Daguanlou Tower on Tianchi Lake in Kunming, Province' Lian Kutt Articles of the Month

At University Todoy

Fost-moving oYerYiew ol life ond study ot Chino's oldest modern university, by on out- stonding.student. f\9 poge 2

PUBTISHED MONTHTY IN ENG[!SH, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN AND PORTUGUESE BY THE WETFARE INSTIIUIE (SQONO CHNG [NO; GHAIRMINI Our Honi People

The notionolity, to which the uor. xxtx No. I AUGUST 1980 outhor belongs, numbers 900,000 people in the moun- toins of southwestern Chino. CONTENTS Its history, cforocter, cultsre, customs ond festivols. College Days Wang Youqin 2 Poge t2 Higher Education Today Chen Su 5 How Work-Study Sy5tem Operates in One Province Wang lndo-Chino Refugees Resettled Yousheng I lnd.ustrial Brlels: (photos) 11 Chino hos occepted ond We orronged homes ond of the Hani Nationality Wang Zhenglang 12 work for 263,000 of these For Indochina Refugees, Homes and Work Zeng Shuzhi 18 involuntory exiles. On- the-spot report deols My Muslim Brothers I Al-Ha11i Muhammad Ali and . moinly with their new Zhang Jie 21 lile on Hoinon lslond. Shaoxing - City on the Water Zhi Exiang 24 Poge l8 Shaoxing's Bice Wine: Connoisseurs' Delight Dai Erkang 28 'Teahouse' Goes to Europe Uwe Krduter 30 New Film on Evolution Bei Ke .A 30 Years of China's Esperanlo Magazine Lu Chuanbiao 39 Newspaper for Peasants Yan Liu 40 "Medicine Anguo - City" Zheng Jinsheng 42 Sports: lnternationail lnvitational Tournaments 44 My Muslim Brothers ond I Storied Baidi Town Tang Zhongpu 46 Choirmon oI Chino's lslomic Associotion recounts the Our Postbag 50 life ond octivities ol his 10 million co-religionists in Colorado's Young Songsters in China 52 Chino, their contocts with believers obrood, qnd something of his own history. Poge 2l An Ancient and Vital Style of Painting Liu Lingcang 54 Prime Teas of China Wu Juenong 62 A Greot Ploy Goes to EuroPe Chinese Cookery: Winter Melon Cup (Dong Gua Zhong) 64 years "The Teohouse"-o moster. Did Chinese Buddhists Beach America i,000 Be- piece by lote fomous ploywright fore Columbus? Fang Zhongpu 65 Loo She will soon go to West Chinese History XXlll Germony, Fronce ond other The Ming Dynasty:- 1 Politics and Economy Jiao Europeon countries. Through Jiah - the frequenters of o Beijing 67 teohouse over 50 yeors, it de- Football in Ancient China Xu Diankui 70 picts the odvoncing decoy ol Language Corner: the old society ond the in- evitobility of ihe revolution thot Lesson 20: The Great Wall 71 come in t949. Poge 30 FRONT COVER: Listening class of English students in the Western - Prime Teos of Chino guages Department of Beijing University. Zhang Shuicheng Noted long-titne speciolist, now 83, describes the origins, moin vorieties, gustotory ond heolth-giving Editoriol Office: Woi Wen Building, Beijing properties ol Chino's teos. Also the present situo- (9), Chino, Coble: "CHIRECON', Beijing. tion in teo cultivotion, processing ond trode.' Genercl Dlstributo;: GUOJI SHUDIAN, Poge 62 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. t.tOR years I thought I'd never be women students, some of the men for the first time, were so moved L' able to go to college. came out to carry in my luggage. we could hardly go to sleep My parents were both college Tuition and lodging are paid by afterwards. In the ceremony Pro- teachers in the city of Wuhan in the state, and so is medical treat- fessor Yang Hui, who had taken province. When the cul- ment. Students who worked for part in the May 4th Movement, tural revolution began in 1966 five years before college get a and others of the school leaders my father disapproved of the subsidy of 37 yuan, somewhat handed torches to the best students upheavals. He was labelled an higher than most. Other students from every department, who lit a "active counter-revolutionary", may get government aid varying big bonfire. mercilessly persecuted and forced from 6.5 to 22 yuan per month, to leave his job. At 17 I and my depending on their family's in- Chinese Studies sister, fourteen and a ha1f, had to come. In cases of special need, leave middle school and go to students from the south clrn also The Depart- live on a rubber plantation in get winter clothing, and can apply ment has a number of noted professors, whom most Xishuangbanna (Yunnan province). for extra financial aid. I get 37 of the distinguished elderly ones are the I soon became a skilled rubber yuan a month and my sister as a cutter. I did manage to get'some postgraduate, 46. Only my young- linguist Wang Li and the writers books and after finishing making est sister's expenses are borne by Yang Hui, Wu Zuxiang, Lin Geng. the cuts, in the hour while the sap my parents. There are also some outstanding dripped I used to do some studying Competition to get into college teachers of young and middle age. among the rubber trees in a cool is keen, but after we finish our We are required to take courses secluded glade. four-year course we wiII have in classical and modern Chinese, After the fall of the gang of four little to worry about, as work is classical and modern Chinese in 1976 great changes took place. guaranted by the government. Iiterature, in literary theory and My father was cleared and re- When I think about the fact that foreign literature. We must also gained his teaching post. The those who get into college are study one or two foreign lan- system was reinstated whereby aetually only a very tiny propor- guages, the history of the Chinese the .best applicants for college tion of all young people, it Communist Party, and take were chosen on the basis of strengthens my feeling of rbspon- courses in philosophy and political entrance exams. sibility to study well and become a economy. We can also choose a I sat for the nationwide univer- person who can really serve the number of elective courses, such as poems sity exams in the summer of 1979 people. How can I let those others one on the in the style of in Kunmiag. I wanted to get into down? Chu (a state in the 4th to 2nd century B.C.), historical phonology, the Chinese Language Department May 4th Spirit of Beijing University,lbut I found or courses on special topics or writers. that it was not taking anyone from Our university is the oldest in garden particularly my province that year. I wrote China. Built around the of .I am interested in bureaucrat of the dynasty post-May 4th literature. Lu Xun, the school and, possibly because a Qing (1644-1911), Mao that my mark was the highest in the it has an attractive Dun and from campus with clear blue lake period are my favourite writers. I country for liberal arts students, the mirroring pagoda, blossom- am also making a study of the re- they made an exception and en- a ing flowers trees. is known, Iationship between literary trends rolled me. My two sisters took the and It curiously, as Nameless Lake. and China's advance towards a examination at the same time. Beijing University was the modernized society since the The sister who had been with me birthplace of the May 4th Move- overthrow of the monarchy in on the rubber plantation scored so ment of 1919, the anti-imperialist, 1911. well that she was accepted as a anti-feudalist movement imbued Our courses also cover literary postgraduate practical student in with the spirit of science and de- trends abroad. So far we have had mathematics at Jiaotong University mocracy, which was the first step Iectures on topics like develop- in . Another younger toward the modernization of Chi- ments in research in comparative sister, who graduated from middle nese society. Beijing University Iiterature, the stream-of-conscious- school just last year, was admitted students are often exhorted to ness novel and the theater of to Qinghua University in Beijing strive to carry on in the May 4th the absurd. We also like to learn as a mechanics major, tradition. In its honor there is the about studies of Chinese literature Once I was accepted, the school May 4th athletic field, the univer- now being done abroad. We are was very good about making all sity's largest. The students have interested not only in the teachers' arrangements for my long trip organized a May 4th literary analysis but in learning from them from Yunnan, even to the Beijing society. Annually on that day a methods of scientific approach and University labels to stick on my science symposium is held. independent thinking. luggage. I was welcomed at the May 4th has also been the day We have some Iively class dis- station, and as I got my school the university celebrates the an- cussions. I remember one about badge and the key to the room I niversary of its founding. We Ba Jin's novel The Family. I had would share with three other freshmen, who participated in it been worried that it would result

AUGUST I98O Women's,hundred-meter dash at the school's lg80 sports meet. May 4th bonfire. in awkward silence because there foreign titles. It has exchange re- have been published in magazines is a wide difference in the students' lations with some 250 colleges in outside. ages and their experience in life, 86 countries. Its reading roo[ts We all like to congregate in and because the life of a Chinese have a total of 2,000 seats. The front of the bulletin boards and feudal family would be too far scienee students have the big display cases near the flower ter- from that they knew today. To beautiful Physics Building with race outside our dining hall to see my surprise quite a few students Iab space for 800 for experiments. what's happeping. Film ads, lists talked at length, touching on prob- Special talks on a variety of of new books, notiaes of meetings lems such as character, plot, com- topics are frequently held in the and talks and of activities of the parison with other novels and its evenings. Recent speakers included Student Union are posted there. practical significance. Everyone the crosstalk artist Hou Baolin, The Student Union, elected by the liked this genuine, realistic novel. playwright Cao Yu on his latest Students' Representative As- They admired the way the writer play Wang Zhaojun and Prof. Wu sembly, caruies on day-to-day denounced the feudal forces that Dazhi of the Central Academy of activities on bebalf of the students. had ruined innuYnerable young Fine Arts on modern art abroad. In the election Iate last year I was people. A few others felt that the We also heard Prof. C.T. Hu of chosen to represent the Chinese writer had not been successfui in Columbia University in New York Language Department. The union portr4ying some of the characters, talk on higher education abroad, discusses students' suggestions and they disapproved of the tragic and Ho Ta, a Hongkong poet on concerning teaching and university ending. Others felt that this lat- writing poems for recitation and life, and tries to persuade the ter was precisely where the how to read them aloud. school administration to put them writer's success lay. This led to a No one in our department pro- into effect. It also oversees clubs, heated discussion, with even the fesses to" be a religious believer, cultural troupes, dances and other professors offering their personal but when a report on the origin get-togethers' organized by the opinions. and development of the world's students, sponsors talks and cul- three major religions was given by tural performances, checks up on After Class three researchers from the Insti- the cleaning of the grounds. It We spend about 22 hours per tute of Religion of the Chinese maintains relations with student week in class, so after homework Academy of Social Sciences the groups in other colleges in China that still Ieaves us with quite a bit room was packed, with listeners and some abroad. of time. We liberal arts students sitting on the windowsills and We have film showings once or do a lot of reading in the library, standing in the corridor. twice a week, bringing our own a huge new building completed Some in my department have chairs to the big diaing hall or out four years ago. The Beijing already experienced quite a bit of in the open. The dining hall, with University library is not only one life and are trying to write about the floor properly powdered, of China's biggest but is one of it in poems or novels. I prefer the serves adequately for the dances the great libraries of Asia. It has novel as the best form to reflect we hold occasionally to taPed 3,200,000 volumes, including some real life. Some of their works are music or that from a live band. very valuable hand-copied manu- carried in our school magazines or We girls usually dress uP a bit for scripts and rare booksn and 880,000 the wall +ewspapers, and some these. Liberal arts students are

4 QIIINA RECONSTRUC"IS Symposiuru on modern literature held by the Chinese Departfnent heard the noted wrlters Xia Yan, Sha Ting and Yan Wenjrng. Photos bg Zhang Shuicheng and, Sang Xiangsen more interested in dancing than those in science. In addition to our regular physical training classcs, sorne students go in for long-distance lNigher Education Today running, basket or volleyball, CHEN SU calisthenics or Loushtl, the tradi- tional Chinese martial arts. My younger sister likes gymnastics. /r HINA's universities and col- have been I'm scared even to stand up on a L 1"g". are rapidly recovering restored and manY new institu- balance beam, but try to do my from setbacks during the ten ti.ons have been set up. The total part as a member of the cheering years of cultgral revolution. Now, number as of late 1979 was 633, squad. Our basketball and volley- to better serve the countrY's compared with 343 in 1965 just baII teams came in first in the modernization, they are str.iving before the cultural revolution be- and modernize them- Beijing collegiate matches and to develop gan. There are 33 general univer- we're hoping they'll win the na- selve-s,' Important in guiding the restoration are a set of provisional sities, 191 for science and engineer- tional championships to be held ing,16B for forestry, agriculture during the holidays. regulations for the work of higher uP in and medicine, 161 teachers' col- Our classmates try to take good education originally drawn Ieges and a number of specialized care of each other, especially of the early 60s known as the "SixtY were shelved dur- for foreign languages, those who have no home in Bei- Points", which institutes and politics and jing. After one gf my roommates ing thg cultural revolution finance and economics, reissued 1978. Current physical culture. sprained her ankle while practic- then in Iaw, fine arts and goals higher education ing the high jump, others carried for China's These schools offer courses in a include improving teaching meth- her to class on the back of a bike, total of over 800 subjects (includ- furthering research and and brought her foo* from the ods, ing 500 in science and engineering, training The plan is to dining hall. Not long ago a Personnel 60 iq fine arts and physical culture, make institutions of higher learn- student from a peasant family re- 230 in forestry, agriculture, medi- ing into centers for research as ceived a letter saying that several arts, finance and well as education. cine, liberal in his. family were itl. Aware of economics, polities and law, and his difficulties, we quietly 'col- A symbol of the Chinese uni- versities' efforts to "come of age" teacher-training). The number of lected more . than 200 yuan and recent announcement that students has gone up strikinglY sent it unsigned to his home. is thg - rv.ould issue degrees by 51.3 percent over that in 1965 I think that the hardships many they academic (baccalaureate, and 1979, 674,000 in 1965). of us faced, brqught about by the master's (1,020,000 in doctorate). getting gang of four, have made us more A great many peoPle are considerate others more college training via radio and TV for and New Institutes serious as students. It is the aim and in evening schools and cor- of all of us to be of use to the Colleges and universities that respondence schools. Over 600,000 people after graduation. D had been closed down during the are studying through the newlY-

AUGUST I98() established Central Broadcasting 2" Those under leadership of more people tg the academic world and Television University. the Ministry of Education, but and revive the enthusiasm of those administered by provincial, re- already there. Cited as an exam- Changes in Enrollment gional or municipal governments. ple is the story of Prof. Wu 3. Those independently run by Yousan, the elderly head of the In the turmoil of the cultural provinces, autonomous regions and Plant Protection Department of revolution, higher education in municipalities. the Shenyang Agricultural In- China came to a virtual halt and Efforts are beginning to appoint stitute and a renowned expert on there was no new enrollment for those who know education best to wheat rust. Putting aside his cane five years (1966-1970). When the positions of responsibility in the he went to the fields and with the universities resumed work around universities. A number of veteran help of his assistants discovered 1970 enrollment was by recom. faculty members and outstanding two new physiotypes of wheat in mendation from the potential scientists have been placed in 1978. place of However, student's work. leading positions. The renowned Attention is being given to im- this was influence the height of chemist Prof. Yang Shixian is proving what are known as the of the gang of four and system the now president of Nankai Univer- "three basics", strengthening was often abused. There was a sity in Tianjin. Prof. Wu Daren, training of teachers, improving tendency to recommend the on the noted mathematician and teaching materials; and providing basis of politics or favor people edu- Prof Weizao, better research facilities, including who were not really prepared or cator, . Teng an economist and Prof. Hu Guding, libraries and information sources. qualified for university study. A big push is being made to im- This resulted in a wide disparity a mathematician, have been ap- pointed vice presidents of the in- prove the quality of teachers among students and a general through refresher courses and in- stitutions where they teach. Iowering of educational standards. service or on-leave courses taught In 1977 the universities returned by the older teachers to raise aca- basically to the system of select- Intellectuals' Greater Role demic levels, and some teachers ing the most qualified students have been sent abroad for ad- academic through entrance examinations. The use of ranks was vanced study. Postgraduate students are being restored in March 1978, and in the a few new textbooks have past years Quite accepted again with 19,000 taken three some 90,000 aca- been published and more are being on in 1979, 4.2 times the number demicaly-qualified teachers of compiled by various schools. For for 1956, the previous high. young and middle age have been basic science and engineering Chipa has three kinds of higher accorded degrees of the rank of courses alone about 350 have ap- educ.ational institutions: professor, associate professor and peared, which means that a new 1. Those directly under the Iecturer. In Jiangxi province, for textbook is available for nearly Ministry of Education, 35 in all, iristance, over 800 teachers were every introductory course. including Beijing, Qinghua, Nan- accorded such titles. New approaches are being made kai, Fudan, Nanjing, Jiaotong (in Efforts are being made to im- to teaching and there is more Xi'an), Zhongshan,. Wuhan and prove working and living condi- consciousness of methods. Lanzhou universities. tions for teachers so as to attract Scientific Research some of china's first visiting scholars to the u.s. attend a l€cture at Georgetown University in 1979. Xinhua Teachers are being given more tr* time for scientific research in ad- dition to their teaching as a means to making thern more knowledge- able as teachers and enabling them to contribute directly to the coun- try's modernization. Between 70

#r" and 80 of the 100 or so major i{r. items of research coVered in the ;' national science and technology .ri,. program are being worked on in co-operation with institutes of higher education, with 40 under their direct sponsorship. Nearly a thousand products of advanced Ievel have been developed by researchers in higher education institutes in the past two years. Some major breakthroughs in the study of insulin have been

CEINA EECONSTRUCTS made at Beijing University with help from other institutions. At the Science and Technology Uni- versity experiments in stress analysis carried on by Wu Xiao- ping. a woman lecturer, have reached international levels. Many other institutions have done suc- cessful experiments on new prod- ucts, materials and techniques. ffi Scientific Exchange & '! dl Many Chinese delegations have 6:# i gone abroad in recent Years to gn learn from the advanced people in "'i certain fields, and a number' of specialists have come from abroad to lecture, take part in interna- tional academic symposiums or participate in research projects. More than 2,700 students have gone for adv.anced study to 4L countries, and 1,700 students from 84 countries have come for studY in China. More' of the most uP-to-date textbooks along with other refer- ence materials have been import- ed and some libraries of solelY foreign reference material are being organized. Quite a number of schools in Shanghai have established rela- tionships with universities abroad, both for exchange o.f scientific in- formation, exchange of scholars and joint research. These include Fudan, Jiaotong 'and Tongji uni- versities and Shanghai Teachers' College, which have such relation- ships with similar universities in the U.S., France, Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany. Other Chinese colleges with such relationships include Qinghua; Beijing, Nankai, Zhongshan, Nan- jing universities. tr

The Northwest Nationalities Instiiute, closed by the gang of fo rr, was reopen- etl in 19?3 ilue to efforts of Pre- mier , Xinlvuo Prof. .Yang Shixian, presiilent of Nan- kai University and noted chernist, dir'ects labora66"Y -o"kE, ang Taopeng Prof. Li Iluazhong of Zhongshan Uni: versity in atldresses tho 1980 Particle Physics Theory Fo,runn in that city. Seatetl at right is the forum's chairmani Nobel Prize winner, Prof. Chen-ning Yarg of Princeton and Columbia universities in the U.S.A. Li Ruigan

AUGUST i98O S :'t *:! !' : ii, - 1'), ?+

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Laboratory at a rniddle school in Jilin's Jitrtai county was buitt with prolits earned by school factory. Li Li

fr HiNA. with her large popula- This has gone far toward making stopped. Because of this, no more \-,1 tion and meagen economy, u.p for the shortage of funds and than 70 percent of the parents faces many problems in develop- irnproving school facilities. were willing to send their children ing education. One of them is the to school. contradiction between the limited The teachers pupils decided Bullding Schoolhouses and funds and the needs of rapidly to improve the school's facilities building up a modern educational Weijiawopu Primary School in by their own efforts. They plant- system. Huaide county is run by a pro- ed sweet potatoes, beets and tree Students and teachers in Jilin duction brigade under the Shiwu saplings on 4.6 hectares of river province have found a solution to People's Commune. Unlike state- flats, and by the autumn of that this problem by setting up work- run schools, it gets only a small year had earned 7,000 yuan. With shops and farms under what is subsidy from the education au- this, plus a little .state assistance known as the "Work and Study" thorities for teachers' salaries, and and some contributions from the Program. Now, the 22,000 middle for the rest depends on what local people, they several do- and primary schools in the prov- the built students pay in tuition fees and zen large; bright classrooms of ince are running 4,000 workshops the and 15,000 farms, produced brigade can afford to spend brick and tile. Later, they spent rvhich on 100 million yuan worth of manu- it. It used to have only nine 3,000 yuan on 100 sets of new small classrooms factured goods year be- in a handful of desks and chairs, waived tuition every adobe tween 1976 and 1978, and a total huts. Desks and chairs fees, and eventually supplied the were packed of 50,000 tons of grain. Net pro- so tightly little space pupils with notebooks, textbooks ceeds from workshops, farms and was left for the pupils to get in and pencils free of charge. Re- sidelines in three years arnounted and out. Some even had to climb cently the school has also bought to 186 million yuan, of which g2 over desks to reac:h their seats" a Iot of books for outside reading, million yuan were spent on educa- One small window in each room musical instruments and sports tion equivalent to one third the provided inadequate lighting, and equipment balls, box horses, state's- allocations for this purpose. on cloudy days the pupils had to vaulting horses- and so on and read with books held close to their even made a suit of ciothes- for WANG YOUSIIENG is a reporter ol the eyes. On rainy days the roofs every pupil. A11 school-age chil- monthly "People's Fducatton,,. leaked so badly classes had to be dren are now attending:

