Gadol Beyisrael Hagaon Hakadosh Harav Chaim Michoel Dov
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The Obedience Alibi Milgram 'S Account of the Holocaust Reconsidered
David R. Mandel The Obedience Alibi Milgram 's Account of the Holocaust Reconsidered "Unable to defy the authority of the experimenter, [participantsj attribute all responsibility to him. It is the old story of 'just doing one's duty', that was heard time and again in the defence statement of the accused at Nuremberg. But it would be wrang to think of it as a thin alibi concocted for the occasion. Rather, it is a fundamental mode of thinking for a great many people once they are locked into a subordinate position in a structure of authority." {Milgram 1967, 6} Abstract: Stanley Milgram's work on obedience to authority is social psychology's most influential contribution to theorizing about Holocaust perpetration. The gist of Milgram's claims is that Holocaust perpetrators were just following orders out of a sense of obligation to their superiors. Milgram, however, never undertook a scholarly analysis of how his obedience experiments related to the Holocaust. The author first discusses the major theoretical limitations of Milgram's position and then examines the implications of Milgram's (oft-ignored) experimental manipula tions for Holocaust theorizing, contrasting a specific case of Holocaust perpetration by Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the German Order Police. lt is concluded that Milgram's empirical findings, in fact, do not support his position-one that essen tially constitutes an obedience alibi. The article ends with a discussion of some of the social dangers of the obedience alibi. 1. Nazi Germany's Solution to Their J ewish Question Like the pestilence-stricken community of Oran described in Camus's (1948) novel, The Plague, thousands ofEuropean Jewish communities were destroyed by the Nazi regime from 1933-45. -
What Do Students Know and Understand About the Holocaust? Evidence from English Secondary Schools
CENTRE FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Stuart Foster, Alice Pettigrew, Andy Pearce, Rebecca Hale Centre for Holocaust Education Centre Adrian Burgess, Paul Salmons, Ruth-Anne Lenga Centre for Holocaust Education What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Cover image: Photo by Olivia Hemingway, 2014 What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools Stuart Foster Alice Pettigrew Andy Pearce Rebecca Hale Adrian Burgess Paul Salmons Ruth-Anne Lenga ISBN: 978-0-9933711-0-3 [email protected] British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permissions of the publisher. iii Contents About the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education iv Acknowledgements and authorship iv Glossary v Foreword by Sir Peter Bazalgette vi Foreword by Professor Yehuda Bauer viii Executive summary 1 Part I Introductions 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Methodology 23 Part II Conceptions and encounters 35 3. Collective conceptions of the Holocaust 37 4. Encountering representations of the Holocaust in classrooms and beyond 71 Part III Historical knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust 99 Preface 101 5. Who were the victims? 105 6. -
Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I. Reichman Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Reichman, Alice I., "Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945" (2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 96. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/96 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE COMMUNITY IN EXILE: GERMAN JEWISH IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN WARTIME SHANGHAI, 1938-1945 SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR ARTHUR ROSENBAUM AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ALICE REICHMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS ACADEMIC YEAR 2010-2011 APRIL 25, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………………... iii INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………....1 CHAPTER ONE FLIGHT FROM THE NAZIS AND ARRIVAL IN A FOREIGN LAND ……………………………....7 CHAPTER TWO LIFE AND CONDITIONS IN SHANGHAI ………………………………………………….......22 CHAPTER THREE RESPONDING TO LIFE IN SHANGHAI ……………………………………………………….38 CHAPTER FOUR A HETEROGENEOUS COMMUNITY : DIFFERENCES AMONG JEWISH REFUGEES ……………. 49 CHAPTER FIVE MAINTAINING A CENTRAL EUROPEAN IDENTITY : GERMANIC CULTURE COMES TO SHANGHAI ………………………………………………………………………………... 64 CHAPTER SIX YOUTH EXPERIENCE …………………………………………………………………….... 80 CHAPTER SEVEN A COSMOPOLITAN CITY : ENCOUNTERS AND EXCHANGES WITH OTHER CULTURES ……....98 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………….... 108 DIRECTORY OF REFERENCED SURVIVORS ………………………………………………. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………….. 117 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my reader, Professor Arthur Rosenbaum, for all the help that he has given me throughout this process. Without his guidance this thesis would not have been possible. I am grateful for how understanding and supportive he was throughout this stressful year. -
