamic architecture and remember that the early Muslims in China were traders who came to China for trade via the sea Silk Road land was mostly Arabs and Persians three main features: 1. No dome 2. Minaret like the ancient Chinese towers 3. Sculpture in wood and stone, and are clear and its use in cosmetics and construction as well.

6.4 Mosques in shanghai :

Shanghai Songjiang Mosque is the typical Mosques in shanghai. It still keeps the style of uniting mosque and tombs together, as it was during Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. The mosque faces north, with Chinese characters ‘Chi Zao’ (constructed at the Emperor’s request) on the lintel of the gate On the outer screen wall facing the gate is brick carving ‘Qing Miao Yuan Zhen’ and the inner screen wall is carved ‘Qing Zhen Si’ (mosque). Formerly there were many Muslim tombs around the mosque and today on the right side of the south road still exists the tomb of local governor Darughachi in Yuan Dynasty, with an epitaph on it. Songjiang Mosque preserves not only the style of Arabic dome but also the Chinese building style of Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. The main building Once named as Songjizmgthn-j ia Mosque, Yun-j inn-bui-hc Mosque, o Emperor-ordered Songjiang Zhen-jiao Mosque in Yongle Reign of Ming Dynasty .

16th year of Kangxi Reign of Qing Dynasty. Written by Songjiang scholar Yang CaiGui and built up by Imam Sai Yin Chang. And the inscriptions of Mosque Donation Inscription Record erected respectively in the 17th year of Jiaqing Reign and the lst year of Daoguang Reign in Qing Dynasty. Recording the whole process of how the mosque was repaired at that time. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up period, Songjiang Mosque was proclaimed by Shanghai municipal government as Shanghai Preservation Construction Unit in 1980 and was therefore preserved and rebuilt. It was then open to the public in 1989 after the successful overhauling .The mosque was once hidden behind narrow alleys. Taking the opportunity of the rebuilding of Songjiang Huating Old Street in 2002 Songjiang Mosque was reconstructed in a large-scale. Now it appears to people’s attention on the old street and becomes one of the famous sight spots in Songjiang District. Once named as Songjiang thn-jiao Mosque, Yun-jian-bai-hc Mosque, or Emperor-ordered Songjiang thn-jiao Mosque in Yong1c Reign of Ming Dynasty (1403-1424 A.D.), Songjiang Mosque is the earliest Mosque in Shanghai. It was founded in Zhizhcng Reign of Yuan, Dynasty (1341-1368 AD.) and now locates. at No. 339, Middle Zhongshan Road”? Songjiang District. As there are tombs in the mosque. it is also commonly referred to; as Songhai; Hui-hui Tomb. In the 24th year of hongWu Reign in Ming Dynasty (I391, A.D.), Songjifingi Mosque was rebuilt. At” the; request of the emperor although rebuilt for many times.

Shanghai Pudong Mosque is another typical Mosques in shanghai. Once called Pudong Hui Mosque, Pudong Mosque was originally set up in the 24th Year of the republic of china (1935 A.D.) And now locates at No.375, Yuanshen road, Pudong Distrct the old Pudong Mosque once lied at Lu jia-zui area. With the deepening of the reform and opening-up, Lu-jia-zui area has become the most famous financial and trade zone in Shaghai. The mosque also had a good opportunity for development. Through house exchanging, it has moved into its current location and new Arabic style mosque was founded in March 1999, taking the place of the old one. The mosque now has floor area of 1650 square meters and projected construction area of 2250 square meters. Pudong Mosque is developed with the reform and opening-up of Pudong District of Shanghai and its transition is the best testimony to the achievements of the reform and Mosque to be one of the most important religious sites.

Conclusion :

Silk Road, a prominent and important role in the propagation of Islam and the entry of many Chinese in the Islamic civilization, has also led to the creation of many mosques in all regions of China, and has entered Islam in China in the Tang dynasty (618-907m), Song Dynasty (960-1279m), yuan (1206-1368m) and early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644m), and has spread widely in China in the mid and late Ming Dynasty. This study adopted the method of building surveys and inspections to record the various types of mosque architecture in 3 selected mosques across Shanghai. This paper presents a comparative analyses of the mosques built during different periods in the Shanghai history and studies the changes in the mosque architecture from vernacular and economic influences that the owner of the city in the last twenty year.

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i Graduared student of Architecture Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University ii Lecturer of Architecture Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University （corresponding author） iii Associate Professor of Architecture Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University