8 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The schoolmaster told us that 750 yuan from the district bureau teachers and pupils take part in of education to buy raw materials manual labor for half a month for setting up a workshop produc- every year, no more than is stipu- ing crayons. Its first crayon Iated in China's school system. In machine w'as built, at the cost of the first two years they spent more only 95 yuan, out of scrap metal time in the fields, but conditions picked up at two nearby factories. have improved now. And sweet Now the workshop produces potatoes are an easy crop to man- large and small crayons in 12 col- age. It takes the pupils only two ors and special wax markers for days to plant the seedlings. Weed- the lumber industry, which are ing takes no more than two days. marketed both locally and in other Does manual labor lower aca- provinces. Profits come to about demic standards? Not if correctly 8,000 yuan a year. In recent years applied under the work-study sys- the school has bought TV, sets, tem, as shown by the experience of loudspeakers, musical instruments, the Weijiawopu Primary School. sports equipment and audio-visual Teaching programs are always aids for teaching. Better equip- completed as planned in this ment has helped to bring up teach- ing standards and for several con- school, and among the 13 primary secutive years the school has A veteran worker coaches studenh of a schools in the commune it has Jilin Middle School lo thelr school come ranked first in exarns held in the workshop. Li Li first in unified exams for district. ieveral years in succession. Welfare is improving for teach- . . The Work and Study Program physically ers and pupils. Cafeterias, baths, System llelps Teaching has transformed the barbershops and sewing and mend- Weijiawopu Primary School, and ing services have been set up in How does the Work and Study 15 other middle and primary many schools. Last year, middle Program fit in with teaching? schools in that commune to vary- and primary schools in Changchun The program has become an in- ing degrees. Now 85 percent of built living quarters for their staff, tegral part of teaching plans in the school buildings in Huaide enabling 263 teachers to move in- Jilin province. Records show that county have been rebuilt in brick. to new homes. New living space schools and districts which have This program also has helped in the Tonghua region has solved done well ryith this program gen- many urban schools solve the housing problems for 250 families. erally attain comparatively higher shortage of school buildings and And in Changchun, many schools standards of education and teach- equi.pment. have provided teachers and staff ing. At Middle School No. 6 in A No. 25 Primary School in members with bus transportation Changchun's suburbs, for instance, Changyi distriet, Jilin, borrowed to and from work. the number of students passing college entrance exams has consid: erably increased, and six classes Pupils of a primary school in Jilin's Changyi district make wax crayons. averagd 93 out of a possible 100 Liu Entai points in a unified end-of-term maths exam for junior first year students in the province. In sports, too, the school is one of the fore- most in Changchun and the province. On the material sde, profits made under the progfam has en- abled the school to buy such things as new desks and chairs, books and reference materials, a film projector, projection TV, and sports equipment, including sev- eral hundred pairs of skates and track shoes all of which make for better conditions- for teaching. Manual labor at Middle Schoo.l No. 6 two weeks per semester id junior- middie school and three weeks in senior grades-is done at the school's farm and work- shops. It has been found that link-

AUGUST I98O ing "book learning" with practice needed and better results obtain- tirne is not encroached upon, and makes it easier for students to ed. When the school decided re- that the profits from production digest and remember what they cently to revise atl its lighting cir- are used for teaching improve- have learned. In the workshops, cuits, the students were able to do ment. students operate machines and the job themselves. Finance departments in Jilin take a hand in maintenance, tool Pupils of the Red Flag Primary province last year loaned 5 million improvement and technical inno- School in a rural people's com- yuan to the school-run industry vations, all of which helps them mune have worked out better company for use as circulating master production know-how and planting techniques through ex- funds, and local planning, finance skills in a short time. By calculat- periments on their school-run and tax departments gave ail-out ing tonnages for punehing a ma- farm. Their wheat harvests are assistance to the workshops and chine, for instance, learn they the highest in the commune. farms. For instance, Tonghua city about crank shaft diameters, elec- has over the last few years helped tric motor revolutions, diameters some 20 workshops solve problems and weights of flywheels and Outside Support related to raw materials, equip forces produced by rotation. Using School-run workshops and farms ment, production and marketing. these as concrete examples, the getting Schoo)-run industries in Tonghua teachers explain are assistance from all circle calculations, trades professions. are now developing rapidly, with linear equations in one unknown, and Encour- aged by the government, a school- total value of output in 1978 near- the application of ratio and pro- ly 5 times higher than in 1974, and run industry company has been set portion in actuai situations, etc. profits 14.2 higher. up in Jilin with offices at prov- net times Students find this way of teaching Since 1974 they have provided incial, prefectural and county much more interesting and are education with 2,058,000 yuan in levels school keener to learn. to help workshops funds. In Hunjiang, author- and the Other schools in the province farms obtain funds, raw ma- ities have helped schools draw up are now using similar teaching terials, equipment and technical regulations on financial. manage- methods. A physics teacher in a know-how, and to find markets ment and accounting, trained Jilin city middle school is giving for their products. One of the com- bookkeepers for school-run work- his lectures on installation of pany's functions is to see tb it that shops and showed them how to fluorescent lamps at the school's these workshops and farms con- improve management. Whenever workshop while his students are tribute to the implementation of necessary, they have given finan- actually doing such work. Con- the government's policy on edu- cial support to workshops promis- sequently, less teaching time is cation - that the students' study- ing a good future. tr

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10 CHINA RECONSTAUC"IS lndustry Briefs

Complcted are the main offshore installatlons of the Beilutr iron and steel port, * key aomponent of the siaot Baoshan lron and Steel Works now goi*g up near Shalsbai. Alfeady buill are a berth for 100,000-ton ships, two for 25,000-ton ships and & kilomeler-long causeway connect- ing them with onthofe storagc &re&$. Lu Ming

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A tetescope mirror 2.2 meters in iliameter has been cast by the Sinhu Glassworis in Shanghai. Thirty-eight cm. ihick and weighing four tons' it is made of mdcrolite glass with an expansion coefficient close to zero. Besides for better astro-nomical observations, it can serve as a feflector ro" pi""i.ioo optics and laser technoloeiy' Xu Yigen

Stlll anotb€r rew oilfield is ris- inc rapidly iu Cldnais ceniral plains the Dongipu Oilfield, at the juuctiort- of llebel, Shauilong &od lfon*n provlnco$. Ptospecting of its ahqrdantr 6il end gas re- serves si&f$0d iil 19t5. Noril a fo[esi of drill rigs h&s gotre up, s{}tic shoterl in the picture. . ,, . , Zhu Gwangzlti The first mobile geological laboral.ory made in China is now ln trial use, It will be employed chiefly for geochemical. prospecting anil on-site experimenis and analyses, The upper picture shows it running on a mounta.in highway, the lower, geologists working insiile. -. i Lu Ming

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1l fu ,i,i"r T N southern Yunnan province We Hanis have long been known r flows the Yuanjiang River for bravery and for our fierce bat- which we Hani people call the Red tles against injustices. In 1g17, we River because of its color. On joined with the neighbcring Yi, either side of the river stand the Miao and Dai nationalities in a 4O0-km.-long Ailao range, some revolt against the oppression by 1,600 meters above sea level. The the local feudal rulers. The upris- mountains are covered with ing was led by Lu Meibei, an broadleaf trees. They are where 18-year-old Hani girl, an excellent most of our 900;000 Hani people rider and markswoman whose live today, and have lived for many name still evokirs love and respect. centuries. It raged for five years. Though The climate is warm and moist, finally put down, it shook the good for the rice, millet and maize foundations of the despotism of that we grow. Rich deposits of feudal lords linked with the tin, gold, copper and iron are there majority nationality warlords of to be mined. As it is very cold high Yunnan province. In the country- Ilani girls in tradltional headgear. in the mountains, we live on the wide War of Liberatidn (1946-1949) lower slopes where the climate is many Hani people joined the war/ner, but stitl not as hot as in Yunnan People's Self-Defence the 1ow valleys. Corps led by the Chinese Com- munist Party. This force was later merged Origins and Early History into the People's Libera- tion Army. It made its contribu- As early as in the Tang dynasty tion to the founding of the new IUe of the over 1,000 years ago, historical China. records mentioned the t'Heman" or "Heni" people. Even today, in our Character and Customs own language, we still sometimes The energy and industriousness Hani call ourselves Heman or Heni. We of our people can be seen in the don't know for sure where our tiered-terraces they have built to people originally come from, but make the steep mountains culti- legends say our ancestors, com- vable. Some of the fields so creat- llationality prising 7,000 households, once ed are quite large, others only the lived on a vast fertile plain away size of a big washtub. Each has to the east where the sun rises. an embankment of stone and Ircng ago our forefathers began earth, laboriously put up by hand. their migration, settling in WANG ZIIENGFANG finally Water from high in the mountains the Ailao range. is guided down through channels Originally our people did not use dug to link terraced fields. This surnames but only, as did many prevents erosion and ensures both other nationalities in the world, irrigation and drainage. It has patronymics. About twenty gen- helped us consistently to achierze Picking spring- tea- erations dgo, these forms were fairly high yields grain. The Phatos. bu Che Wenlong of stabilized into surnames that were' Hanis began to build terraces here handed down. The last syllable early in the Ming dynasty (in'the of the father's name was used to 14th century) and there are records start the names of his children. of imperial citations commending -M".ry of us, in fact, can trace our the work. roots back 50 generations. For Our Hani people love to sing and instance, Li Hecai, vice-chairman dance, and do it well. Most can of the provincial political consul- make up songs on the spur of the tative conference, can recite his morrient. I, when young, was genealogy for the last 56 genera- particularly fond of dancing. In tions. Today, we have adopt- the winter, with very little farm- ed family names like the Han work to be done, the boys in our people. village would prepare food and Iodgings and invite the girls from WANG ZIIENGFANG is a learling other villages to sing and dance member of the Nationalities Affairs on the grass flats or in large caves Committee in the Honghe (Eed River) Autronomous Prefecture of the Hani and nearby. The merrymaking would Yi Nationalities in Yunnau province. last two to three days. Before

72 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Melody blown on a tree leaf. lltott Yttunttt

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F i r-. iJs f r-:t I ;rir:i-i 1: I l1 *r'ii ry qr111!p il i:;_rl t:rr o Traditional weaving, unchanged for centuries. Something new. Hanis now have sewing machines in workshops and at home. A Hani village" ['ltoto: h C'hc ll'tnlong the girls left the boys would give boring nationalities, with mutual each man at the table must sing them each a quarter of a pig as a help taking many forms. one in turn. While the village present. The gir).s of our viltage We get on especially well with elders are dining, the younger men could similarly invite the boys the Dai people down in the valleys. pour wine and bring more dishes from another sending them home From of yore our fields have often fof the elders while the women sit with similar gifts. In other months lain right next to theirs, and it in a circle about the table singing of the year, boys and girls u,ould has not been unusual for a Hani softly in chorus. They have had meet at night in specially-built family and a Dai family to keep a their meal earlier. When the elders jointly small bamboo "mixed houses" a buffalo for their farm work. sing of the new, prosperous life little way away from the village This shows how strong are the ties of our nationality and our villages, to sing, dance and court until between our nationalities. On everyone joins in the chorus. The festivals has our dawn. it been custom to ceremony lasts until dusk. exchange gifts Traditionally, young Hani people and invite each For long centuries, oppression other over dinner, and have chosen their own mates or for af time under the feudal system and the of difficulty, help each other had them chosen for them by their to isolation of the area kept my without even being asked. Buf- parents. Either way. marriage people, the Hanis, backward faloes today are collectively owned was subject to the consent of the economically and culturally. parents on both in the communes' production Lacking a written language, we sides. On the teams, but the old bonds wedding groom of friend- kept records with knotted cords. day, the would go ship remain. to the bride's house to fetch her. In illness we used to pray to various gods for a cure. There Bef ore setting off , they would Old Festivals and New Life kneel down before the parents and was no industry beyond a few ask for guidance and advice.. The Major festivals of the Hanis craftsmen making ploughshares bride's parents would respond occur four or five times a year. and simple tooLs. There were no with, "We are not rich and we The biggest are the Sixth Moon railways or highways. We did not cannot provide you with more and Tenth Moon Festivals. know the use of fertilizer. than we're given. You must work The Sixth Moon Festival comes Since the founding of the new hard and keep a thrifty house.,' when the spring work is over and China in 1949 there have been people Then the pair would set out, the the are waiting for crops immense changes. In the 50s the to ripen. is festival of hope bride in her best clothes, with a It a people's government helped us a bright red veil over her head and for bumper harvest to come. The create a written language using accompanied by two friends old custom was for each family to Latin alphabet. It started schools an animal and make serving as maids. A red-ca- kill sacrifices and introduced modern medical to its ancestors, praying for a good parisoned horse followed, carrying care. Hani teachers, doctors and harvest. On this holiday boys and her dowry. When they reached the technicians were trained. Each girls play on swings, sing and bridegroom's house the young county today has two or three dance. Wrestling matches and couple knelt, this time to his middle schools and a fairly weil- hunts take place. There is laughter, parents, repeating the ceremonial equipped hospital, besides many song and general merrymaking, request for guidance and counsel. primary schools. Each commune The festival lasts three or more The groom's parents would declare has a junior middle school and a days. their pleasure at having such a clinic, while production brigades The Tenth Moon Festival, the clever and able daughter-in-Iaw and teams have primary schools biggest of all, marks the start of and then urge the newly weds to and para-medical facilities. We in the Hani New Year, and also work hard, live in harmony and the Ailao mountains have started set celebrates the autumn harvest. an example for the younger Every household variety up small farm machine, chemical brothers and cooks a sisters. Such tradi- of appetizing dishes and takes fertilizer, pesticide and paper- tional ceremonies are falling into them, very early in the rnorning, making plants, as well as some disuse as a result of contact with to the center of the village along mines and smelting works. the people Han and the revolu- with a iar of wine. In the tradi- Hundreds of small hydro-power tionary 'changes in the whole tional observance the most presti- stations have been built to country. Today we have simple gious elder villager whose wife generate electricity for lighting weddings. must be still living and who must homes and driving machines. The .improving Hanis are noted for hospi- have many sons and grandsons is Farming methods are tality. As soon as a guest enters, asked to taste each dish. Then all constantly and many good strains the mistress of the house serves the, male elders from each family of rice and other grain crops have fragrant rice wine. It is a breach take their seats about the food- been bred to suit local conditions. of etiquette if the guest does not Iaden table according to their age Our formerly isolated mountain take 5t Ieast a sip. Then a chicken and rank, after which the banquet area is now linked to the rest of is killed and delicious dishes are begins. During the meal tradi- the country by good highways. prepared for the guest. We Hanis tional songs are sung. The eldest This is what socialism has done live in friendship with the neigh- man leads with the first song and for our people. tr

AUGUST 19EO t7 @w VAm @w %mm w%wry@@4 @ @w6 @wffi @wwffi

ZENG SHUZHI f.t HINA received 263,000 refugees rubber, pepper, coffee and hemp. Hoang Ngoc Lam, a nursing \,1 1ro* Vietnam, Kampuchea It was originally set up in 1952 mother, who had been compelled and Laos between March 1978 and and its 25,000 workers produce to leave Vietnam three days after January 1980. They have now a substantial proportion of China's her child was born, was assigned settled down on state farms, tropical cash crops. to one of the farm's production factories and fishing co-ops in During the last two years the brigades. There she was showered , Yunnan and farm has absorbed in 1,084 families with gifts of eggs, fish and other provinces and the of refugees from Indochina, about nutiitious foods. Tran Mi Duc, an Zhuang Autonomous Region. The 5,700 persons in all. The first sud- old woman had had a nasty largest number are in Guang- den influx created housing diffi- fall and injured her leg while in dong province where 84 state culties. Families working on the transit. She was placed in the farms have arranged work for farm soon eased it by evacuating farm's hospital upon arrival. 107,863 refugees, about a quarter 517 rooms of their own so that the Xinglong Farm has put up of them on Island. Alto- refugees could get immediate rest build.ings totalling about 30,000 gether the Chinese government has and comfort, while they themselves rooms for the refugees not only spent the equivalent of US $580 moved into straw huts. Articles for their living but for- schools, million on the relief and resettle- of daily use, such as mosquito kindergartens, clinics and storage. ment of the refugees. nets, summer sleeping, mats, The one-story buildings are brick- thermos bottles, teapots, bowls and and-tile. Each unit has a bedrcom, Feeling at Home chopsticks were preparrd in kitchen and bathroom. There are On Hainan Island, where I trav- readiness for the newcomers who also two-story buildings of con- elled to see what was happening were served with hot food as soon crete. AII the refugees had moved to the newcomers, my first visit as they arrived. Some farm into their new quarters by my visit was to the Xinglong Overseas families made sweet cakes in April. Chinese Farm. Most of its in- especially for the children. The Many had been in a poor come is from industrial crops warm friendliness of attitude of state of health when they came, - the Chinese people moved some from undernourishment and such ZENG SHUZHI is a staff reporter for refugees so deeply that they wept diseases as hepatitis, dysentery, Chlna Reconstructs. as they ate. influenza, conjunctivitis and

Xu Lihua (first left), a farm cadre on Xingtong Farm, home- In lhe farm's hospital for refugees. Zeng Shuzhi visits a refugee family.

18 CEINA BECONSTRUCTE measles. The farm's doctors gave check-ups and appropriate treat- ment. The 5,000 refugees at the Xinglong Farm are distributed among its 65 production brigades. With the'willing help and guid- ance of their Chinese co-wbrkers, they have already grasped skills they need. Zhou Jingen, an expert in the cultivation of pepper trees, who was a deputy to the Third Na- tional People's Congress, proved a patient, efficient instructor to the newcomers. Refugees with suit- able training have been as- signed to work as truck, bulldozer and tractor drivers, machine- repairmen, lathe workers, carpen- ters and as teachers, doctors and nurses. The children are in

schools and kindergartens. . Most refugees have fitted in well. Some have been elected as deputy leaders of the production brigades. Scores are leaders of production teams. And ?6 were elected and rewarded as advanced workers last year.

Three New Farms At the beginning of this year New housing for refugees China gave homes to some Laotian on Xinglong Farm. ar-rd Kampuchean refugees from Thailand. They were settled on three new farms on Hainan Island: in Wenchang, Chengmai and Children in a kindergarten. Zeng Shuzhi Dongfang counties. Wenchang Farm is to specialize on coconuts. When the refugees arrived there last year 10,000 fine-strain seedlings were planted. The trees are due to fruit in five years. The refugees have ptanted 120 hectares of shelter belts to protect the saplings. This farm now has 1,400 newcomers, most of whom live in brick-and-tile houses. Dongfang Farm plans to plant 7,200 hectares of palm-oil trees, and 150,000 seedlings of oil palm yielding thin-shelled fruit are being cultivated for planting 60 hectares of fields before this year ends. One hectare of trees can produce 4,5 tons of oil. Within three years the farm plans to build its own.oil-ppocessing plant. Two small power stations are already being erected. This place

AUGUST 1980 r9 Zhou Jingen (facing camcra) instructs newcomers in pepper On trheir way to work. Photos bA Liu Guolia'ng cultivation. has received 913 refugees, four- At the Water Splashing Festival ternational Committee of the fifths of whom have alreadY in April, the refugees were given Red Cross organized the Interna- moved into new liouses. three days off. Quantities of tional Red Cross South East Asian Chengmai Farm will grow beef , mutton and glutinous rice Task Force for an investigation in rubber in the main. Located in a were specially brought in to make China. Its members had words of reservoir-irrigated area, its fertile sure they could enjoy their tradi- praise for the arrangements that land is flat and easY to cultivate. tional celebration. enable refugees to work and live Its northwest border is near the in close communitY with the sea, which favors th.e development Aid from U.N. and Chinese people. TheY were also to of an aquatic products industrY. Some Countries happy with the provisions made The rubber plantation is to occuPY guarantee the necessities of life over 2,400 hectares. Last Year the The plight of the Indochina for refugees no longer able to workers planted 158,000 rubber refugees has come to be recognized work. The security and stable life trees and 400,000 seedlings, suffi- as a world responsibilitY. The of the refugees in China and the cient for 60 hectares. PePPer, Programme of the United Nations improvement in their nutrition coconut, tea, sugarcane and rice f or Refugees, the World Food have resulted in better health and are other crops here. The farm has Programme and International Red gains in body weight. a population of 11,100 of whom Cross have done a great deal to The national Red Cross societies have 1,641 are refugees. Within half a aid them. AII have sent rePresen- of a number of countries year, most of the latter have tatives to visit China to investigate likewise sent medicines, equiP- learned how to manage rubber how refugees here are faring. ment and funds. After an on-the- seedlings, cultivate rice and do The World Food Programme had spot inspection, the West German other farm work. Besides growing provided China with 22,500 tons of Red Cross decided to Provide the vegetables for their own use, some grain, 1,125 tons of edible oil and Guangxi Red Cross HosPital with refugee families raise Pigs, 900 tons of milk powder for the an X-ray apparatus, and the Xing- chickens and ducks. Some have newcomers. China divided the long Farm Hospital with helP to built bamboo boats from which grain and oil among them on the increase its beds from 140 to 200. they fish, basis of a ration system for five It also intends to suPPlY the The Laotian refugees on the months, and distributed the dried hospital with equiPment for its X- Chengmai and Wenchang farms milk to the aged and the children. ray room, an oPerating theater, a are used to eating glutinous rice It is planned to invest interna- laboratory, physical diagnosis and but not the ordinarY Chinese tYPe' tional aid funds in four construc- consulting rooms, an emergency The farms solved this Problem bY tion projeets in China, US ward and a pharmacy. milling rice flour and cooking it $1,500,000 to 2,000,000 to be sPent Early this year, Sra Sak in special ways. A number of on each. The Programme of the Thamarak; Vice-Minister of In- refugees are anxious that their United Nations for Refugees will ternal Affairs of Thailand and the children shall learn the Laotian donate US $15,000,000 this year, head of the Indochina Refugee language. The Chinese govern- and will afterwards continue to Center, visited China. He ex- ment, concerned to solve the prob- make donations. pressed approval of what her lem, is working out ways and Last Decemberthe League of government has done for the means. Red Cross Societies and the In- Indochina refugees. tr

