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Kdswhu *Hupdq\Ɠv &Klqd 3Rolf\ )Rufhg ,UHQH (EHU :DUWLPH 6KDQJKDL 1HZ 3HUVSHFWLYHV RQ 0RGHUQ -HZLVK +LVWRU\ (GLWHG E\ &RUQHOLD :LOKHOP 9ROXPH Irene Eber :DUWLPH 6KDQJKDL DQG WKH -HZLVK 5HIXJHHV IURP &HQWUDO (XURSH Survival, Co-Existence, and Identity in a Multi-Ethnic City DE GRUYTER An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ©ISBN 2016 978-3-11-021808-4 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Drucke-ISBN und (PDF) Bindung: 978-3-11-021809-1 Duck & Co., Ortsname ♾e-ISBN Gedruckt (EPUB) auf 978-3-11-021806-2 säurefreiem Papier PrintedISSN 0179-0986 in Germany e-ISSNisbn 978-3-11-026797-6 0179-3256 e-isbn 978-3-11-026818-8 www.degruyter.com issn 2192-9645 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LibraryA CIP catalog of Congress record forCataloging-in-Publication this book has been applied Data for at the Library of Congress. A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- at http://dnb.dnb.de. fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston ∞ Printed on acid-free paper Druck und Bindung: Duck & Co., Ortsname Printed in Germany ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printedwww.degruyter.com in Germany www.degruyter.com To Professor Paul Mendes-Flohr, Friend and Colleague With Much Gratitude $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV Many years were spent in writing Wartime Shanghai and the Jewish Refugees from Central Europe. The project began with the encouragement of Harold Z. Schiffrin, then chairman of the Department of East Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Eventually Avraham Altman, also of the department, joined the research project and we collaborated fruitfully for many years. I am grateful for their encouragement to persevere with this project, despite the lack of materials in Israeli libraries at the time. At an early stage of research and writing, when I enjoyed the hospitality of Harvard’s Fairbank Center, my friends there helped me define this history as part of Holocaust history. The many good talks we had are a cherished memory. I thank friends and colleagues who have read long portions of the text, Eli Joffe (deceased), Maisie Meyer, Yitzhak Shichor, Barbara Johnson and Paul Mendes-Flohr. To Paul Mendes-Flohr my debt of gratitude is boundless. With- out his help and unfailing support this book would continue to languish in a dark corner. To him I gratefully dedicate this volume. My friends’ useful com- ments were extremely helpful and I am grateful for the time they invested in reading these pages. Yitzhak Shichor especially saved me from a number of serious mistakes. Among scholars who have sent me often much needed materials, special thanks are due to Hartmut Walravens and Knut Walf. Over the years Wolfgang Kubin has patiently listened to my tirades about Shanghai. Nitza Wu, translator and dear friend, never failed to inquire about my progress and did not miss an opportunity to cheer me on. A number of archives opened their doors in my search for materials and to these I express my gratitude. They include YIVO, Yad Vashem, the American Joint Distribution Committee, and the Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People. Above all, I am grateful to Joan Hill and Itamar Livni. Joan Hill’s research in Harvard’s Widener Library has brought to light materials I did not suspect existed. Her help at every stage of writing is deeply appreciated. I am also vastly indebted to Itamar Livni, who read all of the chapters with a critical eye. He pointed out a number of crucial problems that needed correcting and clarification. He also prepared Appendix One of street names and Appendix Four of English and German language memoirs. He has my utmost gratitude for his friendship and his tireless help. Last but certainly not least, I am deeply grateful to Dr. Albrecht Doehnert and to Professor Wilhelm, editor of this series of Modern Jewish History, for her kind words of support. Dr. Doehnert’s encouragement to persevere has made possible the publication of this book. For Dr. Julia Brauch’s unstinting YLLL $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV encouragement and support I am more grateful than I can ever express. Her warm letters and sage advice accompanied me every step of the way in the process of seeing the volume into print. The skillful and painstaking copy editing by Ms. Marcia Rothschild has led to untold improvements of the text. 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