ETH Zurich Annual Report 2006
Research Collection Report ETH Zurich Annual Report 2006 Author(s): ETH Zurich Publication Date: 2007 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000299445 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library www.ethz.ch ETH Zurich Annual report 2006 Annual report 2006 Contents ETH Zurich 3 Highlights 5 Foreword from the President 6 What motivates us 8 Research and Teaching 14 Corporate Communications In Focus: 25 Systems biology 26 Vision and reality Energy science 33 Environmentally conscious and capable Information technology 38 intelligent and networked Renata Cosby, Andreas Fiersbach, Katrin la Roi, Arturo La Science City 45 Vecchia, Martina Märki, Dr. Verena Schmid Bagdasarjanz High-tech with a thinker’s culture Figures and Facts 48 Design and layout: Inform. Agentur für visuelle Kommunikation AG, Zürich Photos, illustrations: Daniel Boschung; Ruth Erdt; Nathalie Guinard; Maurice Haas; Prof. Gramazio / Prof. Kohler, DFAB, D-ARCH, ETH Zürich; J. P. Li, CCA California College of the Arts, San Francisco; and others Print: NZZ Fretz AG Circulation: 1200 Cover photo: A research team led by Dr. Christian Baerlocher and Dr. Lynne McCusker from the Laboratory of Crystallography at ETH Zurich has succeeded in solving the structure of the zeolite IM-5. The Annual report can be obtained from: Though IM-5 was first synthesized ten years ago, its complex structure remained unclear until now. ETH Zurich, Mailing Department, [email protected] ETH Zurich ETH Zurich stands for world-class scientific expertise, research that improves industry and society, and the education of highly-qualified specialists. -
UCSB History 133B Essay
Aubrey Cox Prof. Marcuse UCSB Hist 133B Source Exploration 6 March, 2019 The Wetzler-Vrba Report Could Have Saved Many UCSB History 133B Drawing by Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006) and Alfred Wetzler (1918–1988) - German Extermination Camps— Auschwitz and Birkenau, Executive Office of the United States War RefugeeEssay Board, 16 November 1944. The U.S. War Refugee Board was the first to published this version of the report. See en:Auschwitz Protocols. Our source: Randolph L. Braham, Scott Miller, The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2002, 62., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50340014 “Report by Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba, two Escapees from Auschwitz (Late April 1944)” GHDI - Document. Accessed February 07, 2019. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi- dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1535. Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba were two Jewish Slovakians who escaped from Auschwitz in April 1944. After a harrowing eighteen days Vrba and Wetzler finally arrieved in Zilina, Slovakia where they connected with other Jews to whom they dictated their report They compiled a report with as detailed information as they could with details of the camp and its 2 workings. Wetzler and Vrba’s original aim was to warn Hungarian Jews of the horrors that awaited them in the planned deportations from Hungary. By the end of April 1944, the report had reached Hungary’s Jewish leaders. Little credence was given to the warning however, and hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were sent to Nazi death camps, particularly Auschwitz. According to GHDI it wasn’t until the report was published in a Swiss newspaper--which brought the attention of the world to what was going on at Auschwitz-- thatUCSB the Hungarian government attempted to put a stop to the mass deportations. -
Yehuda Bauer
1 Shoah, Antisemitism, War, and Genocide: Text and the Context Yehuda Bauer Ladies and Gentlemen, Colleagues and Friends, The International Task Force for Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research, was founded by the then Swedish Prime Minister, Göran Persson, as an answer to a problem that was expected to be solved within a few years’ time, namely the lack of education. There had been worrying signs of a lack of knowledge about the Holocaust among Swedish youths, but there was also disillusionment with democracy generally. Mr. Persson’s government began the process of establishing, with government help, an independent, special, large organization called Levande Historia, to address the educational aspects of steps to be taken to remedy the situation. I was asked to advise in all this. In order to establish the ITF, the Prime Minister turned to President Clinton and Prime Minister Tony Blair to join, and they agreed. I was then asked to become the Academic Adviser of the new body and, as they say, the rest is history. Soon afterwards, Mr. Persson then suggested that a large inter-governmental conference should be organized that would address these concerns internationally, and I became the person responsible for the academic side, and a member of the organizing committee, consisting of important Swedish government officials, driven forward largely by Veronika Bard- Bringeus. We opened the Stockholm Forum on Holocaust Education on January 27, 2000, with a large number of governments in attendance. Out of that came the famous Stockholm Declaration, which until today forms the basis for the ITF. A great deal has changed since then. -
Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945
DECISIONS AMID CHAOS: JEWISH SURVIVAL IN BUDAPEST, MARCH 1944 – FEBRUARY 1945 Allison Somogyi A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Konrad Jarausch © 2014 Allison Somogyi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Allison Somogyi: Decisions amid Chaos: Jewish Survival in Budapest, March 1944 – February 1945 (Under the direction of Chad Bryant) “The Jews of Budapest are completely apathetic and do virtually nothing to save themselves,” Raoul Wallenberg stated bluntly in a dispatch written in July 1944. This simply was not the case. In fact, Jewish survival in World War II Budapest is a story of agency. A combination of knowledge, flexibility, and leverage, facilitated by the chaotic violence that characterized Budapest under Nazi occupation, helped to create an atmosphere in which survival tactics were common and widespread. This unique opportunity for agency helps to explain why approximately 58 percent of Budapest’s 200,000 Jews survived the war while the total survival rate for Hungarian Jews was only 26 percent. Although unique, the experience of Jews within Budapest’s city limits is not atypical and suggests that, when fortuitous circumstances provided opportunities for resistance, European Jews made informed decisions and employed everyday survival tactics that often made the difference between life and death. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everybody who helped me and supported me while writing and researching this thesis. First and foremost I must acknowledge the immense support, guidance, advice, and feedback given to me by my advisor, Dr. -
Refugees and Relief: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and European Jews in Cuba and Shanghai 1938-1943
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Refugees And Relief: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee And European Jews In Cuba And Shanghai 1938-1943 Zhava Litvac Glaser Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/561 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] REFUGEES AND RELIEF: THE AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN JEWS IN CUBA AND SHANGHAI 1938-1943 by ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the reQuirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 ii © 2015 ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation reQuirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dagmar Herzog ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Prof. Helena Rosenblatt ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Executive Officer Prof. Jane S. Gerber Prof. Atina Grossmann Prof. Benjamin C. Hett Prof. Robert M. Seltzer Supervisory Committee The City University of -
Private Kaltman by Michael Kaltman
HERITAGE THE JEWISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF ILLINOIS VOLUME XXVII • NUMBER I SPRING 2012 ‘Saving’ Private Kaltman by Michael Kaltman This discussion explores three sometimes overlooked sources of information about relatives who served in the United States military during World War I. As in the case cited below, this information can give a more complete picture of that relative than the more commonly cited genealogical resources can, thereby “saving” them from obscurity. As a bonus, the information also provides a plausible explanation for the Ellis Island ship manifests of Private Kaltman’s parents. Schmerke Kaltman came to America in 1910 on the re-internment in U.S. military cemeteries in France, and SS Estonia, sailing out of Libau, Russian Empire (now the program to repatriate the bodies of soldiers. Also, Liepaja, Latvia). He was approximately 18 years old Laskin has included extensive reference citations and was listed as a “Hairdresser.” His trip began on all aspects of the war, including divisional in Samokhvalovichi, a tiny settlement about histories. 12 miles south-southwest of Minsk, Belarus. Sometime after his arrival in Laskin’s direct writing style sparked a America, Schmerke Americanized renewed interest in finding out about his name to Samuel. From his Samuel. After surfing the Internet, I naturalization records and his WWI decided to start my search with the Draft Registration Card, we know three volume Soldiers of the Great that his complexion was “dark,” his War by Haulsee, Howe, and Doyle, height was 5 feet 5 inches, and he 1920. This enormous compendium had a “medium” build. He owned lists every soldier who lost his life a barbershop on Avenue B in New in the war. -