20 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS My Muslim Brothers and I AI.HAJJI MUHAMMAD ALI ZHANG JIE I T the Fourth National Congress to the birth of the new China. Of So emancipation, for us, as for la. of the China Islamic Associa- this I am keenly aware through the rest of the people, came with tion held in Beijing in April, I had my personal experlence. the founding of the people's re- the honor of being elected its I was born in 191? in a devout public in 1949. Today we Muslims chairman. Invested with the trust Muslim family in Lunxian county, enjoy equal rights and, as masters of over 10 million Chinese Muslims province, and was early of the country, participate in state of ten fraternal nationalities, I felt taught in the ways of Islam by my affairs through our deputies to it my duty to accept, despite my parents. In the tradition of strict national and local people's con- Iimited capacities. It is my sincere religious education in Muslim gresses and political consultative hope that, with the help of the families in our country, I wor- conferences. The Fifth National ulemas, I will do some useful work shipped regularly at the People's Congress, for instance, for my Muslim brothers, maintain- in my home town, and as an ado- has 125 Muslim deputies (3.5 per- ing the fine traditions of Islam lescent learned Arabic and Persian cent of the total) while 37 Muslims and promoting friendly coopera- there and regularly studied the are members of the Fifth National tion among Muslims in China and Koran and various aspects of Is- Committee of the Chinese People's with those abroad. lamic doctrine and law. Political Consultative Conference In the 1930s the Japanese im- (2 percent of the total). Both Destiny of Chinese Muslims perialists invaded China. My gen- figures are far in excess of the This Fourth Congress was eration of Muslims, like other proportion of Muslims in the the young patriots,' plunged Iargest gathering of its kind held whole- population as a whole, which is since 1963. Over 250 delegates heartedly into the national re- about 1.1 percent. I myself was sistance Many attended. Their numbers and movement. travel- elected a deputy to the Third, breadth of representation attested ed extensively in the country. I Fourth and Fifth National People's the increased unity of the Muslims myself eventually settled down in Congresses in 1964, 1975 and 1978 of China's various nationalities. I the northwest as Imam of a local respectively. mosque, was overjoyed to see this. and was engaged in Mus- The year 1953 saw the convoca- The Prophet Muhammad taught lim education and editing Islamic tion of China's First Islamic Con- periodicals. us, "He who is ungrateful to man, gress. It was there that the China is ungrateful to Allah." AII partici- Islamic Association came into be- The China Association pants agreed that the successful Islamic ing on the initiation of the noted convocation of our congress was a Chinese Muslims were exploited Chinese Muslims Al-hajji Burhan striking manifestation of the poli- and oppressed economically, politi- Shahidi, Al-hajji Nur Muhammad cies of national equality and free- cally and culturally before libera- Dapusheng (1875-1965) and A1- dom of religious belief pursued by tion. Under the Kuomintang, mos- hajji Muhammad Makien (1906- China's Communist Party and peo- ques were destroyed or turned into 1978). The Second and Third Is- ple's government. We Chinese army stables. Our customs were lamic Congresses followed in 1956 Muslims share the life and destiny violated and ridiculed. At times and 1963. of the Chinese people as a whole, Muslims were even forced to eat I myself began to work in the and we owe our present good life pork. association soon after its founding

Ulanhu (first left), Vice-Chairman of the Standing Com- mittee of the National People's Congreds and Yeng Jlng- ren (second right), Minister of the State Nationalittes Af - In Oman, Zhang Jie (second left) presenCs Omani friends fairs Commission, talKlng with the author, with a Koran scripture scroll in the name of the Chinese Wu Chuping Muslim delegation. in the contemporary period, that those relations were restored and expanded. From its inception, the China Islamic Association actively pro- moted friendly exchanges, and from 1955 it organized a number of annual pilgrimages to Mecca often with follow-up visits to other Muslim countries. It sent delegations to attend the Asian and African Islamic Conference held in Bandung in 1965 and other international meetings. And it has played host to many Muslim brothers visiting China. Freedom of Beligious Belief The policy of our country, as The Fourth National Islanric Congress in session. laid down in its Constitution, is freedom of religious belief. But and, over a period of some Islam was introduced to China during the decade when Lin Biao two decades, have been elected more than 1,300 years ago when and the gang of four had much vice secretary-general, secretary- the first envoy of the Third Ca- power, this policy was trampled general and vice-chairman of liph, Othman Ibn:affan, journeyed underfoot and the work of our Is- that body. to Chang'an, the capital of the lamic,A.ssociation suffered badly, Our association is a national re- Tang dynasty. For centuries, as many other aspects of Chinese ligious institution. As such it has thereafter, Islam served as a'bridge iife. After the downfall of the several functions. It helps the of friendship between the peoples gang, the association's work was government implement the policy of China and the Arab and other gradually restored. In 1978 we of religious freedom. It maintains Muslim countries. However, in invited the Grand Mufti of the the best traditions of Islam, unites the past century these ties were Arab Yemen Republic Sheikh Ah- Muslims in all walks of life for broken off by imperialist incur- mad Ben Muhammad A1-Zabalah China's socialist construction, and sions into China as well as into to make his third visit to China. strengthens ties with Muslims in those Muslim lands. It was not As an old friend,.he conveyed the all countries for world peace. Its until the founding of our people's deep feelings of the valiant Arab domestic programs and interna- republic in 1949 and the winning peoples for the Chinese people. "I tional exchanges have both won of independence by more and am happy indeed to see that the more Asian African countries and appreciation from our Muslim and China Islamic Association brothers in other lands. In its domestic activities, the Delegates praying in the hall of worship at the China Islamlc Association association keeps in touch with Day (Friday). Tiii#, Muslim communities in every part of China, and hears their opinions and suggestions which it relays to the governmental bodies concernd. It helps them keep in good repair, assists their religious life and handles such matters as Mus1im marriages and funerals. .It set up the China Institute of Islamic Theology in Beijing in 1955 as well as study classes to train Mus1im clergy, or- ganized research in Islamic history and theology, arranged several printings of the Koran and from 1957 pubtished. the magazine Mus- lims in China (the Institute, cldsses and magazine were all banned by the gang of four).

22 CEINA RECONSTNUCTS mo.sques throughout the country other," says the Koran. Surrour\d- AIIah bless Islam and bestow haP- have resumed their functions," he ed by fraternal warmth wherever piness and success on us and on said enthusiastically, "and I can we went, we met old friends and all peace-loving people in the see you enjoy freedom of religious made many new ones. Sheikh Al world. belief, under the protection of Waleid Ben Zahir Al Henaei, In the new historical era, we of your Constitution. I am convinced Minister of Religious Trust and the China Islamic Association will that Chinese Muslims will pros- Islamic Affairs of Oman, told us, work hard to make the PoIicY of per in the years to come and your on his greeting, "We sincerely wel- freedom of religious belief under- friendly contacts with Mwlims come you to our country and hope stood by all Chinese Muslims, and the world over will continue to that you will regard Oman as your in all the activities already listed' increase." own home." We shall never forget We will print more coPies of the the sincere and openhearted friend- Koran, resume publication of the Pilgrimage to Mecca ship of the Arab peoples for the rnagazine Muslims in China, col' Chinese people. Some misconceptions and doubts Iect and collate Islamic records and about China's religious policy did relics, make preparations f or For Peace-lovingJeople arise among our friends abroad All restoring the China Institute of during a decade and more of ab The Chinese people are confi- Islamic Theology, and help Mus- sence from international Islamic dently entering the 1980s which lims perform the Haii. We hoPe activities. In 1979, to seek are also the beginning of the 15th also to further develop our con- friendship and increase mutual century of the Islamic calendar. tacts with Islamic organizations understanding with other Muslim On behalf of my Chinese co- and Muslims in other countries so brothers, I visited Libya, Pakistan, religionists I take this opportunity as to strengthen our traditional Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain and North to extend greetings to our Islamic friendly mutual ties and increase Yemen, at the invitation of their brothers the world over. May exchanges in Islamic culture. tr governments, That same year a Chinese Muslim delegation was asked to the 13th Seminar on Is- lamic Thought in Algeria. A pa- Muslims ond Mosgues per we presented, entitled "His- torical Contributions by Chinese EN million Muslims Iive in Ctuna. They belong to ten na- Muslims", evoked much favorable tionalities which have been traditional believers in Islam. attention and cpmment. These are: In response to the desire of our The l{ur nationality, which has its own extensive autonomous Muslims to perform the llojj (pil- region of , near the great bend of the Huanghe (Yellow grimage to Mecca), the China Is- River) and smaller autonomous units and communities in many Iamic Association organized one in more places. Huis are found all over the country, from north to 1979 the first following a break south and east to west. of more- than ten years. Praise be The Uygurs, Kazaks, Kergez, Tatars, Uzbeks and Tajiks are to Allah, I was included. It was neighbors within the vast Uygur Autonomous Region my third pilgrimage and as a true in China's extreme northwest, believer, I deemed it a great honor. The Dongxiang, SaIa and Baoan nationalities are to be found ' After attending the ceremonies, close by in and provinces. we visited the Mosque of the Pro- Wherever there are Muslims there are mosques, some erected phet at Medina and paid our very long ago and important not only religiously but historically respects at the Tomb of Muham- and architecturally. mad. The Guangta (Huaisheng) Mosque in China's southern port Big changes had taken place in of Guangzhou, built toward the end of the Tang dynasty (618-907), the two holy cities since my may be the oldest. second visit. The HoIy Mosque at The Shengyou Mosque in , the southeast coast, Mecca had been enlarged; the'road dates back to the l1th century. from Mecca to Muzdalifa through The in Beijing, the largest in the capital was Mina and Arafat, over which all put up in the year 1230. pilgrims must pass had been re- The Pheonix Mosque in scenic Hangzhou, province paired; and the "King Khalid was built in 1320, and the Huajue Mosque in Xi'an in the last Bridge" had been built in Mina years of the 14th century. all with the support of the Saudi- The Aitgar Mosque in Kashi (Kashgar) in Xinjiang was Arabian Government. As guests constructed during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). So were the of the League of the Islamic Great Mosque in Tongxin county in Ningxia and the Dongsi World we were accordd a warm Mosque in Beijing built in 1447. The South Mosque in Shenyang welcome. was constructed in 1661. "I made you into nations and Also famous are the Peach Garden Mosque in Shanghai and tribes so that you might know each the Shunchengjie Mosque in Kunming in China's southwest' D

AUGUST T98O 23 Shao;ing on the lTater

ZHI EXIANG

Approaching Shaoxing in the spring one passes vast stretches of golden rape flowers, qtlmerous small rowboats on the canals, roadside pavilions and stone bridges. Scores of running streams wind through the city and around its outskirts. They total 1,960 kilo- ,; ':, meters in length. Over 2,000 stone bridges of various shapes span the criss-crossing waterways. of which a J1 shaped one is the oldest. Reputed to have been built over 700 years ago, it is considered of value in the tristory of Chinese bridge building. Southwest of the city is the Jianhu Lake which, even though reduced in size from former times, still stretches for 50 some kilome- East Lake. ters and has many lagoons along- side. The surrounding green hills qHAOXING. a charming coastal during that period. It was here and its beautiful waters compete v city, is situated on the south in Shaoxing that at the foot of Mt. in beauty. Wang Xizhi (321-397), side of Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Kuaiji he met his dukes and as- the famous calligrapher of the Jin province. Its 100,000 people have sistants and distributed rewards dynasty once wrote here: "Strol- inherited a long cultural history. and honors to them. And here, by ling along the lake one feels as if It is famous for its many outstand- tradition, is his final resting place he is walking on a mirror." ing sons and daughters, among and in the a tomb Today the lake irrigates thou- whom was the great pioneer of was built to corymemorate the sands of hectares of farmland, and China's revolutionary literature, contribution he made to China's the lagoons and canals are used Lu Xun. And it is famous also for history. His tomhstone, about the for fish breeding. Five communes its fine wines. Legend says, Yu height of a man, bears the engrav- in the lake area net over 550 tons the Great, first king of the Xia ed characters "Mausoleum of Yu of fish each year. dynasty (21-16 centuries B.C.), the Great". Nearby stands the Yu An Ancient City settled here after controlling a Temple, palatial in .structure, great flood which raged through- which was first built in the mid- out Shaoxing retains many of its the country. He is said to dle of the sixth century. In it stands old buildings which have not yet have worked day after day for a full-length statue of Yu, 5.85 been overshadowed by tall rnod- successive eight years, not stop- meters in height, surrounded by ern ones. Many features of ping old to visit his home although he many inscriptive tablets. The the city still remain streets passed his own door three times beautiful city has now become an divided by streams, traditional- industrial center, noted for its white walled, black-tile roofed ZHI EXIANG is a staff reporter for wineries as well as its scenery, houses with stone door frames, China Reconslrucls. arid an attraction for tourists. and narrow winding streets and

24 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Types of boats of the area include one rowed with the feet (foreground) and the covered gondola (rear). The Lu Xun Museum in Shaoxing, birth- Reputed tomb of the Great Yu, said to have conquered a deluge at placc of China's forcmost modern writer. the dawn of Chinese historr,. An honored site for some 2,000 years.

Small tavern in Shaoxing, Pltoto: bt ll'tttq Hottqrtttt na and Japan, and written many poerrrs. She worked hard to pre- pare an armed uprising against the feudal monarchy. Many of her activities were conducted from this house. There is a picture of Qiu Jin wearing men's cLothes hanging on the wall of her old home"

Birthplace of Lu Xun People coming to Shaoxing al- most invariably visit the old home of Lu Xun. A pathbreaker of the new culture of China, he was not only a great writer. but a great thinker and revolutionary, as the Old home of Lu Xun, renowned writcr. Litt J iortrsuo Iate Chairman Mao Zedong has said. In Shaoxing. a neighborhood lanes paved with stone slabs. Great State at that time. Below the hill committee. a school, a library, a changes have however taken place is the terrace where the King of kindergarten and a theater are in the center of the town, where Yue appointed his off icers and named after Lu Xun. wide asphalt roads have replaced gave them their assignments. Lu Xun was born on September the narrow streets. Shaoxing is the hometown of 25, 1881 in an ordinary house with In old Shaoxing the streets were many people well known in Chi- black-varnished doors set in a stone said to have three wineshops to nese history. frame, latticed windows and a every ten houses. There are still In earlier times there were poet slate-paved floor. He spent his many wineshops, and the custom He Zhiz)aaog (659-7aq of the Tang whole childhood and early youth of warming the wine at the coun- dynasty; Lu You (1125-1210), there, and many of his works were ter before drinking it still ob- patriotic poet of Southern Song about his hometown. served there. dynasty; Xu Wei (1521-1593), the On one side of the courtyard Prior to liberation Shaoxing was great painter of the Ming dynasty. fronting the house is a miniature poor and backward and its trade In more recent times, there were gardenia potted plant, which Lu was on the decline. Lu Xun de- Qiu Jin (1879-1907). woman revolu- Xun brought back from Japan. scribes it in My OLd Home:,,. . . a tionary of the late Qing dynasty The courtyard also contains many few desolate villages, void of any and Cai Yuanpei (1868-1940), a sign of life, scattered far and near pioneer modern Bird's-eye vierv of Shaoxing, with of education in canal-street. I,iu Jianguo under the sombre yellow sky.,, China. The ancestors of the late Since the liberation, industry and Premier Zhou Enlai lived here. agriculture have developed con- The residences and places of work siderably. The first steel works in of these persons have been Zheliang province was built in preserved. Shaoxing in 1958. Today the city Finally, there was Lu Xun. of has 100 factories. Its industries whom more below. include textiles, wines, pottery, These associations peo- power, attract tea, metal goods, chemicals ple of many different interest and machine-building. to Shaoxing. It is said that it has g0 sites historical significance Home of Noted Personages of or scenic beauty, a number of them Some 2,500 years ago Shaoxing are outstanding ones. All are in was the capital of Yue State of the a good state of repair, thanks to Spring and Autumn period of Chi- government care. na's history. King Gou Jian of the Qiu Jin's house is an inspiring Yue, after being defeated by the place. Ttris valiant revolutionary State of Wu, led his people in ef- devoted her life to the overthrow fective preparations which enabled of the reactionary rule and the in- them finally to defeat his enemy dependence of China during the the Wu (today's province). Qing dynasty. Only 29 when On Wolong Hill west of Shaoxing executed, she had already con- stands the "Viewing-sea Pavilion,' tributed numerable articles to which was a great post of Yue newspapers and magazines in Chi-

AUGUST T98O 21 wine is better known today as a "must" at weddings. Traditional- Iy, it was made in the area a month after a daughter was born into a household, then buried in the ground until the girl's wedding day at which time the parents dug up the wine and served it to the guests or sent it to her new home as a valued adjunct to her dowry, Thus, the name Niier Jiu or Daughter's Wine. As Shaoxing wine is usually sealed in jars carved with flowers or landscapes, it is also called Huadiao Jiu, meaning wine in floral engraved jars. The designs are so intricate an artisan may spend three or four days making a single one. Today such Veteran artisan paints jars for Huailiao wine. Wang Jinqiu and Yang Naigan jars are seldom used except for exhibition or export. It was toward the end of the 5th century that this famous wine, up $haoxing's Rice Wine: tili then a family product for pri- vate consumption, became a com- modity shipped to distant regions. Connoisseurs' llelight By the Tang dynasty (618-907) wine-making process had so much DAI ERKANG improved that it was written into tlne Jiu Jing (Book of Wines) and articles 'NO CHINESE banquet is really Shaoxing wine was first made ranked as one of the chief a \ complete without a few cups over 2,300 years ago by the of tribute required by the imperial of thit warm, aromatic drink of inhabitants of that place then court in succeeding dynasties. It liquid amber wine - was awarded gold medals at the - Shaoxing called Kuaiji, it was the capital of which is brewed from rice. Pro- the State of Yue during the Spring Southeast Asian Fair in 1910 and duced in Shaoxing, Zhejiang and Autumn and Warring. States the Panama International Exhibi- province, it is one of the oldest periods (770-221 B.C.). History tion in 1916. InternallY, on three alcoholic drinks in China. and has tells us that the King of Yue one occasions after the founding ot been acclaimed for its rich, mellow day poured wine into a stream, and new China in 1952, 1963 and 1979 bouquet by connoisseurs both in those who drank its waters respectively, it waE certified as one China and abroad. became braver in battle. of the country's best wines. And in a gold medal DAI ERKANG is chief of the technical Although used to boost army 1979 it was awarded department at the Shaoxing Winery. morale 2,000 years ago, Shaoxing Ior quality.

other miniature plants including the QinB dynasty, Sometimes he Everything has been left more or the Japanese rohdea, Chirta pink, used it as a writing-room. In the less the same as in his Youth' fringed iris and azalea which he rear is the kitchen, where he got It is a short walk to the "Three enjoyed cultivating. It seems that to know Zhang Runshui, a boy- Flavor Study," where Lu Xun these miniature plants preserve a hood friend from whom he learn- studied from the age of 12 lo t7. scene of life in this quiet and ed a great deal about the Chinese Its founder wanted to teach the secluded courtyard. countryside and acquired a deep children Confucian classics, his- I went to see the living room sympathy for the peasants. Outside tory and works by thinkers of the where Lu Xun used to receive and the back door is the "Hundred Spring and Autumn Period, these entertain visitors. He would meet Plant Garden", where he played he called the "three flavors". Lu revolutionaries and young stu- as a child catching crickets, Xun soon got fed uP with stereo- dents here around the time of the looking for milkwort,- picking rasp- typed writings, and turned his at- 1911 Revolution which overthrew berries and catching sparrows. tention to reading histories and

