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Refugees and Relief: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and European Jews in Cuba and Shanghai 1938-1943

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Refugees and Relief: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and European Jews in Cuba and Shanghai 1938-1943 City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Refugees And Relief: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee And European Jews In Cuba And Shanghai 1938-1943 Zhava Litvac Glaser Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/561 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] REFUGEES AND RELIEF: THE AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN JEWS IN CUBA AND SHANGHAI 1938-1943 by ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the reQuirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 ii © 2015 ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation reQuirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dagmar Herzog ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Prof. Helena Rosenblatt ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Executive Officer Prof. Jane S. Gerber Prof. Atina Grossmann Prof. Benjamin C. Hett Prof. Robert M. Seltzer Supervisory Committee The City University of New York iv ABSTRACT Refugees and Relief: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and European Jews in Cuba and Shanghai, 1938-1943 by Zhava Litvac Glaser Advisor: Professor Dagmar Herzog Traditionally, pre-modern Jewish communities sensed an obligation to bind together to provide aid to Jews who found themselves in catastrophic situations; however, with the advent of modernity and the dissolution of Jewish communal authority, the fragmentation of Jewish communities, and the unprecedented stresses of the Holocaust, communal dynamics grew far more complex. The Jews of Cuba and Shanghai were two small and relatively remote communities overwhelmed by Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis. At their reQuest, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee stepped in and provided both the funding and leadership that both of these locations so desperately needed. The Jewish communities of Cuba and Shanghai provide an enlightening case study in Jewish communal dynamics in a time of catastrophe. The unrestrained menace of the Holocaust, rather than bringing these Jewish communities together to provide aid to those fleeing the Nazi terror, further fractured tenuous inter- and intra-communal relationships. Differences in national origin, religious observance, class, age and political views became more pronounced as communities fragmented, making it more difficult to provide the aid that was desperately needed. Yet in spite of their differences, the Jews who sought refuge in v these remote locations managed eventually to create transitory communities united by thriving cultural, educational and literary pursuits. It is this complexity in Jewish communal interactions in Cuba and Shanghai during the Holocaust that will be explored in this study. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS How do you thank people who have changed your life? Nine years ago, Professor Elisheva Carlebach opened my eyes to the excitement of Jewish history as I took her class in Modern Jewish History and dipped my foot into this Ph.D. program to see if I would like it. I liked it! Professors Bob Seltzer, David Berger and Robert Chazan have since been examples to me of excellence in teaching Jewish history. Professor Jane Gerber not only expertly introduced me to the fascinating world of Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewry, but affectionately shepherded me through the past nine years, always being there to encourage me and hold my hand when I needed it. The hug she gave me right before oral exams gave me the strength I lacked to get through the ordeal. The History department at CUNY has been a pleasure to work with. Professor Helena Rosenblatt, who taught me in my first year how to research, showed endless patience along with Betty Einerman and Marilyn Weber as they smoothed any and all of my administrative bumps. I am grateful to the members of my committee for taking the time to read this ponderous work without complaint and giving me invaluable advice on how to make it better. But especially, I want to thank my brilliant advisor, Professor Dagmar Herzog, for her encouragement, responsiveness and incisive suggestions throughout this whole process, and for having confidence in me that I myself did not have. vii I am grateful to Shelley Helfand, Misha Mitsel, and the rest of the archival staff at the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, both in New York and in Jerusalem, as well as to the research librarians at Yad Vashem for helping me delve into their archives. I am especially grateful to Professor Yehuda Bauer for giving me access to his yet-uncatalogued files that were essential to my work. I learned much from them on how to do archival research. I am thankful to Dennis Dirks and Clint Arnold for believing in me, and to Gregg Hagg for not letting me give up when I was just about ready to do so. I am grateful to my students over the years for understanding that their teacher, too, had to stay up late to study for tests and write papers, and for showering me with chocolate and “mazal tovs” when they could finally call me “Dr. Glaser!” I am so grateful for my huge family for showing an interest in my research—or pretending to, if only to encourage me! The same goes for my new group of Shanghai refugee friends who welcomed me and shared their hearts and memories with me. My daughters, Miriam and Jenni, have been my unabashed fan club. Their non-stop encouragement buoyed me when I felt like I was sinking and their beautiful hearts continue to bring me joy every day. They think I am their hero, but they are mine. But I must above all thank my husband, Mitch, for showing his love to me in everything he did to make this possible: all the times that he arranged for me to get away and write, the trips he arranged to Israel, Spain, France and Shanghai so I could deepen my research, the hundreds of meals he cooked for me so I could eat something other than oatmeal, the many, many times he was my eager sounding board on our breakfast dates. viii Above all else, I want to thank him for keeping his promise to help me get this done. I literally could not have done this without him. But my greatest thanks go to HaShem for His love, guidance, and for giving meaning to my life. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Historiography of American Jewish Actions ............................................................................. 8 JDC history and mission ................................................................................................................... 10 The Jewish Community as an Entity ........................................................................................... 13 Laura Margolis Steps In ................................................................................................................... 14 Sources Used ......................................................................................................................................... 17 PART ONE—CUBA .......................................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER ONE—THE JEWS OF CUBA ............................................................................................ 25 A Brief History of the Jews of Cuba ............................................................................................. 25 Local Aid Efforts .................................................................................................................................. 32 The Call for Help ................................................................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER TWO—ANTISEMITISM IN CUBA ................................................................................. 76 The Rise of Antisemitism in Cuba ................................................................................................ 76 The St. Louis Affair ............................................................................................................................. 87 The Aftermath of the St. Louis Incident ................................................................................. 127 PART TWO—SHANGHAI .......................................................................................................................... 142 CHAPTER THREE—SHANGHAI BEFORE PEARL HARBOR ................................................ 148 The Jewish Communities of Shanghai .................................................................................... 148 Community Aid Efforts .................................................................................................................. 157 American Aid Arrives ..................................................................................................................... 171 x CHAPTER FOUR—SHANGHAI AFTER PEARL HARBOR .....................................................
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