Joan Campion. in the Lion's Mouth: Gisi Fleischmann and the Jewish Fight for Survival
Gorbachev period) that, "As a liberal progressive reformer, and friend of the West, Gorbachev is ... a figment of Western imagination." One need not see Gorbachev as a friend or a liberal, of course, to understand that he in- tended from the outset to change the USSR in fundamental ways. To be sure, there are some highlights to this book. Chapter 4 by Gerhard Wettig (of the Bundesinstitut fiir Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien) discusses important conceptual distinctions made by the Soviets in their view of East-West relations. Finn Sollie, of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway, provides a balanced and insightful consideration of Northern Flank security issues. This is not the book it could have been given the talented people involved in the conferences that led to such a volume. Given the timing of its produc- tion (during the first two years of Gorbachev's rule), the editors should have done much more to seek up-dated and more in-depth analyses from the contributors. As it stands, Cline, Miller and Kanet have given us a foot- note in the record of a waning Cold War. Daniel N. Nelson University of Kentucky Joan Campion. In the Lion's Mouth: Gisi Fleischmann and the Jewish Fight for Survival. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. xii, 152 pp. $24.50 (cloth), $12.75 (paper). The immense accumulation of scholarship on the Holocaust and World War II made possible the emergence of a new genre of literature portraying heroic figures engaged in rescue work in terror-ridden Nazi Europe. The last decade has seen the publication of a spate of books including the sagas of Raoul Wallenberg, Hanna Senesh and Janusz Korczak, drawing on extensive source material as well as previous literature. -
The Jerusalem Report February 6, 2017 Wikipedia Wikipedia
Books A traitor in Budapest Rudolf Kasztner was not a hero but an unscrupulous Nazi collaborator, insists British historian Paul Bogdanor in his new book By Tibor Krausz REZSŐ KASZTNER was a much-maligned Was Kasztner, the de facto head of the Bogdanor’s book is a meticulously re- hero of the Holocaust. Or he was a villain- Zionist Aid and Rescue Committee in Bu- searched, cogently argued and at times ous Nazi collaborator. It depends who you dapest, eagerly liaising with Adolf Eich- riveting indictment of Kasztner, which ask and how you look at it. Over 70 years mann and his henchmen so as to save any is bound to reopen debate on the wartime after the end of World War II and almost 60 Hungarian Jews he could from deportation Zionist leader’s role in the destruction of years after his death, the Jewish-Hungarian and certain death in Auschwitz-Birkenau? Hungary’s Jewish community. Zionist leader remains a highly controver- Or was he doing so out of sheer self-inter- sial figure. est in order to make himself indispensable IN APRIL and May 1944, the author To his defenders, like Israeli histori- to the Nazis by helping send hundreds of demonstrates at length, Kasztner knew an Shoshana Ishoni-Barri and Hungar- thousands of other Jews blindly to their fate full well that the Nazis were busy deport- ian-born Canadian writer Anna Porter, through willful deception? ing Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz, where the author of “Kasztner’s Train” (2007), In his book “Kasztner’s Crime,” Brit- the gas chambers awaited them. -
Nuclear Weapons Technology 101 for Policy Wonks Bruce T
NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY FOR POLICY WONKS NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS BRUCE T. GOODWIN BRUCE T. GOODWIN BRUCE T. Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory August 2021 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS BRUCE T. GOODWIN Center for Global Security Research Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory August 2021 NUCLEAR WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY 101 FOR POLICY WONKS | 1 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. ISBN-978-1-952565-11-3 LCCN-2021907474 LLNL-MI-823628 TID-61681 2 | BRUCE T. GOODWIN Table of Contents About the Author. 2 Introduction . .3 The Revolution in Physics That Led to the Bomb . 4 The Nuclear Arms Race Begins. 6 Fission and Fusion are "Natural" Processes . 7 The Basics of the Operation of Nuclear Explosives. 8 The Atom . .9 Isotopes . .9 Half-life . 10 Fission . 10 Chain Reaction . 11 Critical Mass . 11 Fusion . 14 Types of Nuclear Weapons . 16 Finally, How Nuclear Weapons Work . 19 Fission Explosives . 19 Fusion Explosives . 22 Staged Thermonuclear Explosives: the H-bomb . 23 The Modern, Miniature Hydrogen Bomb . 25 Intrinsically Safe Nuclear Weapons . 32 Underground Testing . 35 The End of Nuclear Testing and the Advent of Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship . 39 Stockpile Stewardship Today . 41 Appendix 1: The Nuclear Weapons Complex .