28 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Importance of Water instructions supplied by a book he made from the mash of Jia Fan had found in Beijing. Disappointed are used instead of water. The wine is made of choice with the results he went specially Veteran wine-makers recall that glutinous grown rice in the Taihu to the Shaoxing Winery jn 1978 to there used to be 300 shops manu- Lake area in southern Jiangsu and see for himself how it was done. facturing wine -in Shaoxing city northern Zhejiang provinces. A He carefully studied the materials and its outskirts in the old days. special yeast used and unique manu- each step in the wine-making On the eve of liberation in 1949, facturing process contribute to its process, smelling and tasting the however, only 90 were left. Output special flavor. But as the saying product at key stages. None were had declined and many famous goes, good Wines are made near radically different from his own brands were in danger of being clear springs in this case those materials and processes. Obvious- Iost forever. flowing into- the Jianhu Lake. ly, the water of the Jianhu Lake Since liberation, new wineries Shaoxing lies amid wooded moun- is as important to the quality of with improved manufacturing Shaoxing wine as was the wine- tains from v",hich the waters of 36 processes have gone up. The Shao- makers' yeasts springs wind skill and the xing Winery with its two branches their way into the employed. lake. This water is filtered and today turns out 25,000 tons of wine purified as it passes through layer a year. Each of its 17 shops pro- after layer of small pebbles and Manufacture and Progress duces more than the biggest sandstone. Chemical analysis has private winery in old China. D Shaoxing wine is made in six shown that it contains such steps. The rice is soaked and minerals as calcium and. magne- steamed, then made ferment, Rice is steamed O**. ,r;r.T;\?:;Zy* sium saLts beneficial to the growth to The resulting mash is pressed, and of fbrmentation bacteria. Sweet, the liquor decocted and sealed in clear and with a fairly high jars. The entire production cycle specific gravity it is most suitable lasts about 100 Before con- for wine making, especially in days. sumption the wine is usually aged winter when its chemical composi- for three to five years, during that tion is most stable. For this reaEon time the acid and alcohol content fermentation is usually done be- undergoes a chemical change tween November'and March. which considerably increases the In an experiment at the Shao- amount of that fragrant compound, xing Winery, several batches were ester. It is the long period of made with the same rice, yeast and storage that gives the wine its methods, but with water from clarity, body and sweetness. different sources. That made with Varieties of the wine include water from the Jianhu Lake tasted the dark, aromatic Zhuang Yuan the best. The Shaoxing Winery has Horlg or Scholar Red produced _sent skilled teehnicians to Shanghai from wheat yeast and glutinous and Suzhou to help set up wineries. rice, the pungent Shan Niang But their products have never been made with old wine instead of asgood as those from Shaoxing. water; the f ull-bodied Jia Fan Some years ago a Japanese wine made with a higher propoition of expert tried to make Shaoxing rice to water and Xi,ang Xue or wine in Japan by following Fragrant Snow, in which spirits

other writings that were "unau- works and models depicting scenes the grandson, who is taII and thorized". They broadened his from his life. well-built, told me grain yield vision and laid a good foundation In the museum I met a middle- here had risen from 2 tons per for his own works. The desk used aged member of the staff named hectare before liberation to 10 by Lu Xun stil stands in a corner Zhang Gui. He is the grandson of tons today. His family is happy of the room. Lu Xun's playmate Zhang Run- and secure. Last September he In Junuary 1953 the Lu Xun shui; who appeared as "Run Tu" was invited to attend the com- Museum, with a spacious 1,500 in the story My Old Home Lu Xun memoration of the 98th birth an- square meters of floor space was wrote of his peasant friend as an niversary of Lu Xun in Japan. built east of his old home. Its 700 adult: "'Many children, famines, Th-e miserable days of his grand- exhibits include his manuscripts, ta*es, soldiers, bandits, officials father Run Tu, so tragically por- Ietters, photos, books and stories and landed gentry, all had squeez- trayed by Lu Xun, are gone for written by him as well as artistic ed him as dry as a mummy." But ever. tr

AUGUST 1980 29 (irollt) Iiong ()in ZhongI'i. Patriotit, "Pock-nrark Liu," profes- "Silly Yang," the linking Yu Shizhi ittl(l Zhtng -r-ing mtkc ul) as .\ItIttag('I \Vang irtltl tapitnlisl, at:tt d by Lan sional pimp, acted by character, acted by Wan8r Chang Si, upricht \Iatrr'hu hannct' f ian)'e, Ruocheng. Deli. mar1- 'Teahouse' Goes to Europe

UWE KRAUTER

T N lalr' SL,piettrbet a euntpatly crl The moment the curtain rises on changes in their lives, and I thc Bt'iiinq I)t',,plt"s .'\r't Thea- the noisy, bustling scene of a Pre- revealing indirectly his political ter rvili tr-rut We.slet'n Eut-r.rpe rvith liberation teahotxe. the audience message. Lao She's rtter.stot'picrce Teahouse. spontaneously claps in tribute to It rr.i1l visit thc Fe'derrirl Republir: the cast. They are mostlY the Main Characters oI Gerntanv. F rance and trther original players from the 1958 pre- coerntljes. l'he cvent. has already midre and 1963 revival. Without lVlore than sixty characters bet,'n hailcd irs a ".scnsation" by th<: exception they were forced to appear in this drama, which foreign press. This .'r'ill be the first leave the stage during the decade covers a period of fifty years. The tinrc. thal a Chinese-spoken drama of the cultural revolution, when three acts take place in 1898, 1918 has gone abload Audiences r.t'ill the play was criticized for and 1948 respectively. The setting hear sin'rultaneous translation. implying too much sympathy for is the Yutai Teahouse. At the The Beijing People's Alt Theatet' property owners and PettY shoP- beginning it looks light and in-' has .sometimes been called the keepers, and for having few viting. By the third act, the Tea- "Guo-Lno-Cao' Thealer'. after the "positive'' characters. Persecuted, house is smaller and shabbier, poster on three urain playrvrights whclse Lao She died tragicallY in 1966. with a Rita Hayworth works have been prt.rduced here: The present revival of Teahouse is the wall. Slips of paper with the Gug Moruo, Lao She and Cao Yu- theref ore regarded by his manY order, "Do not discuss affairs of Lao She is best known in the Wesl devotees as a spiritual triumph for state," remain pasted on the walls for his novel Rickshaw BoY. He the popular writer. throughout the play. wrote some of hls plays esPeciallY Lao She once said he wrote Wang Lifa, the manager of the for this theater and with certain about a teahouse because this was teahouse, is barely twentY in the actors in mind a place where people from all first act, having taken it over on Tickets for Lao She's ?eahouse walks of life met. Thus his pIaY the death of his father. BY the have been .sold out every night for presents vastly diverse characters. third act he is an old man, seventY, months in Beijing. This plaY was It is a microcosm of the society of who is about to be driven out of written in 1957. Foreigners living the time. Having grown up in a buslness. Three other characters in Beijing or visiting the capital poor district of Beijing and been also appear throughout the PlaY' as well as Chinese audiences have steeped in Beijing fuIklore, Lao Chang Si is an upright Manchu been delighted by the production. She knew intimately the charac- bannerman. He is arrested in the Articles on Teahouse have ap- ters who frequented teahouses. first act, later becomes a vegetable peared in many Chinese magazines He decided to bring them together seller and resists injustice to the and the play has been televised in one teahouse, reflecting the end. The owner of the teahouse and broadcast on the radio. changes in society through the and patriotic capitalist, Qin Zhong-

RECONSTRUCTS 30 CHINA Court Ilunuch Pang, Song Er, bird en[husi&st. Ding Bao, )oung uaitrr,ss, Kang Shunzi,, thc girl sold lu buyer of the g:irl, acted by Huang Zo\gluo. acted by Xie Yanning. the teahouse, in her middlc acted by Tong Di. agc, acted by llu Zhong*cn. Photos b1.. K G. Gesch yi, wants to save himself and his over middle-aged now. Xie Yan- While preparing lor his role trs country by industrialization. Kang ning. who charmingly portrays a Man:rger'!\:ang I-i1a. Yu Shizhi Shunzi in the first act is a fifteen-. seventeen-year-old waitress in the lecalled an old nelghbor who had year-old peasant girl, soJ.d in the play, is in her own words "almost been a janit()l'itt hi-s primai]' teahouse by her poor father to be three times seventeenl" school founderl in tB93 berfole the the bride of a palace eunuch. She It is fascinating to hear how the st.art of the Ref olm Movemeni. returns after the eunuchls death i.n actors and actresses under thei.r Many former siudents later taught the second act to work for directors, the late Jiao Juyin and there. even the head-master had Manager Wang Lifa. Xia Chun, prepared for the 1958 been a f olmer pupil. But the Other important characters are premidre, They met with r:ld janiior a1r,r'ays r-emained at his the professional pimp, Pock-mark eunuchs u'ho had been in the Im- post. respect€'d f or his aEJe and Liu; the fortune-teller anil opium perial Court. They learned how diligence. He moved vei:y swiftly addict, Tang the Oracle; the secret to use snuff. They studied how and always had his trouser legs agents, Song bnd Wu; and the people greeted each other before tied at the boltom. When his hand*s Imperial Wrestler, Erdezi. They the Republic was set up in 1911 we1'e dirty. he r,t'ould hcrld his either die or are killed, but their and the slightly pigeon-toed, bow- palms far away from l.ris gown, as vices reappear in even greater legged strut of the Imperial Yu Shizhi does today on stage. force in their sons, played by the Wrestlers, They started wearing Lao She himself .suggested I-i same actors, who are introduced in their long gowns at home or even Xiang for tI-re part of the w'aiter Li the third act. For example, in the on the street in order to praetice San. Li Xiang was familiar with last act, Pock-mark Liu Jr. finally moving in the costumes of the rickshau,-pullers. ar'l,isans and the declares that. Yutai Teahowe urill characters. iike. because his relatives came be the base from which he can Huang Zongluo, who plays the fron-r thal class. He studied how" collect intelligence on the Com- part of a Manchu bannerman and 'uvaiters carried trays oI food, munists and administer the city's bird enthusiast, actually bought, poured tea, gilve rvat€r i( their prostitutes. His plan is, of course, himself a bird and cage. Lan customel's' birds or put their supported by the Kuomintang Tianye. who plays the capitalist crickets r:ut tcr sun- authorities. Qin, visited former capitalists who had been against feudalism and Problems and Solutions the first The Cast studied their habits. In When the directors and actors act Qin and the eunuch Pang clash read the play, they felt the three Many of the cast are well-known with each other. From the mo- acts were not balanced. The first in China, such as Yu Shizhi (Wang ment they appear, the audience seemed like an oil painting; the Lifa), Zheng Rong (Chang Si), Lan must feel the tension between second like a sketch; and the third Tianye (Qin Zhongyi), Ying Ruo- them. So both Tong Chao and like a caricature. So, at the sug- cheng (Pock-mark Liu), Tong Lan Tianye have concocted a story gestion of the .theater, Lao She Chao (Eunuch Pang), and Hu about an earlier encounter. In the devised a linking character who Zhongweh (Kang Shunzi). They market Qin bought a very costly appears in front of the curtain are among the many founding bird, .which Eunuch Pang also before each act and who ages like members of the Beijing People's coveted. Thus the two actors build the others. Silly Yang, with his Art Theater in the early fifties. on this concrete quarrel between bamboo clappers, recites doggerel Besides acting on stage they also the two characters, who represent about the historical and political have appeared in films. Many are two different classes. background of the periods and the

AUGUST 1980 3l talist Qin and the vegetable seller Chang Si meet for the last time with old Wang Lifa, the manager. AII three bitterly recognize the hopelessness of their lives. They are all over seventy and poor. Chang Si has managed to get some peanuts, but none of them has any teeth left with which to chew them. The third act in 1948 is after the defeat of the Japanese. But Beijing is still under the control of the corupt Kuomintang, and its campaign of terror. Qin's factory has been pulled down. He cries out: "Flattened! Forty years of my sweat and blood razed to the grormd!" Manager Wang, in the black Ac3 l. At the end of the QinB dynasty, peasanl girl Kang shunzi is sold iuto slavery clothing of the poor, has already in the Yutai teahouse. determined to commit suicide. varying fortunes of Manager Act 2. tn the early years of the Republic of china amid incessa,nt fighting among Wang and Yutai Teahouse. warlords, soldiers rob Teahouse Manager Wa,ng Lifa, the main character. One problem which had to be overcome was how to create a crowded teahouse on stage, How could the disorder be ordered? How could the audience's attention be drawn to the important char- acters? For this, acting methods used in Beijing Opera were adopted. The actor, for instance, would stand i.n a special posture or gesture according to his role. This acting style suits the play well and is typically Chinese. Another element is the fine use of sound effects. These are managed by Feng Qin, who used to be an actor. He sits. backstage, concentrating on the action, switching on his two old tape- Act 3. rn the 1940s under the Kuomin[ang, the three old men look back bitterly recorders or using various instru- upon lives ruined by the old society. Photos bll Zhang Jingde ments to create the different sounds. He can imitate the street hawkers' sad cries, or create soldiers' singing, the sound of a jeep, funeral music and revolution- ary songs. He is kept very busy from start to finish.

Memorable Scenes There are many memorable scenes, such as when Eunuch Pang buys a wife from the pimp, or when Pock-mark Liu gets his head chopped off because of a false charge. One of the most poignant is in the third act, when the capi-

DZ CHINA RECONSTRUCTS "Me, I've been an obedient subject all my life," he says. "I bowed and scraped to everyone. I did every- thing just so that we could Uve! Yes, I handed over bribes when I Gao Yu on 'Teahouse' had,to. But I never did anything bad or wasn2t criminal Why I N preparation for the Western European tour of Teahouse,IJwe allowed to live? Who have I hurt? J I Krduter, the author of this article, and Chinese colleague Who?" his Huo Yong have produced a German translation of the play. This Chang Si carries basket of a is currently being published, along with several articles and in- symbolic paper money which is terviews with the main actors, by the West German publishing scattered at funerals for the dead house Suhrkamp of Frankfurt in the autumn. Cao Yu, the noted in the next life. hoped for "All I dramatist and Chairman of the Chinese Dramatists' Association, is that everyone would be fair and has written foreword book, extracts which are no one bullied," he a to the from says. "But I published below. saw with my own eyes how my Cao Yu has Teahouse pieces friends, one by one, starved io called "one of the best of dramatic writing produced in the People's Republic since its founding in death or were killed off. I wanted 1949." He added: "Lao She is known abroad mainly as a novelist to weep, but no tears came! through the publication, many languages, great Master Song, my friend, starved to in of his novel, Rickslwo Bog. Most of the people are unaware he was death! I had to go and beg alms that also a prolific playwright. In fact, after 1949, when he returned from to get a coffin for him. . . . 'ffhat'll the United States to China, drama was his main happen to me when my. time vehicle. Teahouse, written in 1957, is, my comes? I love our country but who in opinion, his best play. He was then at the height of his creative powers loves me? See here, (he takes out and he was thoroughly familiar with the play's premidre the paper money from his basket) background.'Its in,1958 at the Beijing People's Art Theater was an instant and 19?9 whenever I see a funeral, I try to hit its revival in was met much enthusiasm public praised pick up some of this paper money. with from the and highly by the critics. . I won't have any clothes. .. burial personal I won't even have "Lao She was a friend of mine of many years stand- a coffin. AII ing. years joys. I can do is to save some paper Throughout the we shared our afflictions and In the summer of 1966 he met a tragic death at the hands of the ultra- money for myself, Ha! Ha! . . .". Ieftists who The play ends with the moving wrought havoc all over the country for ten years. Now these extremists scene when Chang Si throws the are thoroughly discredited and China is once more on road political paper money into the air and the the of stability and economic development. But, alas, Lao three old men chant as if at their She is no more. My only comforting thought is that he own funeral. Then they part is gaining recognition in the world, a recongnition long company, and the manager looks overdue...." for a strong beam from which to hang himself. Present Significance The Beijing People's Art Theater turbulent history. Ying Ruocheng, by foreigners. Some have re- was astonished by the enthusiasm the actor who plays Pock-mark marked that having seen the play, with which this recent revival of Liu, in an artiile** cites two exam- understand Teahouse has been received. they why the Chinese The ples. one, Chang is historical In act Si people had longed for a better liie aspect of ?eohouse has a arrested by the secret agents of great significance for today. Many and why revolution was the only young the Qing court for having voiced way possible to achieve this. people, who were born after his worries about the future of the busy Iiberation in 1949 and who lost professional Now the company is empire. In act three, a preparing their confidence in socialism be- thug is all but illiterate and yet for their tour of Western cause of the wrong policies Europe, reading ti1e of the is enrolled at the university so as up on gang play of four, can see in the to beat up the students and sup- countries they will visit. Those rottenness the and corruption of press the student movement. actors who at school had iearned the old society and the need for These remind Chinese French or English are norv more th.gn the mere reform to save audiences of what was happening brushing these up and practicing China. China needs socialism. years at every opportunity. Their excite- parallels a few ago under the gang Certain can also be of four. ment rnounts, and they are as drawn from China's more recent Because of its realism, this very eager to meet their foreign coun- Chinese play is readily understood terparts and audiences, as these 'The English translation of Teahouse was published, it Chi.nese Literature, certainly will be to meet No. 12, 1g,9. t'See Chizese Literoture, No. 12, 19?9. them. D

AUGUST 1980 33 closely related to the vertebrates, although it has no true head and backbone, and is considered a very primitive mernber of the class of animals to which man belongs. In the film, these creatures dance like budding ballerinas, moving New film on lvolution through the water gracefully on the tips of their tails, heads high, Iike BEI KE and not horizontally fish. But with the coelacanth, a fish of the superorder Crossopterygi.i, the director could find none iiving performer, so he had to work with f ossils dug up in Guangxi and Yunnan in southwest China. These fish had the ability to crawl out of the water at intervals and were NE of the best science films menk and biological, physiological forerunners of the amphibians, shown in China early this and morphological comparisons to such as the salamanders, or newts, year was Eoolution, made last demonstrate that evolution is a whose fins became limbs and who year by the Beijing Science and process of continuous cumulative had lungs to breathe with instead Education Film Studio. Most of change. of bredthing only through their the "actors" are Iiving and fossil skin and gills. animals and plants of China, rang- The Vertebrates Moving from the age of amphi- ing from the tiny amphioxus, the bians to the age of reptiles some finding of which Charles Darwin In describing the development 150,000,000 years ago, the film uses described as "a great discovery" to of the vertebrates, the film begins the fossi.l remains of the six- that living fossil, the roly-poly with ,the amphioxus, or lancelet, meter-Iong Lufeng Saurus found bLack and white giant panda which found in vast numbers in the shal- in , the 22-meter-long has endeared itself to millions of low seas off province - Mamenxi Saurus unearthed in children the world over. a small, translucent, marine, eel- Yunnan and the duck-bill dinosaur The film makes abundant use of like creature, about the size of a found not long ago in Shandong, results obtained in genetic experi- match. stick. Structurally, it is These were the lizard forms. For flying reptiles, the fossil from Xinjiang in the northwest with a Zhang qing (right), ediJor-director of the tilm ,,Evolution,, antl cameraman Shi Jiu- zheng examine framcs from the film. Ke Xu.an wing-span of nine meters was used, and from the area abbut Qomolangma, the world's highest mountain, there was the ten- meter-long fossil of a marine reptile. The world's highest moun- tain range was once below the sea, and the film demonstrates how climate, movements of the earth's crust and other factors played a role ih evolution.

Plants, Smallest and Oldest In eollecting material on the evolution of plants, the fi-lm- makers went to the Xisha Islands of China in the South China Sea to film microscopic, unicellular blue- green algae, primitive plants without leaves, stems or roots, very similar to their ancestors of remote antiquity. Then, on Hainan Island, the China's second largest island after Taiwan they filmed the cycas and fern trees, descen-

34 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS ;..,s .?

1

The panda at home

Northeast Chinese tiger Bird Island in the Qinghai Lake. Red-crcrwned cranes

Golden monkevs *'.. .:: lal f.*r,

t,:., ' tl ,r

,,1 ::. . ,:r. ll

Ji .:'

't. .

' iir

Lancelets

Congo parrot Sea Anemone Jellyfish

Cathaya (Cathaya Argtrophllla Chun, et Kuang'y

a {..

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r.t .&\ \ t

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From a popular science film: "Evolution" dants of the psilophytales, simple two-branched plants including the oldest land plants with vascular structure. After the huge forests of ferns Thirty Years of were wiped out by the advance of glaciers, needle-leafed trees ap- peared. These included the China's Esperanto Magazine Gingko, Metasequoia and the Cathaga Argyrothyllo, a Chinese LU CIIUANBIAO fir. Discovery of the last in 1955 startled the world, for these trees, The Esperanto monthly EI Popola einio lPeople's China) widespread some three million made its debut 30 years ago, in May 1950. In commemora- years ago were thought to have tion, the publishers put out a jubilee number, organized an died out completely. Specimens informal discussion, issued a memorial badge with the legend still grow amidst azaleas in the "Friend oI EL Popola Cinio" and distributed embroidered por- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re- traits of L. L. Zamenhof, the Polish inventor of Esperanto. gion, and none has been found Jointly r.vith the Ail-China Esperanto League, Guoji Shudian anywhere else in the world. (China Publications Center) and Radio Peking, they held an exhibition on Esperanto publications and broadcasts in Beihai Late-comers, the Mammals Park in Beijing. The numerous visitors included well-known figures in Chinese cultural clrcles Hu Yuzhi, member of the Frederick Engels once declared Standing Committee o{ the National People's Congress who that no mammal could lay an egg. heads the All-China Esperanto League,- Chu Tunan, Vice- for which he later had to apologise President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship to the furry duck-blll platypus with Foreign Countries. Zhang Xiangshan, Director of the -of Australia, which both lays Central Broadcasting Administration, and Ye Laishi, deputy eggs and suckles its young. The head of the Committee 'for Reforming the Chinese Written delightful film sequence of the Language, who also spoke at the discussion. platypus was contributed by the They saw the magazine as it first appeared - a newssheet Australian government. in octavo, simple in content; and as it looks today - an attrac- This strange mammal is a "liv- tive, comprehensive magazine with a broad range of articles ing fossil". like the giant panda and iliustrations. It is now distributed in 65 countries and f ound in southwest China, and regions in five continents. In February this year, Esperanto. whose numbers the Chinese the official publication of the World Esperanto Association government is doing ail it can to (Universala Esperanto-asocio), published a commentary on it protect and increase. entitted "El. Pop'ol.a finio Becomes Beautiful". It said, "One Many mammals still, extant are finds in the magazine more wider-ranging articles on the older than the earliest direct Esperanto movement in China, information about the interna- descendants of man. who made his tional Esperanto movement, Chinese views on important in- appearance late. However, this ternational questions, replies to readers' questions. cartoons. late late-comer has changed the Iiterary works. and so on. In fact, EL Popola einio promises face of the planet more than any to become an international, and not only Chinese, publication." previous animal. He started this when he gave up using his fore Iimbs to walk and began picking up sticks and stones and fashion- ing them into tools. Among the earliest to do this was the ape- man, whose remains and artifacts have been unearthed at Zhou- koudian, not far from the heart ot modern Beijing. He lived about 500,000 years ago, used and fashioned crude tools and, moreover, knew how to use and make fire. Here the film ends, but the audience is left well aware that changes are still taking place and will go on doing so. tr

AUGUST 1980 39 Peasants. My colleagues are much interested. They snatch it awaY from my hands before I have finished the headlines."

Peasants' Own Wish The circumstances'of the birth of this paper are sYmbolical of the great changes now taking Place during China's effoft for modern- ization. It was the Peasants, an- xious to raise their cultural and scientific level, who first took uP the question publicly by writing to the People's DaiLY, the Communist Party's leading newspaper, express-

Li Shunda (left), national model worker in Pingshun county, province, looks over the first issue of China's Peasants with Party cadre Zhao Yang. and the armY has f,he Liberation Li FengLin Army Dar.IY, but the Peasants have no paper. EightY Percent of China's population are Peasants and You talk all the time about agriculture being the base of the national econ- omy. Why are those working in the journalistic and cultural fields Newspaper not doing something more directlY for us peasants and agriculture? Without a national newsPaPer for for Peasants peasants there is no way to bring us promptly and fullY the Central Party Committee's Policies and work in the YAN LIU directives concerning countryside. It won't be Possible to bring about the modernization of agriculture without science and technology, and if tJre Peasants issue China's A veteran journalist who visited HE first of the don't know how to farm scientifi- newspaper*, its simply equipped headquarters Peasants Publish- cally they can't raise Production' 6, was a huge success ! remarked on leaving, "It reminds ed on April We sincerelY hoPe that the Present letters of and one of the spirit of the daYs when Hundreds of Praise situation will change. Please run a since dailY China was fighting for liberation, inquiry have Poured newspaper for us Peasants and into its modest offices in Beijing, and we were enthusiasticallY and hopefully producing newsPaPers rural area leaders." from a1l parts of China's vast The State Agricultural Commis- ih the guerrilla bases." countryside. sion, responding to this urgencY' A peasant cadre wrote, "It is the last summer entrusted the Pre- rDuring the years of the wars of first time in Chinese history that paratory work for the newsPaPer to resistance against Japan and for the a national newspaper dedicated to veteran newsPapermen, who had tiberation of the people in the 1930s and peasants has been published." An 40s. Iobally produced newspapers u/ere experience of this kind of work popular among peasants in the Com- ordinary field-worker commented, from the daYs of Pre-Iiberation munist-led areas. In the - "We were overjoyed to read the struggles. Last autumn some of Gansu-Ningxia Border Area there was first issue of the China's Peasants. The Mosses, and in the Taihang them went to Shijiazhuang, Hebei Mountain Region of north China, ?he Its publication shows that the province, where a meeting to studY Netu Masses. Hundreds of correspond' Party and the government reall.y economic policies in the countrY- ents in the villages supplied these put the primary emphasis on agri- There theY papers with "live" news. and members side was in progress' of their staff often delivered the papers culture." A worker in a commune- discussed with Peasants the ques- to the reader-peasants by donkey' run factory in Shanghai's suburbs tion of a peasant newsPaPer and Artieles from the newspapers were fre- have job A quently used by the village schools as informed the editors, "I how to do the ProPerlY' teaching materials. subscribed to a copy of' Chtna's month later a trial issue was reAdY,

40 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS and thirty writers and reporters prises owned by collective peasants, by outstanding people, photos and carried copies.to eight provinces, units, sideline occupations, educa- 'articles on folk handicrafts and, municipalities and autonomous re- tion in rural areas, problems about from time to time, patterns for gions. They read them to 8,000 leadership, women, medical care those interested peasants in making their and their leaders from and social habits. The staff of own clothes. whom they sought opinions on China's Peasants has made it a contents, titles, writing style and matter of principle to answer all A Readers'Tribute format. The peasants left them in questions promptly, and offers no doubt as to the requirements, help in the solution of particular Oh May 9 the editors received a insisting that ample space be made problems, whenever possible. Ietter from Chen Wenming, a peas- available for readers' letters so The fourth page records major ant veterinary in Fucheng county, that they could air their views events that are in progress at home Hebei province. It reads in part, freely. and abroad, including illustrated "A few days ago, a chicken pest and simply worded featurish arti- broke out in our production bri- The Contents cles such as, "Talks on Current gade. We have 1,500 chickens and Affairs," thus helping busy peas- 500 of them sickened from this The paper officially eame out ants to get a general idea of what disease. Forty died. When I was on April 6, with eight pages, ini- is going on in the world. These just about at my wits end I read tially as a weekly. The circulation talks in the first few issues cover- the fifth page of your paper. It at the time of writing (June) is ed such matters as, "Why the So- named some remedies and gave 230,000 copies per week. The aim viet Union Invaded Afghanistan?" some local prescriptions for the of the paper is clear: to stimulate "The Question of Cuban Refugees,,, treatment of this particular chic- the peasants to bring about the "Situation of China's Industry and ken pest. I was so relieved that I quicker development and modern- Market in the First Quarter of the right away started to give preven- ization of agricuture, and thus Year" and "How to Read a News- tive inoculations to the still help them to greater prosperity. paper." The second issue had a healthy chickens and curative The first and second pages explain- current affairs quiz, to which 800 medicine to the sick ories. The ed the rural policies of the Party readers volunteered answers. disease was checked in no time and and the central government. An The fifth and sixth pagqs of the sick chickens have all got well.' article entitled, "Make Good the China's Peasants give space to Hens that because of the disease Distribution Plan, So As to Win relevant scientific and technical had stopped laying, are again the Confidence of the People,,, matters. During the seasonal field producing eggs. AII of us in this g0 raised the demand that percent work periods they included arti- village are grateful to you. You of the peasants get great should a bigger cles on "Spring Sowing, Pests and really have done us a income this year favor." than last. An Disease," "Proper Application of article, Should 'Those "Trees Belong to Fertilizer in the Jointing Stage of Who Plant Thein',, explain- Wheat," "Prevention and Treat- ed- state policy in regard to During a u'ork-break peasants read ment of Wheat Rust" and "What lheir own paper, Fan Daoyuan afforestation. The issue also to Do About Acidulation of Rice reported measures already taken Fields." These two pages also to raise the purchase price of cotton gave cary articles on astronomy, geo- and details of the graphy, government bonus scheme for animal husbandry, fores- try, machinery, health boosting cotton production. The work, birth first issue also carried an interview control, overcoming superstitions with the Agricultural Minister and the solution of daily life prob- Huo Shilian on the present situa- lems, One article explained scien- tion, tasks, policies and require- tifically the will-o'-the-wisp phe- ments of agricultural production. nomena which superstitious peas- There is already evidence to ants have designated "ghost fire." show that such articles and reports The paper also deals with some are exerting a good influence by of the animal and bird habitats of raising the . peasants' enthusiasm the countryside. It has explained, for an all-round development of for example, that the owl, long re- grain production, forestry, animal garded as a bad omen, is actually husbandry, sideline occupations manls helper because it kills harm- and fishery. ful pests like field mice, locusts The third page of China's peas- and a wide variety of harmful bee- onts is entirely devoted to letters tles. On the pages ? and I there are from readers. The hundred or so works of iiterature and art geared already published raise questions to the life of rural readers, reports concerning small industrial enter- on good deeds and achievements

AUGUST I98O Anguo City" -"Mpdicine?si

ZHENG JINSHENG

chuck, Ft'uctus Amomi Cardamoni and bark of the Chinese cassia from Guangdong province; astragalus, licorice root from Zhangjiakou, north of the Great Wall; angelica and rhubarb from Shaanxi prov- ince; BuLbus Fritillariae Thun- bergii and corydalis from on the southeastern coast. It is said that the pungent odor of the medicines pervaded the air f or rriles during the trading season. For centuries these f airs were 'l'he Yaowangmiao (Temple ol' the Medicine King). the leading factor in developing the Iocal economy. Local chronicles dating back several hundred years rf\RADITIONAL Chinese pharma- about 500 years ago. In the south- confirm that a good part of the I cology depends on a wide ern suburbs of the county town population was long engaged in substances, ani- rises a majestic old temple the range of medical - processing medicinal herbs, manu- mal, mineral and especially vege- Yaowangmiao (TemPle of the facturing implements for this table. And since these are to be Medicine King). Legends ascribed work, or growing medicinal plants. found in many different regions heaiing powers to the god of the With their expertise in identifying, in China, each with its own re- temple, and local people would cultivating and processing medic- sources and products. distribution burn incense and pray to him when inal plants, people here became a and supply have traditionally been they tell iI1. It was here that the core force in China's pharttaceuti- carried on through the medium of original Anguo medicine fairs took cal industry. place. "medicine fairs" held in a number the l8th cen- of cities and towns. For hundreds Toward the end of Decline and RecoverY medicine trade spread years, the Iargest and most in- tury Anguo's of from the north to the whole na- On the eve of the founding of fluential of these fairs was held at tion. Month-1ong fairs were held the new China, however, the med- Anguo county town in central He- twice a year in the countY town, icine f airs in the county had bei province, north China. in the fourth month and again in almost dwindle'd away, and of the Anguo, called Qizhou in an- the tenth month of the lunar cal- old "Medicine City" little remain- cient times, became north China's endar. They attracted merchants ed but its name. Things began to Iargest pharmaceutical center from aII parts of China who came look up only after 1949 when the to trade in such medicines as gin- people's government helped to re- ZHENG JINSHENG is a staff member seng, gentian, asarum and the fruit vive the industry. Medicine fairs at the Medical History and Documenta- northeast were restored on a Iocal scale in tion Department of the Acaderny of of the schizandra from Chinese Tratlitional Metlicinb. China; also Fructus Amomi, Put- 1952, and by 1956, again became CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 42 national in scope. At the same slow to sell, found new outlets. Anguo's pharmaceulical factory time, the government financed the Since prescriptions in traditional now produces 120 kinds of patent eonstruction of an experimental Chinese medicines are usually medicines, now sold all over farm for medicinal plants and a made up of many different sub- China. The number of species cul_ pharmaceutical factory. Since stances some then both cultivation and process- been hard- to get ing have developed apace. the prompt excha Recently, by popular request, ferent regions ar the Yaowangmiao was renovated. ical workers an 1978 the growers summed up their Representatives from etsewhere visit the pill rolling shop ol the Anguo pharma- experience in a book, Hous to Cul- ceutical lrae{orv tiuate Medicinal Herbs in North China, which has proved to be a most useful guide. ,, ,..,"e.S Today the 2,000 hectares under such cultivation in this county iri produce 1,700 tons of herbs each year, adding about 15 yuan to the i. per capita income of peasants. In the old days the county could only make simple implements for the cutting and preparing of medici- nal substances, such as cutters, slicers and mortars and pestles. It now manufactures modern ma- chines, most of which are sold in other provinces or municipalities. Anguo county has once again be- come a leading pharmaceuticals x3 distribution center, this time with a modern accent. n

Earlier this year, the Anguo Chi- Trainees in planting medicinal herbs being taught by an Anguo expert. nese Medicinal Herb Exchange Photos by Xu Jiring was set up as a permanent center for coordinating the China-wide trade. In the spring of 1980, a national medicine fair was held here under the auspices of the State Medic- inal Administrative Bureau. At- tending were more than 1,000 rep- resentatives from state pharma- ceutical companies in 29 provinces, municipalities and autono5nous re- gions. Over 600 kinds of medi.cal substances were exchanged and 19,000 supply and purchase con- tracts signed, the Iargest volume of business in the county's history. Transactions involved ' large amounts of common medicines, and such short-supply iteins as Rhizoma Gastrodiae, asarum, fritillaria and eucommia ulmoides, as well as the seldom-seen Squa- ma Mani,ti,s, whole scorpions, Rhi- zoma Panacis Majoris and Rodir Ranunculi Ternati. Some medic- inal wines and tonics, f ormerly

AUGUST 1980 43 Sports lnternational lnvitational Tournaments

1l fflUA'S sports program in the Most of the Chinese players were \.r first half of the year was newcomers. Of the eight members highlighted by three international of the two Chinese women's teams, invitational tournaments table only two were veterans of the 35th tennis, volleyball and shooting.- World Table Tennis Champion- These took place in Shanghai, ships last year, while seven were World-Class Nanjing and' Beijing respectively young, aged 16 to 20. They show- from late April to mid-May. ed great potential. Yolleyball In the women's singles, eighteen- yeai-old Qi Baoxiang title- winner in this event at the -Fourth JI WEN National Games last year won 3:2 over Korea's two-time- world singles champion Pak Yong Sun. Notable was the way several Asian' women players using long THE International Women's pimpled bats coped with their I Volleyball Invitational Tour- European counterparts. Using chops nament at Nanjing, though in- to work openings for attacks in volving only three countries, was the team event, Hongkong's Li of high caliber. The participating Xiulin defeated former world teams from Japan, the United mixed doubles champion Claude States -and China had all quali- Ja,cques Secretin (left) and Claude Bergeret of France. The, Hong- fied for the 22nd- Olympics finals. Bergerit of the French table tennis kong women's team unexpectedly Each had its spe-cial characteristics. leam. beat the French 3:0. The Japanese team had been six The French men's team times world champion and as came into the limelight in many times runner-up since the the team competition, Composed 60s. The U.S. team striding into of Christian Martin, Patrick the international scene in recent Birocheau and Jacques Secretin, it years, had whitewashed the U.S.S.R. team 3:0 last year and Faces has made remarkable progress in New recent years observers call it outplayed the Japanese and South Europe's "dark- horse" ..- and won Koreans on several occasions. in ,fifth place in the 35th world The Chinese side, having trained championships. On the very first hard and benefited from competi- Table Tennis day of the' Shanghai tourna- tions at home and abroad over ment it upset Japan, the third several years, was at its all-time YAN SHTXIONG placer t at the world champion- best. Averaging 1.78 m. in height, ships, by a score of 5:3. ThirtY- the Chinese playqrs displayed ma- one-year-old Secretin, who is left- ture individual techniques, good sense of tactics handed, alone notched thbee points, teamwork, a strong and both attack and relying on flexible, footwork and versatility in defence. Contests among the three consistent loops. The French took table tennis is going teams during the five-day tourna- TIfORLD place men's team W through an age transition second in the ment attracted countless TV view- as a new generation of players event. ers in Nanjing and other cities. comes to the fore. Young players China made a clean sweep of the The athletes tried to outdo each from Japan, the Democratic titles: winning the men's and other by combining height advan- People's Republic of Korea and women's team, singles and doubles tage with fast play. The Chinese Sweden have proved quite a events and the mixed doubles. team in particular was a formi- challenge to old-tiiners in the last Japan was runner-up in the dable opponent. The attacks few years. At the Shanghai women's team event, followed by mounted by Zhang Rongfang International Invitational Tourna- Korea,. Sweden, Hongkong, and spiking from low open sets, by ment, there were many fresh faces France. Third to sixth placings in Zhou Xiaolan from shoot sets or among the 58 competitors from the men's competitions went to after delayed take-offs, and by these countries as well as from Japan, Korea, Sweden and Hong- Lang Ping hitting over the block, Hongkong, ,France and China. kong. all paid off well, earning their side

44 CHINA RECONSTBUC"TS 19 points in the match against the from DPR Korea, Hongkong, nese took the top three places. The U.S. team, which despite its Japan, Malaysia, Macao, the Phi- small-bore rifle 3 X 40 event was average height of 1.79 m. only lippines, Romania, Singapore, won by 27-year-old Srecko Pejovic gathered 13 points. The match Sweden, Thailand, Yugoslavia and from Yugoslavia with 1,160 points, ended 3:1 in favor of the host team. China. Hans Kowar, Chairman followed by Jin Dongxiang with Most spectacular was the battle of the Judges' Committee of the three points less. The title for the between the Japanese and U.S. International Shooting Union women's center-fire standard pistol players. The former, though in- (UIT), and Toyotaro Ikuta, member event went to China's Du ferior in height with an average of the UIT Council, attended the Ningsheng. powerful of 1.73 m., used fast and tournament by invitation. This Relying on experience and skill, attacks win 30 points, while to was the second international shoot- veterans from Japan overcame the ing meet held in China. The first distracting effects of a howling Lang Ping of the Chinese women's took place in 1955: wind and kept their hold as'Asian volleyball team drives in a fast spike Champions in clay pigeon shooting. while Zhou Xiaolan makes a feint from In spite of 5 to 6-force winds tbe No, 4 position. during the first three days of the Forty-year-old Hirano Motoharu Photos bgbu WangWano HongxunHonotttn tournament, the sharpshooters put up world-class perf ormances in Japanese marksman Yamashita To- many events. moya Zhang Jiezhong Forty-five-year<1d Skanaker Ragnar from Sweden, holder of the small-bore rifle world record, arrived in Beijing late at night and was competing only ten hours later. On the very first day he outscored 20 adversaries and won a gold medal in the free pistol event with 571 points. This was four,points better than his own title-winning tally at the 20th Olympic Games eight years ago, and two points over the mark that earned him second place at the tightening their traditionally sound 43rd World Shooting Champion- defence to nullify the highset ships two years ago. Twenty-three-year-old Jin Dong- won the 200-target trap event with attacks so often mounted by the points teammate xiang of China was one of the four 181 while his tall Americans. The Japanese won Yamashita Tomoya took the skeet 3:2, but with only 3.point women competing alongside 18 men " in the "English Match" rifle event. title with 194. advantage in the aggregate scpre. The medal standings after the In the China-Japan showdown, She emerged victorious with 598 nine-event contests were as the Chinese quick and points, chalking up 58 bull-eyes with their follows: flexible play took three straight with 60 shots at 50-meter range. sets to win the title. Her score equaled the women's Gold Silver Bronze just one world record and was China 4 6 6 point short of the men's world Japan 2 1, 1 mark. Later, she took another gold Sweden 2 7 medal with 580 points in the Yugoslavia 1 1 1 women's standard small-bore rifle 1 3 X 20 improving her own na- Philippines Sharpshooters tional- record by two points Scores in six events compared although still falling short of the favorably with those at the 42nd Meet world's best by the same margin. World Shooting Championships in Jin's successes were not fortui- 1978. CHEN KEJING tous. At the Asian Shooting UIT Council member Toyotaro Championships early this year, she Ikuta commented on the tourna- won seven gold medals three for ment: "It was a successful event. individual and four - for team All the equipment and facilities events. were up to standard. China will rnHE 1980 Beijing International Making their debut at an in- be able to organize international I Shooting Invitational Tourna- ternational contest in shooting at and world shooting competitions ment drew more than 150 entrants a running boar, three young Chi- on an even larger scale." 'tr

AUGUST 1980 45 Storied Boidi Town

TANG ZHONGPU rflHE scenic beauty of the Chang- range of mountains rises from the (Tsao Tsao), the wily and able I jiang Gorges (the Yangtze waters. The hazy outline of prime minister of Wei, and Gorges) weaves a mysterious buil'dings yith green-tiled roofs dispatched troops on an eastward enchantment around those who and white walls and pillars is just campaign without due preparation. venture through the three hun- visible on a peak behind the forest. Defeated, his army was forced to dred kilometers of towering cliffs This is the legendary city made retreat to Baidi City, where he along the narrow winding section famous by its generations of heroic died in 223 A.D. of the great river leading people and romantic poets. On his deathbed Liu Bei made to Baidi City. One feels as though Situated at the mouth of Qutang Zhuge Liang the regent of his entering a fairyland, with glimpses Gorge in' eaStern Sichuan province, kingdom and also charged him of mountains suddenly looming Baidi stands on the site of an an- with the bringing up of his son, ahead as if to block the way. Then cient fortress built over 1,900 years hoping thereby to complete the in a flash, the ship makes a slight ago. It was in the year 25 B.C. unity of China. It Romance oJ the turn and aII is tranquil and that Gongsun Shu, local ruler of Three Kingdonr,s this incident is peaceful. TaIl mountain peaks, this area, declared himself to be vividly described in the chapter, covered with ancient trees, hide the "White Emperor" (the Chinese "Passing on Guardianship at Baidi the sun and a single day can bring words for white, bat, and emperor, City." many sudden changes of weather. di, form the nar,ne of the town). After passing the dangerous shoals His ambition was to drive The Ancient City of Xiling Gorge, the wondrous eastwards from the gorges, take peaks of Wuxia Gorge and the over the central area of China, and The original and ancient Baidi majestic Qutang Gorge, another so seize power over the whole City is but a short motorboat journey present country. He picked this narrow- to the west of the ,Cay one. Stone steps passing two TANG ZHONGPU is a staff reporier throated site, the key point of fdr China Reconstructs. pavilions lead up to it. Breath- communication betrn een Sichuan taking scenes, such as those of the provinces, protected by and Hubei river dashing dolvn through the Pheonix stode tablet in Baidi City, mountains at its back dnd water on carveil in the lTth century. Gorge, make climbing the three sides, for his fortresses, and Qutang stairway to Baidi concentrations of troops. It was half-kilometer here that the Emperor Liu Xiu, Temple a worthwhile effort. who later re-established the Han The ancient city has now almost' its skeleton dynasty, defeated Gongsun Shu, disappeared, only the who died on the battlefield. Baidi outline still remaining. But Temple, a memorial which now old temple renovated in the 16th dominates the city, was built by century, still proudly tops the Iater generations in Gongsun's mountain. Inside are statues of memory. Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and othei Baidi is also renowned as the famous personages of Shu court in site of the events dePicted in the Sichuan. Rooms to the left and Chinese,classical historical novel, right of the hall contain 74 stone Rom,ance of the Tlwee Kingiloms, slabs called "The Forest of Tab- written by Lo Guanzhong (1330- Iets." They were cut from the 1400). The story is from the gorges and inscribed in different beginning of the third century styles by Chinese scholars and A.D., wtren Chirra was separated calligraphers who visited the city into the three kingdoms of Wei, from the sixth century onward. Shu and Wu. Liu Bei, King of Shu Some of the tablets record imPor- (now Sichuan province) made this tant hydrological data concerning area the base domain for an at- the Changjiang River. Others re- tempt to unify China under his count events during the Peasant own rule. However, he refused to rebellion which swept the countrY act on the advice of his prime at the end of the 16th centurY minister, the renowned sage and during the Ming dynasty. strategist Zhuge Liang, rejected an "The Phoenix Tablet," of unique alliance with Wu against Cao Cao design and with beautiful flowing

46 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Distant view of the ancient hill- top fortified city of Baidi

:

lines, attracts all who come. It is whole tree, which was suspended carved with blossoming peonies, from the roof of a cave cut into the flourishing Wutung trees and cliff. Thus the burial was pro- beautiful phoenixes. tected from rain or sun. Some Backed by a mountain, sur- well-preserved examples date back rounded on three sides by water two thousand years. The use of and linked with Qutang Pass, weapons as funerary articles Baidi City occupies a strong indicates the militant temper of strategic position. Throughout the inhabitants. Chinese history it has been a place of contention between rival forces, A Home of Literature and relics of ancient wars are plentiful here. From a high point A popular practice here on festive in the city one occasions was to gather to can look down upon play a huge pile of rocks anciently flutes, beat drums and sing. known as, "The Fortress of Army Bai Juyi (772-846), the famous Formations." Legend Tang dynasty poet served as an declares this official to be the ancieht battlefield on at Baidi, has left verses to which Zhuge Liang fought the describe this: "When mist covers the leading generals of the Wu State. Qutang Gorge,' And the moon shines from At the foot of the valley, among the west of Baidi Cityr the riverside rocks, qtand two stout Sad, Zhuzhi melodies arise accom- pillars panied by the calls of monkeys and iron about two meters high. birds." They are the reinains of a defence The Zhuzhi was a kind oI o! nrauy ncw orange orcharcls. alongQne the barrier erected by a general of the folk song usually devoted to love Changjiang GorEiis. or local matters Southern Song court in 1264 A.D., and scenes. During consisting of several such pairs of the Tang and Song dynasties, the two peak periods pours iron pillars at the mouth the of China,s clas- Rain down at the foot of sical poetry, gorges, one on each bank of the many poets traVeled of the city. Baidi Waters river. Seven strong iron chains, to City and wrote in the roar dotLsn the Great each 90 meters long, Iinked Zhuzhi genre, which continues Riuer from the mountains, them popular together to prevent would-be in- to our day. And dash througlt. tlw Gorges. Homely vaders from sailing upstream. The folk customs, varied and Ancient trees and green chains have long since sunk to the beautiful scenery, legendary and mountain uines shroud the bottom, but these two pillars historical associations, endow sun. remain, grim reminders of ancient Baidi with magnetic charm. From How can a battl.e stud feel ancient battles. It is interesting to note times countless outstanding ' serene and free? that this was also the first iron writers and artists have been Nowadays, among a thousand chain bridge to span the Chang- attracted to this place and added f amilies only a hundred to its glories. jiang River, Its construction is a The world-renowned remain, poet, great tribute to the engineering Du Fu (712-770) lived here Et,en long suJJering widotus skill of the builders of those times. for some two years during which are plundered by erorbitant In Baidi City Museum the oldest he wrote 361 poems, about a third tates. exhibits date from the Shang and of his works. He amived in the Across the uast autumnal Zhot dynasties (17th to 1lth city when aged 56, ill and poor pl"ains, after much century B.C.). They include bronze sufferings through half Where is there one uillage lif swords, axes and spears. Worthy a e time of wanderings, and without the sound of weep- years in which ing? of speqial attention are two he had to depend on others for mere existence. 'Du ancient bronze swords. They were His Fu lovred the land and waters hopes were crushed during his found in a recently discovered of his country and the natural later years, but his loyalty to scenery around coffin in an opening in a cliff on the city. In the country and people remained as lines' of his poems, which unroll the city's outskirts. Each is 39 passionate as in his youth. Grieved Iike vivid paintings with unsur- centimeters long, shaped like a and angered by the ceaseless in- passed beauty, everything comes willow leaf, with a well-cast blade ternal wars and the miseries alive the four seasons, the engraved with designs of birds. inflicted on people, Du Fu often streams,- the grass and the morning Archaeologists believe they that expressed his feelings by climbing dew, the evening sun, the rain on were weapons forged and used by to a high spot where he could look the river, the sun over the gorges. people the of. Bazi State, which towards the central plains of China The poems he wrote are hailed existed here during the Warring and cry out to the wind lines like gems in the treasure-house of States period (476-221 B.C.). In the following: Chinese literature. And Baidi is Bazi it was customary to place the Dark clouds float out from called by some the City of dead in a coffin carved out of a Baidi Citg Gate, Poetry. tr

AUGUST 1980 49 Home of Oranges

/\N a mountain about five kilometers northeast A Clarification of Fact t l of Baidi City stands a grass shelter where the poet Du Fu lived while working in a fruit In your May 1980 issue of Chiao you an article on orchard. Today, in the new China, it is still an Reconstructs have pianist In paragraph orchard but owned by whole peoPle. the Fou Tsong. page 50 you described how a Close by is one of the birthplaces of Chinese 2 on about between oranges. In the third century B.C. the poet-patriot reunion was brought Yuan lived around here and wrote his "In Fou Tsong and his old friend Wu Qu you this was Praise of the Orange." Records from the first Zuqiang. In this say that friend in the century B.C. contain the lines, "One who has a brought about by "a thousand orange trees along the banks of the Society for Anglo-Chinese Understand- not, in fact, the case, Changjiang in Shu is as wealthy as a marquis." ing". This was This indicatds how well-developed, even then, was as the meeting was brought about bY the cultivation of orange trees in this area. me. Leading members of the Baidi People's Com- I raised this matter with Fou Tsong' mune say the local climate is ideal for orange- who is a friend. He could not re- growing, the average temperature being 20'C with member the of the Great abundant rainfall, and warm winters, little frost Britain-China Centre, and I am afraid or snow but plenty of sunshine. In the past some that your reporter must have simply production teams depended entirely on the orange jumped to the conclusion that it was orchards, orange trees grew around every home, the Society for Anglo-Chinese Under- and the communes as a whole produced about standing which had been the organiza- sure that 1,000,000 kilograms per year. In the last ten years, tion in question. I am in of an undue stress on grain growi4g, many accuracy is of supreme importance because that I orchards were dug up. Orange production dropped, journalism, and so I thought let know the true and so did the income of the commune members. would write to You Now tirey are working hard to restore the orange tacts of the case, this oppor- groves and encouraging families to plant their own Perhaps I could also take how interesting we find trees. They are heiped by horticultural f arms tunity to say is less which have supplied large quantities of superior China Reconsttucts now that it more informative than saplings. polemical and It helps to dissipate some Some oranges grown in the area are seedless, previously. about China which large-sized and bright in color, with tender, sweet, of the igndrance of the world, and fragrant flesh. This variety is becoming one of exists in the rest we hope, leads to a greater the most prized on the international market. Long therefore, As this is also the aim ago it was taken from here tq North America' understanding. the Great Britain-China Centre we There the strain was improved and developed into of in your work. present sweet, seedless version which later are keenly interested the Elizabeth Wright returned to China. Such trees are difficult to care for and take Lonilon, Ensl,and long to mature. It was only after many years of Thanks lor the correcti,on--Ed. painstaking work that the orchard succeeded in cultivating and improving the strain' Its trees were FromaFriend,aChef awarded first prizes in nationtvide competitions in 1976 and 1978. First let me congratulate you on the In the "parentdl orchard" every tree is excellent work your magazine is doing. tlourishing and yietds some 70 kilograms of fruit In the past few years more and more per year. This orchard plans to provide other people in the world have become in- communes and brigades with 200,000 saplings' The terestefl in China and the Chinese peo- growers say, "We're going to shade the Changjiang ple. But for most of them your country River's banks all the way to Baidi City with orange long remained enigmatic and unknown. trees. The fragrance from their fruit and flowers Your magazine is very good and essen- will float right over the mountains." tr tial, because it is a Iink between China and those peoPle. I visited Your country in 1978 and this enabled me to understand the peoPle and their

50 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS progress better than most other Spring and Autumn Period 290 population in the world, guided and Ied westerners. years - - cannot be covered in two and by their government and Party. I am Iearning modern Chinese, so am a half pages. It would be. better to interested your G. S. Munir in "Language Corner". pubtish a series of articles or". Faisalabod, , -o)" Pakistan As I am a chef I enjoyed your recent pages, so that the reader .may get a article on Chinese food (Beijing duck) deeper insight. Also I am intetested and would like to have many more in- in articles on Radio Beijing and on the formative pieces of this kind. Chinese automobile industry and the School Teachers' Child Problem I would like you to do more articles various types produced. on different subjects, on regions Reading China Pictorial and China I'm a secondary school teacher here unknown pre- to us, and on minorities, Reconstrucls, I am surprised to note and naturally I would very much like ferably with supporting pictures. that the articles always deal with to read about the of ordinary (not A,P.V. life Cahour sunny aspects of new China, very special) secondary London, England school teachers on seldom with the shadowy. I cannot the mainland. A real problem imagi+e that any form of society in the among us teachers here in Hongkong is world is perfect, and only good aspects how to earn a living and take care of of human relationship 6xist there. So The story I like best in your De- a child at the same time. Both my wife cember 1979 issue is the article on the I appeal to you to be more courageous, and I are teachers and we have no Panzhihua Steel Complex a great to also consider sometimes the less parents or older relatives to help us. undertaking. This shows -you have positive aspects in China and to publish some wonderful coudtrymen. It them. So we would like to know how ordinary makes one feel proud to read about Dieter Kuckelkorn Chinese teachers who don't live with their skill and erergy and devotion. I (13-year-old student) their parents, but have to depend upon take my hat off to them. Bochum, West Germang themselves, manage to bring up a G. Thaw child. Huddersfield,, England Lau Men'BVah Frankness Helps Understanding Hongkong

Wtongly Informed on Confucius As a stamp collector who specializes in the issues oI the People's Republic Suggestions for Improvement This magazine has corrected some of of China I greatly enjoy your "Stamps the wrong information I had about of New China" column. . . . I vtould The recent issues of China Re- China before I read it. For example, I very much like to read a general article conslructs help to introduce many was wrongly informed that the works about stamp collecting in China. aspects of China, including everyday of Confucius were being destroyed. I I am very happy to see articles about activities of ordinary people as well as found out by reading the article "Qufu social problems in China and what is learned articles on more ihtricate - Birthplace. of Confucius" that some being done to solve them, I would en- subjects. destruction did take place during the courage you to continue to publish The color pictures are good but the cultural revolution, but that the Peo- stories about China's shortcomings as printing of black and white photos ple's Republic of China has been doing well as successes. Only with such leaves much to be desired. Sometimes restoration and conservation work there. frankness will Americans be able to get one Gregorio can hardly see what is in the C. Borlaza a clear picture of your country, whiih picture (some Metro Manila, Philippines examples in issue No 4, is necessary if the new China-US 1980). friendship is to grow. Usually China Reconslructs has good Clark Miller proof reading, but in issue No. 4 I found Minneapolis, U.S.A. Changes in a Former Capitalist errors. I hope your work continues success- The article "From Capitalist to fully and well, building understanding Leader ih Socialist Trade - An In- Reclaiming Deserts with the peoples of the world and in- terview with Liu Jingji" in your April troducing China to them. issue was very personal and interesting. Dr. Ma Haide (George Hatem) enjoy part got I read China Reconstructs wlth keen I the where Liu almost Beijing, China on the plane for Hongkong, and then interest. What you write about the tr fooled the Kuomintang by returning to reclaiming ot deserts into torests and Shanghai.... I liked the article be- lush green vegetation has impressed me cause it can represent a large number very much. I hope very much that of the former capitalists who are the rare Chinese seedless apples can be working for socialism in China now. planted and grown in our own Islamic CORRE,CTION Although it presents Liu in a very good Pakistan. We also rnust have bamboo light, it doesn't hide some of his faults plantations in suitable places, such as l. Prof. Tsung Dao Lee is in and selfish motives. the Chinese already possess. I the right (not the left) fore- understand ground of the photo on p. 14. Articles llke this, about the different that bamboo and banana plantations grown 2. In the article on A. F. kinds of people in China, make good on the banks of our Lindley: On p. 30 middle reading. vast canal systems will help in checking column, the words "resigned Susan Johnson water-logging. Salinity and water- from the British navy and" San Francisco, U,S.A. logging are twin menaces that face should be omitted from the Pakistan. sehtence before the last, and the pho,to caption on p. 32, I appreciate in Wants Bolder Writing very much the spirit that for "Kensal green" read has inspired the Chinese people to work "Kensal Green". I find it a good idea to write about hard for the continued progress, pros- China's history. But I believe that the perity and happiness of the biggest

AUGUST 1980 51 ii;.;;!':l '8Pt'",

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Colorado's Young Songsters in China

HE LINGYUN and WANG ANYI qHE'LL be coming round the more closely Iike the magpies in buildings and a lot of factories and L,, mountain, when she comes." the Chinese -legend who bridged stores. Chinese children, and the This catchy old favorite was the Milky Way by flying close people generally, were very among those sung in China last together. friendly, which made him feel March by the 40-member Colorado good. He would never forget Children's Chorus, which won the Not What They Expected planting trees in a Beijing primary affection of Chinese audiences and school. Each young American especially Chinese children. Nils Halverson, 13, said he was shared a spade with a Chinese he The chorus members were very thrilled when he knew pupil and they planted 10 trees. would visit His father was grammar and high school boys and China. Many choked back the tears when glad he was going to this faraway girls. The oldest was 15. Apart they said goodbye. perf orming, visited Iand so he would broaden his from they Beth Freeman, 13, whose mother historical and scenic spots as well mind. His mother was a bit wor- teaches Chinese history at Denver as factories, communes and schools ried could he get used to life in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai and on the- other side of the world. His University in Colo-rado, had Guangzhou. teacher, who had traveled to many thought of China as regimented, William J. Sims, leader of the countries said, "You're really with everyone in uniform. She chorus, said the trip's aim was to Iucky. I've always wanted to visit found it wasn't so. The children make the young singers understand China but haven't been there yet, liked to talk and laugh, just like what friendship meant, so they Now you're going." American kids. In a Beijing could contribute to Sino-American Nils had imagined China as all primary school, she was shy at relations when they grew up. farmland, with towns of tiny first, but the pupils came up to Already, on their visit, the children houses and thatched cottages. But her, took her hands and made did much to link the two peoPles in her cities he saw high-rise friends. She saw them learn

52 CHINA RECONSI'RUCTS music in school when still very China before coming. Some them how big China was, what a srhall and perform with confidence showed the country as shabby and good place it was, and how good too. In America, where most some as beautiful. When he came, the food tasted. He sent postcards children usually learn music at he was impressed. Shanghai, he of the Great Wall to many friends. home, they were not so brave on thought, was something like New Wherever the chorus went, Chris the stage, she thought. York, with a lot of tall buiidings said, the Chinese kids ran up and Beth was very excited when she and very flourishing. shook hands as though they were climbed the Great Wall near Bei- He made many friends. A boy old friends. .He thought both jing. Many a time she had in the Shanghai Children's Palace the singing and instrument play- dreamed of seeing it. Now her was very good to him, guided him ing of the pupils of the music dream had come true. She also had in an obstacle game and helped school under the Shanghai Con- an interesting time at the Sun Yat- him with his rucksack. After the servatory were very good. sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, chorus performed in the Shanghai Hopi Moore, 15, said coming to reached by 400 steps leading up Coruervatory of Music, the an- China was one of the important the mountainside. nouncer gave Steve a flower, which events in her life. She was in- In Shanghai, she liked the stores, made him very happy. He said terested in ancient culture. She with so many attractive things on that when he grows up he would went back with many souvenirs, sale. She'bought paper-cuts and a like to come back to China as including two shoulder-poles which jewel box to take home. leader of a tourist group. He she said she would use to hang What she didn't like much was bought himself a peaked cap and flower pots from at home. the traffic too many bicycles. a China-made violin for himself Erie Johnson, 11, noticed the She felt a bit- scared crossing the and some Chinese scrolls for his way Chinese people said "friend- streets. mother ship first" before sports contests. Steve Meswarb is 11. His father. He liked the f ood, especially a dentist. had lived in Japan "I'll Take China Back shrimps. for two years, and in Hongkong for Home with Me" Raxanna Morgan said she would a while. Steve was glad he could be "taking China back home with come to China. His classmates Chris Chase, 12, wrote rpany her." She thought it fascinating were surprised and envied him. Ietters to his parents, describing and hoped more and more young He had seen a lot oI pictures of everything he saw and telling Americans would come tr

AUGUST 1980 53 An Ancient and Vital Style of Painting

LIU LINGCANG l.\NE of the principal schools of form to show the spirit". His forms of painting native to India, Ll traditional is works Adntonitions of the hnpenal Persia and Western Asia were the one known as "meticulous Preceptress and The Lad.y of brought in. From them Chihese brush work and deep colors" the Luo Riaer were both in the painters assimilated elements (gongbi-zhongcai.).It is also pne of g ongbi-zhong cai style. which they fused with their tradi- the oldest, going back over 2,500 The Lady oJ the Luo Riuer tional techniques to Produce the years. takes its theme from the poem The vigorous, lucid and resPlendent Its chief characteristics are its Goddess of the Luo Rioer by Cao Tang style. rich hues. well-knit composition Zhi of. the Three Kingdoms Period In the Tang Hrrtorg, in the and careful planning. Most'of the (220-265). At the beginning of chapter Recorils of Offi,cials we pigments aie natural inineral sub this horizontal scroll the poet is read, "There are more than 5,380 stances, yielding colors that are shown standing on the riverbank Buddhist monasteries and temPles vivid, contrasting and do not fade with a goddess opposite him on the in the country." Add to these the with time. surface of the water. They seem Dunhuang grottoes, and it is not A painting on silk in this sty1e, to be gazing at each other with difficult to visualize how numerous dqne 2,100 years ago, was dis- Ionging and affection. Further were the frescoes and murals of covered in the Mawangdui tomb along the scroll are other scenes the time. in province in 1972. It had from legends and fairy tales: The Many great artists adePt in the retained all its splendor after river god Feng Yi beats his drum. gongbi-zhongcai style of painting twenty centuries underground. A goddess sings. Six dragons puII appeared during the Tang Period, It consists of three sections. In a chariot. Romantic composition among them Wu Daozi, Yuchi Yi- the middle one an old woman and vivid forms movingly conveY seng, Yan Liben, Zhang Xuan and wife of the legendary figure -Li the poet's fantasies. Zhou Fang. Representative works Cang is depicted in lifelike de- This painting was one of the by them are still extant. TheY tail. -Aptly conveyed are the ex- important examples of the gorqbi- include The Handcart and Por- pressions and attitudes of other zltongcai school of the Northern traits of the EmPerors bY Yan figures: the respectfulness of the and Southern dynasties period. Liben, The Lad'i,es of Guo Fi,ef 9n attendants, the lissome grace of The lines are fine as gossar.ner, a Spring Outing ar;.d PrePoilng the servant girls and the cautious elegant and flowing, yet full of Sillc by Zharrg Xuan and Woman look of the gatekeepers. The up- vigor. In' the disposition of the wi,th, a Fan by Zhou Fang. per section presents a goddess with trees and rocks, and the fan-like The Hand,cort was done on a a serpent's body and, on either side, shapes of the trees, one perceives historical theme. It shows Emperor the sun and moon, a golden bird, vestiges of . earlier Han dynastY Taizong of the Tang dYnastY re- a toad and Chang'e the Lady in techniques. ceiving Ludongzan, the emissarY the Moon. On the picture- one also Gu Kaizhi's colors are simPle from Tufan (Tibet) who came to sees coiled dragons, tortoisec and but delicately nuanced. He was Chang'an in 640 to escort the Han seashells. The composition is well- adept at using different tones to princess Wen Cheng to Lhasa. The balanced and harmonious. The accentuate his main theme. human figures are traced with the hair-thin lines show that brush- Avoiding naturalistic depiction of fine vigorous lines known as "iron- making had already reached a high objects in their original colors, he wire" strokes. The coloring is state of perfection. selected his pigments to suit the evenly applied with slight shading mood and content of the Picture, to add weight and dePth. The Gu Kaizhi Pioneer in Art and particularly to set out the techniques have further imProved - poetls emotions. It was Gu Kaizhi (c.345-406 over those in the Paintings of the A.D.), a great painter of Eastern Northern and Southern dYnasties Times Jin of the Northern and Southern Development in Tang period. dynasties period, who first put for- By the Tang dynasty the gongbi- 'In Zhang Xuan's The Lad,ies of ward the principle o.f "using the zh,ongcoi school rose to a high Guo Fief on a Spring Outi.ng three point in China's art history. It sisters of the imperial concgbine LIU LINGCANG ls e Drofeesor ln the enjoYing the Department of Chlnese Painting and owed this development largely to Yang Guifei are Director of the Human Fisure Pslniingl that of the fresco. Political scenery on horseback. There are Section of the Central Aoademy of"Fine strength and economic ProsPeritY eight personages (nine, including Arts. He is also honora,ry tlean of the a child) in the picture, a[ on horses Beijing Association of Gongbi-zhongcai in those days impelled cultural Palnting. growth. And over the Silk Road, with the ladies in the central posi-

BECONSTRUCTS 54 CIIINA Part ol a handscroll by Qiu Ying (16th centurL)) Part 'o! a handscroll bg Qiu Ying (16th centurA) Land of Peach Blossoms A Thousanal Li of Rivers and Mountains tion. Their mounts, spirited and waiting to have their hair shorn. Attendant Han Xizai during the sturdy, show the mastery attained Anxiety and grief are on their reign of Emperor Houzhu of the by many Tang dynasty painters in faces. History tells us that when Southern Tang dynasiy (in the portraying horses. The attitudes an Empress or imperial consort Five Dynasties period). The of the personages are highly decided to go into a nunnery painter, Gu Hongzhong (c. 910- realistic, the fine, sharp lines ac- hundreds of palace maidens were 980), was a junior secretary in the curately conveying each pose. The forced to shave their heads and imperial academy of painting. The coloring is bright and meticulous. follow suit. emperor had heard of Han Xizai's' A teature is the combined use of Dance and Musi.c is full of drinking parties and wanted to transparent and semitransparent motion, with dancers, instrumen- knbw more about them. He sent pigments, a new development in talists and jovial Buddhas amidst Gu Hongzhong to observe and the gongbi-zhongcai style. blooming flowers, Iuxuriant trees, paint what he saw. One of the main fields of winding balustrades and magnifi- The scroll is 28.8 cm. wide and expression of that style, other than cent buildings. Figures and 332.5 em. long. In the first of its the scroll painting, as stated above, settings were drawn from the life five sections, host and guests sit was the fresco; the two may be of real people in those times. listening to a woman playing the said to have developed and piba. In the second they wa'tch a flourished simultaneously. In fres- A Renowned Example woman entertainer dancing; Han coes, however, the paint had himself beats time on a drum. In to be ,Iaid on thickly to cover One of the best gongbi,-zhongcai the third section host and guests the original color of the plaster, paintings oJ the Five Dynasties seem to be resting after their brick or stone on which they were period (907-960) was lfon Xizaiis exertlons; Han sits on a couch done, whereas on silk, thick layers Qvening Partg by Gu Hongzhohg, talking with an entertainer. The of paint would tend to flake off. in which the .best traditions and fourth shows Han on a chair and Here we have selected two frescoes techniques of this school were Iistening to the music. The last from Dunhuang to illustrate the brought together and improved section shows host and guests difference between them and silk upon: dallying with the entertainers. scroll paintings. This hand scroll, now in The painter excels at using the The Cutti,ng al the lloir shows a Beijing's Palace Museum, describes complementary effects of con- group of young and beautiful girls the life of revelry led by Royal trasting, i. e., simple and complex;

AUGUST 1980 55 colors, to create an atmosphere Tang Yin (1470-1523) was a In this period painters in the both striking and restrained. As paintbr of human figures who imperial studio such as Leng Mu, far as modeling goes, the tradi- assimilated the best points of all Jiao Bingzhen and Lang Shining* tional rule in Chinese painting schools and fused them into a style were all adept at the gongbi- may be summarized as "observe of his own. In Palace Entertainers zhongcai style, but unable to give and mernorize", instead of the of Meng Shu he used white it full rein since whatever they "one glance, one brushstroke" pigment 'on the foreheads, noses painted was dictated by the feudal sequence of copying live models. and chins of his beautiful women emperorb who wanted form and The work was done at one sitting. to produce a sense of roundedness. coloring to be classically stiff and In this way the pictures achieved This seems to have been a varia- formal. On the whole, this school high harmony and were riot sim- tion of the "yellow forehead" remained at a low ebb during the ply parades of models. This feature technique seen in the portrayal of Qing dynasty. can be seen in Han Xtzai's Euening beauties of the Tang dynasty. Partg. Qiu Ying (1509-1551) was one of Modern Times Also in the Palace Museum is the four greatest Ming painters. He When was reducred a Thowsand Li of Ri,uers and China to A excelled at depicting scholars and semicolony War Mountains by Wang Ximeng (1096- after the Opium beautiful women, and in his works painting ?) a typical example of the land- in 1840, western began to the background objects build- come in. And Chinese painting scapes in the g ongbi-zhong cai style. - ings, trees or mountains were became Wang, a noted artist of the North- a complex mixture of outlined in gold to produce- a ern Song period, painted it when native and western styles and feeling of grandeur. This practice f orms. he was only 18. With gorgeous was majestic later added to the classic After liberation, China's "meti- colors he limned the gongbi;-zhongcoi natural scenes of China, en- style. Qiu's lines culous brushwork and deep color" livening the composition with were fine and strong and his colors school was given a new lease on thatched huts, palace buildings, elegant. The blues and greens lif e by the Communist Party's hamlets, cities, bridges, water attain a chrystalline clarity. policy of "Let a hundred flowers wheels, and with people fishing, Qiu Ying came from a family bloom". National and popular i traveling, fording rivers or simply of crafts-rnen painters. He received styles of painting were eniouraged. produced taking their ease. The colors he rigorous technical training and Much excellent work was g in the form of New Year pictures f avored were bright blues and brought th.e ongbi-2hongcai style greens, on the example of his pre- to uriprecedented heights. Unfor- and picture-story books, which decessors in the Sui and Tang tunately, his long and laborious gained wide circulation in print. dynasties. Impressive in this pai.nt- years as' an artisan toiling for the Some examples: Liu Wenxi's ing are the waves and ripples, feudal bureaucrats sapped his Chairman Mao Talking uith Peas- traced with a fine brush in gos- strength early. He died in his ants, Liu Danhai's Zhuo Wenjun samer-thin lines that stretch into forties. Yet he left many works, and, Sima Xiangru, Wang Shuhui's the distance to blend with the some of the more famous being West Chamber an'd Liu Jiyou's sky. Banquet on a Spring Nigltt in the Turmoil in Hearsen. Comparing the Song dynasty Garden of Peaches and Plums, However, in the years after 1966 works with those of Tang, one can The Jiucheng Palace, Guangwu when the gang of four held sway, say in Tang magnificent and gor- Fords the Riuer, Buildings on 'gongbi-zhongcai painting was con- geous coloring was Predominant, Fairg Mountai.n, arrd others. demned as a "return to the past" while in Song it was refined By the Qing dynasty, the rieyi and as such proscribed. technique and meticulopslY ar- style was paramount. Ink-and- After the gang's downfall, this ranged detail. These two periods wash paintings were encouraged school revived and began again to represent a high point in and the gongbi-zhongcat school produce good paintings. With the the history of gongbi-zhongcai was looked down on as a mere support of the Beijing . Artists' painting. craft. Many of its exponents took Association, the Beijing Gongbi- to making frescoes in temples and Zhongcai Association was set up in Post-Song Evolution monasteries, illustrations for re- August 1979. It is providing artists with better opportunities for study, In the Yuan, Ming and Qing ligious or superstitious rites, dynasties, paintings b.V scholars paintings on lanterns and New creation and exhibition. became common and the il,eyi. style Year pictures. Gathering at such Foreseeably, this art form with (impressionistic in manner) came places as Yangliuqing near Tianjin, its long and excellent traditions into vogue. The gongbi-zlrcngcai Taohuawu near Suzhou and Wei- wiil flourish with new splendor in style went into decline. In scroll fang in Shandong province, they years to come. ! paintings, it was used only by a turned out pictures'beloved by the revered old common Thus famous . Lang Shining, an ltali.an, Giuseppe few artists who the fo1k. the Castiglione, usho uas born i,n Milan traditions. Its foremost exponents "New Year pictures" are an in 1688 anil ilietl in Beiiing in 1766, came in Ming times were Tang Yin and offshoot of the gongbi-zhongcai to China in 1715, and, seroeil. as a coutt Qiu Ying. school. painter in the Qian Long reign.

56 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS t)i ili +ii,,r

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What did tlre Lady Yang drink? In the eighth century she was a renowned beauty belovefl by the Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong. Now she is s'till familiar to millions in China os a character in a famaus Beijing operq" What was the drink offered her in this traditional scene? Historically, we don't know. It was so long ago. But TODAY we can recommend to you CHINESE VODKA which is crystal-clear, clean in taste and does not stuy on the bresth.

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AUGUST I98O 61 Prime Teas of China WU JUENONG

Terraced tea plantatio[ at the Shucha People's Commune, Anhuinhui province. Xinhua

T|HREE thousand years ago peo- people on all continents, was in- tericide. Several vitamins have r ple were already cultivating, troduced to the world. been isolated from tea buds, such processing and drinking tea in as Vitamins A, Br, 82, C, P, PP China, where it all began and For Pleasure and Health and K. And tea has been found to where guests are still served tea as have anti-viral properties. soon as they arrive. "Tea on a When poets and others declared Research by a medical unit in winter's night is like a cup of that tea not only refreshed but also Tianjin has revealed that an in- wine," declares a line in an old promoted health, they were quite jection of a polysaccharide ester Chinese poem. "Tea of spring- right. Many historical records de- and tanlin extract from tea re- dew fresh-ness revives and refreshes scribe its benefits. Tea has been duces by 30 per cent the mortality said clear mind, stimulate of guinea-pigs exposed to massive the visitor," eulogized another an- to the 'Cobalt cient poet. The art and practice the nervous system, enhance kid- dosages of 60 radiation. An- 'team Jilin of brewing and drinking tea ori- ney functions and appetite and aid other research in the digestion and also improve eye- Medical College found that 90 per ginated many centuries ago and the sight. Modern laboratory tests cor- cent of the dogs exposed to intense serious tea-drinkers were very radiation survive if treated particular roborate this. Chemists have iden- will about what tea they with a mixture of black tea and judging tified some 400 chemical consti- used, it by its color, aroma, tuents in tea, many of proven me- tsiola inconspicua. Similar findings fragrance and flavor and taking dicinal value. have been reported by investiga- good care how it was made and The principal chemical in young tors in the St. Anibine Hospital in where served. They selected the tea leal,es is the alkaloid caffeine Paris, who concluded that Pu-erh kind of water to use, the type of which induces sweating, strength- tea from China's Yuryran province kettle and even the fuel used to ens heart action, and is a mild was helpful in reducing body boil the fresh water. It was al- diuretic, and neutralizes some poi- weight and the amount of trigly- most a ritual ceremony. Tea was sons. Tests also confirm what tea- gerida, cholesterol and uric acid in not "drunk" but "tasted and ap- drinkers knew from experience, the blood. An enzyme isolated preciated." It was from China that that tea makes the mind more alert from black tea has been found to tea-drinking, one of the pleasures and brings a sense of well-being. aid health by promoting metabolic of life for hundreds of millioru of Other constituents are the poly- activity. Very few cases of hyper- phenols, which improve the elas- tension or cancer have been found ticity and the permeability of arnong people who have regularly WU JUENONG, aged 8il, ls a noted Chinese tea speciatlst anrl the hottorary blood vessel walls, help to lower drunk this tea over a number of chairmatr of the Chlnese Tea Society. blood pressure and act as a bac- years.

62 CHINA RECONSIBUCTS wild tea trees in southwestern her teas have recovered their repu- China with many sub-varieties. tation and place on the interna- They discovered a "bada" tea tree tional market. in Menghai, Yunnan, which stood 32.12, meters high. Historians and Fine Black Tea plants botanists agree that the tea Current world trade in tea is growing elsewhere in the world all about 800,000 tons a year. Ninety originate from one source per cent is in black (fermented) southwest. - China's tea, and within that category 98 Tea from China was exported in percent is "fine black tea". Today quantity to Japan in the fifth cen- the world tea market refers to that tury and then tea drinking grad- for fine black tea, which China did ually spread to Indonesia, India, not enter until the midsixties. Sri Lanka and Russia. At the start Over the past Ten years the area of the 9th century, the Japanese producing fine black tea has spread monk Saijo, returning home from to 11. provinces, and autonomous Zhejiang province in China, regions including Guizhou, Yun- brought with him some tea seeds. nan, Sichuan, Guangdong and This, people say, started tea cul- Guangxi. Some types from China tivation in Japan and by the 16th have become internationally rec- century Chinese tea was exported ognized as among the finest in to countries in Western Europe, the world. "Tea" in English in the 16th There are excellent conditions century was "chaa," later becoming for expanding the country's pro- t'tay" and tttee". Today's Yunnan big-leaf tea. "tcha'1, duction of large-leafed fine black by Hainan Stale Farm word for "tea" in a hundred dif- tea. Yunnan, Guangdong, Guang- ferent languages originates from xi, Sichuan and Guizhou and the the Chinese word pronounced as southern parts of Hunan, Jiangxi, "cha" in Guangdong and "tay" in Fujian and Zhejiang are within the dynasty Chang Ju of the Jin Fujian province. As the drinking tropical or sub-tropical zones. They (265-420) wrote in the Huayang of tea spread world-wide, its cul- have fertile soil, abundant rainfall State Chronicles that as early as tivation and production also soar- and no frost or very little. And 1066 B.C. some states in the south ed. World output soared, but there is adequate manpower. Cen- sent tea as tribute to King Wu of China's own went down. The in- tral-south and southeastern China the Zhou dynasty. Tea cultivation dustry was in a sorry state when continue to produce famous teas Iater spread from Sichuan province the country was iiberated in 1949. such as the Keemun Black (Anhui to the upper reaches of the Han- But in the last 30 years cultiva- province), Ning Hong (Jiangxi) and shuii a large tributary of the tion and production have been en- Yi Hong (Hubei) from small and Changjiang (Yangtze), and to the ergetically revi.ved in China and medium-leafed plants. The produc- lower and middle reaches of the Changjiang itsel{. This happened shortly before Emperor Qin Shi Xinhua Huang unified the country h 221 B.C. With the spread of Buddhism in the sixth eentury, and the ac- tive patronage of the Buddhist rnonks, who found that tea banish- ed sleep and sustained them in their long hours in meditation, its cultivation and use as a beverage spread rapidly and widely. According to the author of the Huagang State Chronicles wild tea plants grew in south China a thou- sand years before his own day. The Book of Teo written by Lu iu in ?60 talks of wild tea trees growing abundantly in the southern part of the Sichuan basin. Chinese bo- tanists have recently found that there are still extensive areas of

AUGUST 19EO 63 tion of fine black teas is also being In the present drive to grow and CHINEsE COO!(ERY vigorowly pursued there. The produce more and better fine black stress at present is on improving tea we are not neglecting such tra- the quality of the latter. More ef- 'ditionally popular teas as green fort is being put into seed selection tea (unfermented) and oolong Uinter tlelon Gup and production of the most suitable (semi-fermented) tea, of which large-leafed varieties. These are China is the biggest exPorter. We (Dong Gua Zhong) being widely propagated and their have the right kind of soil and the cultivation improved. New process- climate in many Provinces to cul- ing techniques and machinery are tivate medium-Ieafed and small- being introduced to bring all the Ieafed plants favored for green tea 4 Ib winter melon. A whole winter steps into- one continuous process, with its huge home market which melon with a short stem is Pre' from withering, roasting to final makes its expansion and imProve- ferable (or the lower Part of a firing. ment mandatary. Oolong tea is a winter melon) very special product from China. 4 oz breast of chicken trt has a trisk aroma and full 4 oz tender lean pork A gigantri0 wild tea tree in th€ 1 oz lean Chinese ham Daheishin forest, Yunnan province. flavour. Its clear yellowish infu- Tan Zili unique sweet fresh 6 dried black mushrooms, soaked sion leaves a I oz dried scallops soaked in 1 cup of I taste in the mouth, its PoPularitY '1 warm water overnight (can be abroad has been growing raPidlY. substituted with soaked dried shiimps) Popular Varieties 2 teaspoons cornstarch mixed with 2% Among the verY China teaspoons water PoPuIar 2 cups chicken broth (or pork stock) B1ack, and green teas are Kegmun 1 oz fresh lotus seeds (or canned lotus teas, such as the West Lake Long- seeds) jing from Zhejiang Piovince, the 3 teaspoons salt - Pilochun from the Taihu Lake in 7z teaspoon taste powder (monosodium Jiangsu province, the Junshan glutamate) ts.1' Silver Needles from Hunan Prov- Wash outside of melon. Cut off toP part forms ince, and the Huangshan Maofeng 4 cm. below stem. The larger Y from Anhui the melon cup, the other part the cap. and Liu-an GuaPian pulp and seeds. Cover melon leaves of each have Remove province. The with boiling water and Iet it stand for , ",,.1 qualities and their own particular 3 .minutes. Remove and cool in cold form. West Lake Longjing is noted .water 1to keep melon skin green after k.,i..d for its green color, flavor and steaming). Place melon cup on a large aroma, fullness of bodY and beau- serving-bowI. tiful leaf shape. Another famous Cut mushrooms, ham, chieken, Pork into I mm. dices. Rub chicken green tea is the Filochun, a name "16.pork given' by Fmperor Kangxi of dices with cornstarch. into a and dynasty (1644-1911), Pour 4 cups of water Pot the Qing bring to a boil. Add the diced which indicates where the tea ingredients. Keep water at a rolling is grown (a peak by the Taihu boil for one minute. Skim off foam' Lake), .and also describes it Remove diced ingredients with a :: $ (exquisite green and shaped like strainer and drain. tiny snail shells). "Lo" in Chinese Drain scallops, keePing water and means snail and "chun" means shred. Pour water into a skillet, spring when the buds are picked. discarding residue. Add 2 cuPs ol salt, the It takes 80,000 young' buds, the chicken bioth, 3 teasPoons and shredded scallop' make up one diced ingredients first in the season, to a boil. Simmer over low Its Bring to half kilogram of Pilochun. flame for half an hour, or until a lingering fresh sweet taste comes mixture of one cup of stock and two from the tiny quantity of dimethyl cups of other ingredients remain. Pour sulphide found only in the freshly mixture into melon cup and cover with picked yogngest buds of this tea melon cap. Place whole melon on plant. serving bowl in a large steamer and Research is still going on to learn steam for l5 minutes. biochem- Skin and core lotus seeds with a more about the chemical, filling. physiological properties toothpick. Add seeds to melon ical and Steam melon another five minutes. of tea, and scientists and growers Don't over-steam thi: melon or it will are working to improve every as- collapse and lose its shaPe. Add pect of the tea industry in China, % teaspoon taste powder to the filling. its ancient homeland. tr Serve whole melon. tr

64 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Did fiine e Buddlrhts Rrodr lmerira t000 Ymrs Belore (olumDus!

FANG ZHONGPU

Dynasty,', , first de- atg."

VER since the French [! sinologist the cities. Records are inscribed out the hypothesis that Fusang was r-.t J. cie Guignes 1?61 in pub- on material made from the bark Japan. Inhis Euening Talks in the lished his Chinese Voyages to the of the Fusang tree. Yan American Mounto'ins published in 1962, Coast, claiming that "A man seeking a wife builds a Deng said "many Chinese histories, Chinese Buddhists had arrived in house in front of the woman,s and such as the History of the Liang Americas the a thousand years lives in it. He cleans her house Dynasty and the History of the before Columbus, scholars in in the mornings. After a ye'ar, if Southern Dgnasties, many distinguish countries have argued for shq is not satisJied with him, hb clearly between Japan and Fusang. and against his view. De Guignes is driven away; if she is pleased, The two are written about in dif- based on it his studies of the Li,ang they marry. ferent chapters. They must not be Shu, the Historg or of the Li.ang "The country has two prisons, confused, Geographically they are Dgnastg,' written by Yao Silian one in the north, one in the south. de.scribed as far apart. (557-637), who in this 56-volume 'work Ordinary criminals are put i4 the , Deng Tuo noted that many con- recorded happenings in the southern jail, whereas those con- ditions, customs and products first half of of the 6th century. De victed of serious crimes in the Fusang, as described in the Historg Guignes thought that the country northern one. Prisoners in the oJ the Li,ang Dgnasty, closely re- of Fusang which it mentioned as southern Jail can be pardoned. sembled having been visited those recorded in old Mex- by Chinese Those in the northern jail are ico. The Fusang tree, he believed, Buddhists was actually Mexico. there for lite, but are allowed to is the cactus-like Century Plant marry. Their offspring bqcome of Mexico, which matures very The Country Fusang of slaves, boys at 8 and girls at g.,, slowly and . dies shortly after What country is described in flowering. played Here are some things It a large role this 6th these passages? In China, there are in the lives of the ancient Mexi- century Chinese history said about two views. One holds that Fusang got Fusang. cans, who from it food, drink is Japan. The other believes it is and clothing. "In the first year of the yong- Mexico. In ancient yuan period Chinese'classics Zhu Qianzhi, another, Chinese of the Qi dynasty Fusang is the name for a sacred scholar, wrote Tertual Research on (499), a monk named Huishen ar- tree, or the place where it grows. Fusang published in 1941, in which rived in Jingzhou (in today's Hu- The word "F'usang" is found in he also mentioned that ancient provincd; bei central China). Hui- Lisao (The Lamcnt), written by Mexico had two kinds of prisons. shen declared he had returned one of China's greatest poets, eu Ancient Mexico had child slaves from the Land of Fusang, some Yuan (340-278 B.C.). But as the too, the boys beginning at seven 20,000 Ii to the east of China. The name of a real country, it first ap- and girls at In the History Fusang grows eight. tree abundantly pears in the Hdstorgr of the Liang of the Liang Dynastgr the ages had there and its leaves are similar to Dynastg. Many Chinese historians been reckoned by the Chinese those of the Paulownia. The buds believe that the Fusang the monk are method, considering a person one like bamboo shoots and the Huishen had visited is today,s year old at birth. people eat them. The fruit is pear- Mexico. The, noted scholar Liang Zhu Qianzhi identified Huishen shaped, but red in color. From Qichao (1873-1929) in his book who went to Fusang as a famous the bark, cloth garments and are Trauels in the Neluo Wodd. cited, Chinese Buddhist monk of the 5th made. Houses are built of this evidence to back this up. century. volume tree. There According to IX are no walls around of The Fi.rst Collection of Biogra- Soms Plsssnt Day Chinese Views phies of Famous Monks, Huishen FANG ZEONGPU, a specialist in the hi;toyy of navi8ption, hos spent p0 was a disciple of a celebr4ted years collecting dota and researching Deng Tuo, a well-known con- Buddhist prelate whose monastic into this subject. temporary Chinese historian, ruled name was Huiji. The Historg of euiusr rsso 65 the Liang Dynastg states that Hui- There are records of navigating first, consisting of two cYlinder- shen went to Fusang to preach by the stars, sun and moon in the shaped stones and one in the shaPe Buddhism in the year 458. Western Han dynasty and of Chi- of an equilateral triangle, was Zhu agreed with Deng Tuo's nese sailors determining their po- found in shallow waters off Palos view that Huishen's return to sition at sea by reading the Posi- Verdes Peninsula, California. The China from Fusang was actually tions of celestial bodies with the other was a large circular stone from Mexico. Deng had written aid of the 1.9 degree angle. This with a hole bored through the cen- that Huishen left for the Americas discovery was a great forward steP ter brought up from about 1,000 in 452, but returned some 40 years of navigation. An unearthed Pot- fathoms off Point Medecino, CaIi- later. tery ship model of the Eastern Han fornia. It was covered with a thin dynasty (25-220) shows that in the coating of manganese. Based on Technical Possibility first century the Chinese alreadY the accumulation rate of manga- knew how to use the stern-Post nese Dr. Moriarty believes the Could Chinese vessels of the 5th rudder to keep ships on course. In stone anchor is about 3,000 Years century actually make trans- the third ,century Chinese sailors old and Asian in origin. Pacific voyages? were able to calculate sailing Such stones are known to have speeds and the length of voYages been used for thousands of Years and make use of the northeast as anchors. In the Eastern Jin (spring) monsoons. In the 5th cen- dynasty (31?-420) shiP carrYing tury there were frequent seaborne the monk Faxiair returning to exchanges of envoys between China from India was hit bY a gale China and other countries. east of Sri Lanka. wrote So it would have been quite Pos- in his book Records of Buddhi.st sible for Chinese ships to cross the Countries: "The sea was so deeP Pacific in the 5th centurY. This that we could find no Place to droP argues for the authenticitY of the our stone pillar." A pillar is cylin- descriptions in the History of the drical, so "to droP a stone Pillar" Liang Dgnastg about a countrY can be understood as casti4g a Sketch of a Chinese type cylinder- called Eusang very far to the east. stone anchor. From the descriP- shaped stone anchor, the first fintl in tion of its shape and use, the "stone Patton Escarpment Zone, off the Cali- Stone Anchord Evidence pillar" appears to be verY similar fornia coast. drawings of the stone anchors evidence on the to Newly found sent to Dr. Jia LanPo bY Prof, west coast of north America sug- colleague, LarrY J. This cannot be ruled out. For gests strongly that trans-Pacific Moriarty's long periods China had led the an- Pierson. in navigation. As early Faxian's voyage took Place in cient world quite as in the fourth centurY B.C. her the early fifth century. It is ships plied the neighboring seas' possible that cylindrical-shaped time Her sea-going junks reached the stone anchors were at that Ryukyu Islands and entered the commonJy carried bY Chinese that Pacific beyond. Between the 11th ships. There is evidence roads and 3rd c€nturies B.C., Chinese stone rollers for building purposes were merchants are recorded as and for agricultural frequently visiting the Philippines often put to use as shiP anchors' belief to sell silk and rice. Judging from Prof. MoriartY stated his the remains of a shiPyard of the that recent discoveries of stone an- Qin dynasty (22L-206 B.C.) re- chors ori the Pacific coast of the cently irnearthed, China eYen then Sketch of a large, circular stone, the United States are beginning to second California find' off Palos provide solid scientific evidence of was building ships capable of Verdes. carrying 50 to 60 tons of cargo. BY Chinese trans-Pacific voyages in the Western Han'dynasty (206 B.C.- pre-Columbian times and add real A.D. 24) Chinese ships had reached voyages were made by Chinese support to the theorY that the an- the Indian Ocean. In the third vessels centuries before Columbus cient cultures of the Americas had century, the kingdom of Wu, one "discovered" the Americas, t to some extent been influenced bY of the Three Kingdoms, had 5,000 Dr. James Robert Moriarty, an ideas of Chinese origin. ships, the largest with several archaeologist at University of San The search for ancient relics decks and capable of carrying 3,000 Diego in the United States, wrote from under the sea along the Pa- passengers. In its voyage to the to Dr. Jia Lanpo, a Chinese pa- cific coastline of the Americas South China Sea this huge junk Iaeoanthropologist, in April 1979 goes on. It maY well turn uP more had visited dozens of countries and about a series of recent discoveries evidence of friendlY intercourse brought back news of several in this category. He cited two dis- between China and the Americas others, heard by its crew' 'coveries of stone anchors. The in ancient times. D CHINA EECONSTBUCTS 66 Chinese History - XXlll The Ming Dynasty 1 - Politics and Economy JIAO JIAN THE Ming dynasty (1368-1644), a vast area extending from the the Nurgan command and the f born of a peasant army in re- Onon River on the west to Sak- visits of these two emissaries to volt against the oppression of the halin Island on the east, and from it and Sakhalin Island. Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, recon- the Outer Hinggan Mountains solidated China under the Han (Stanovoy Range) on the north Beconstruction: Beijing, feudal landlord class. But it also southward to the Sea of Japan. Great Wall saw feudalism begin its decline An imperial army was stationed To help buttress the north and the germination of the seeds there the year round and local of capitalism. tribal leaders were given positions against the Mongols, the second Ming Emperor (1360- in the military districts under the Cheng Zu 1424) moved capital north to Tightening of Feudal Autocracy command. Four post roads, the the Beijing 1421. The Yuan largest of which linked Nurgan in dynasty The peasant leader Zhu Yuan- capital had been all but destroyed. with the national capital, were zhang set up his first capital Work under a grandiose scheme built to expedite delivery. of- in 1356 at what is today's Nanjing of to rebuild the capital had begun on the Changjiang (Yangtze) ficial documents, tribute and in 1.407. Skilled artisans, soldiers taxes, River, and in 1368 a northern and also disbursement of and peasants from all over the expedition sent by him took the imperial bounty to the local tribes. country were conscripted for the Mongol dynasty capital Dadu (on On two different occasions court work; timbers two meters thick, the site'of today's Beijing) and in eunuchs were sent on irispections huge blocks of marble and special- Nanjing Zhu proclaimed himself to Nurgan. The Eunuch Yi Shiha Iy-fired bricks and tiles were Emperor Tai Zu of the Ming Supervised the building of the hauled from Iong distances. It (meaning "bright") dynasty. How- Yongning (Lasting Peace) Temple took 15 years to complete the ever, by this time he had become on the bank of the Heilong River, palace buildings, which are es- corrupted into an instrument of He also had two stone tablets sentially as they stand today, and the landiord class, and it was in erected with inscriptions in Han, the walls around the city. their interests that he pursued his Nuzhen, Mongolian and Tibetan The new capital consisted of policy of consolidating the coun- recording the establishment of three rectangles, one within the try. He kept a tight control over all powers, military and civil. His measures included curbing the power of local governments, abolishing the post of prime minister and distributing its powers among six ministries, and similarly diffusing the former Mongol centralized milifary power, while keeping for himself author- ity to order troop movements. The Mongol troops fled .north to lands around their original capital of Karakorum, but were still a power to be reckoned with. The Ming court made efforts to consolidate their power in regions along the northeast frontier, where people of many minority nation- alities lived. In 1409 a military command was established with headquarters at Nurgan, a city A .model of a Ming kiln in Jinede- on the lower Heilong River (now zhen, where f arirous porcelains were rvithin produced. territory of the Soviet Flat bottle from Jingdezhen is typical Union). Under its jurisdiction was of early Ming blue antl wbite porcelain.

AUGUST I98O try has beqn pacified, the people, exhausted and impoverished, are Iike young birds whose feathers should not be plucked, or young trees that should not be shaken." With a view to ensuring political stability and increasing govern- ment revenue, he instituted a series of measures to promote agriculture. During the peasant uprisings that had beset the preceding Yuan dynasty in its last years, officials, nobles and landlords had fled Copper pass for pa.lac€ guards. Inscrip- their domains, leaving the land tion reads: "Guards must have pass untended. Some of these fields with them at all times. Those without peasants, and will be punished. Borrowing or lend- were taken over by every three years. A later ing are equally punishable," as a result the independent farm- regulation permitted them, too, ing population increased. Tar Zu to buy exemption. But the now decreed that the peasants rest of the time they could work other. The innermost was the could legally own the land they imperial palace, known on their own and sel1 their Prod- as the had reclaimed, and exempted Forbidden City. Today this com- years' ucts on the market. plex majestic them from three taxation of halls and ex- and corvee. During the Yuan quisite palace buildings has be- Rudimentary Capitalism dynasty landlords often demanded come Palace Museum. Sur- the tenant peasants corvee Farm production rose to an all- rounding palace what of their the was Iabor without pay. Ming dynasty time high in mid-Ming times. In Imperial was known as the laws stipulated that landlords who Hebei province which had had lit- rectangle City. The outer required corvee service must pay tte rice before due to its cool was the proper. Within its city for it in grain. Such measures climate, more land was put under 20 kilometers of walls with nine encouraged greater effort in it; rnore peasants in Fujian and gates broad were straight, agriculture. Zhe)lang provinces started grow- avenues, a Iofty drum tower and ing two crops of rice per Year, Landless peasants from south of 'Guang'dong, bell tower from which the the Changjiang River, and Shanxi those in three. In hours of the day were an- and western Zhejiang provinces the latter part of the dynastY the nounced, big storehouses, Bud- were ri:settled on large tracts of sweet potato was introduced into dhist monasteries, commercial abandoned land along the lower Fujian piovince from Luzon in areas and civilian residences. Huanghe (Yellow) River and in the Philippines. Later this high- Government offices were concen- thb Huaihe River valley. Tai Zu yielding crop spread to other parts trated in the southern part of the also had local garrison troops re- of China. Silkworm raising Pros- city. Beijing, with its compact, claim land and grow grain so that pered south of the Changjiang orderly layout and magnificent within sixty years after the found- River, where broad stretches of architecture, was a masterpiece ing of the dynasty the army had luxuriant mulberry groves were of ancienf city construction. become self-sufficient in grain. part of the scene. Tobacco, which As a bulwark against frequent A government decree that originated in the Americas, came incursions by Mongol cavalry peasants who owned from five to China through Luzon and was raiders from the north, the Ming to ten mu* of land should devote cultivated in several regions. court hgan linking up and ex- at least haU a mu to cotton was Advances in agriculture stimu- tending sections of the old Great a stimulus to handicraft textile lated the development of handi- Wall, which had fallen into dis- production. Spinning and weav- craft production, which reached repair. This task, begun in the ing became the major sideline oc- a new high by the mid-Ming early years of the dynasty, took cupation and cotton gradually re- period. Iron-smelting workshops nearly 200 years to finish. The placed silk and linen as the chief in Zunhua county, Hebei province new Great Wall, extending for clothing material. had furnaces f our meters high some 6,600 kilometers from Shan- Handicraftsmen in general fared that could hold upwards of a ton haiguan Pass on the east coast better under Ming than they had of ore and required four to six westward across half the country under Yuan. Those in the capital people to work the bellows. Jing- Gansu province. to were required to give ten days of dezhen, the pottery center in province, had six- Economic Aids service per month to the govern- Jiangxi a ment or to pay 0.6 taels of silver. kilometer-Iong belt of kilns - 58 Soon after the founding of the Those elsewhere gave three months government-owned and more than dynasty, Emperor Tar Zu caution- 900 private ones - turning out a ed his officials, "Though the coun- + One mu: 0.0667 hectare. multiplicity of fine porcelains.

68 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS Scroll pa.inting shows life in Beijing during the Ming dynasty,

Virtually every household in and middle of the Ming period, in By the reign of Emperor Shen around Songjiang prefecture in which the seeds of capitalist pro- Zong (1573-1620) taxes had in- Jiangsu province manufactured duction had begun to sprout. In creased in weight and variety so cotton cloth, sending to market a Suzhou, for example, prosperous as to force manufactories to close total of more than 10,000 bolts a owners of silk manufactories had down, which was one reasoh why day. Fine, durable cotton textiles enough capital to purchase as capitalist production could . not were woven in highly decorative make much headway. Local patterns. many as 20 to 40 looms and hire A saying went: "No dozens of workers. taxation was often administered matter how much you The city had cloth buy several thousand skilled weavers by court eunuchs o who were from Songjiang or how much yarn who earned a living in fixed or experts at putting on the in Weitang (a place in today's temporary jobs, Early in the squeeze. Ol" such tax Zhejiang province famous for its , morning those without a regular supervisor arriving in Suzhou spinning in Ming times), there is in 1601 imposed a tax of 0.3 taels always more." place would congregate at the streetcorners waiting for employ- on,every bolt of silk. Thrown out The development of agriculture of work when the manufactories ment. They were exploited as and handicrafts gave impetus to wage could no longer make a go of it, laborers by those early-day the development of a commodity unemployed artisans led by a manufactory economy. Cotton cloth, raw silk, capitalists, the weaver named Ge Xian took to silk fabrics, tobacco, porcelains, owners, making a bare existence the streets and besieged the ironware and grain poured into when they had work and starving supervisor's office. Townspeople the market. when they had none. Thirty or more fairly ' in a dozen cities including Wu- large commercial cities grew up, Tliroughout the country as a chang, Linqing, Jingdezhen, Kun- most of them south of the Chang- whole, however, the predominant ming, Xi'an and rose up jiang River, on the southeastern economy was still the traditional against the tax supervisors, forc- coast or along the Grand Canal. feudal one of farming combined ing the Ming court to withdraw They included Suzhou and Hang- with home handicrafts. these hated officials. ! zhou noted for silk; Songjiang for cotton textiles; Jingdezhen for porcelain; Chengdu in Sichuan province, a big tea market; Wu- chang on the Changjiang for timber; at the julrction of the Grand Canal and the Changjiang, a big salt market and commercial center; and Guang- zhou, Ningbo, Quanzhou and Fuzhou on the southeastern coast as major ports for trade with Japan and southeast Asia. Larger ships mado early Ming a timo Increased trade had brought a of famous sea large amount of silver into circu- voyages, (Bight) lation by late Ming times. In 1b8l Tempering anchor, as shown in an the Ming court decreed that illustration from taxes were to be paid in silver. the Ming book A well-developed "Exploitation of fairly com- the Works of modity economy existed from the Nature."

AUGUST 1980 69 T ARGE-SCALE football matches Football in Ancient 0hina | ' .." also historically docu- mented from this period. It is recorded that a grand football XU DIANKUI competition was one of the enter- tainments at the Heroes' HalI in Bianjing (today Kaifeng) when banquets were held there every o autumn under the rule of Emperor Hui Zong (1082-1135). f,TOOTBALL has been known in According to the book, Tactics of A single gdal was erected in the f' China for more ttrin 2,000 th,e Warring States: Th,e Tacti,cs of center of the field, instead of one years, as a game, sport, or acro- the Qi Kingdom, kicking the ball at either end as in modern'foot- batic display, in which one or more was a favorite sport with residents ball. The goal frame, over ten persons kick a ball. of Linzi,"the Qi capital. meters high and festooned with A girl kicking a largish baII is colorful streamers, had a round carved in stone in a watch tower I /[ORE information exists on hole about half a meter in diameter in Dengfeng couqty, IYI 1oo16111 ,. played in the in its upper part. The object was province, dating from A.D. 723. Song dynasty (960-1279). A to kick the ball through this hole She has her hair done in a high bronze mirror of the Southern to the other side of the field. The bun and wears a long gown with Song period (1127-1279) kept in players were divided into two flowing sleeves. Another Eastern the Museum of Hunan province teams. AII wore turbans and silk Han period stone relief , from jackets, red for one side and black Nanyang same county in the Fis. 2 for the other. Each team had ten province, alrso shows a girl in a or more players and a leader who Iong-sleeved dress kicking Q ball. wore a distinctive turban. The These are apparently pictures of a winners were awarded such prizes ball game, acrobatic' or recrea- as silver bowls and lengths of silk: tional, popular in that period. the leader of the losing team was Done still earlier was a silk whipped. This form of football painting of several people kicking continued popular into the Ming a ball, discovered in a tomb of the dynasty (1368-1644). Western Han dynasty (206 B.C. - Individual demonstrations ot A.D. 24)-lhe No. 3 Tomb at skill with the football, as shown in Mawangdui, Hunan province, A the picture of the Han dynasty girl girl in a long brown robe, crouches has a back design (Fig. 2) showing first described, went on for a very with one arm raised and a red a ball game in a courtyard. In Iong time. A porcelain pillow of ball at her feet (Fig. 1). What is front of an ornamental rock, a girl the Song dynasty, a rare work of shown here may have been a form with her hair in a high bun, bends art, has a striking Painting of physical exercise therapy. forward to kick the ball Opposite of a woman in a flowing gown, her Strictly speaking, these three her is a turbaned youth, also hands clasped behind her back, representations were not of foot- leaning forward, ready to kick it kicking a ball in a leisurely and ball contests, but evidence that the back. A spectator watches from carefree way. tr ball-kicking game was a sport even behind. The ball is sectioned, as that far back. if sewn together with Pieces of As for contests, Han dynasty leather and inflated. Air-filled Bronze souvenir coin minted by Chi- records do mention that a type of leather balls had come into use in nese Olympic Committee (both sides). football was widely played then, the late Tang dynasty (618-907), a though without giving details. We century or two earlier. know that the ball then used was We may infer from this record a solid Ieather sphere filled with in bronze mirror that football as feathers, and that the game was played in family courtyards in most popular in the army. The Song times was a small-scale famous generals, Wei Qing (?-106 competitive game, adaptable to B.C.) and Huo Qubing (140-117 surroundings, without a goal to B.C.) were enthusiasts as was Cao attack. Cao (155-220), the great statesman This scene provided the ancient of the later Three Kingdoms Chinese football motif for one of period (220-280). In fact, such the coins minted by China this games can be traced back even year to commemorate her renewed further than Han, to the Warring participation in the Olympic States period (475-227 B.C.). Movement.

?0 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Lesson 20 The Great lYall

(-+ tt + i!*l&H tsl 4trilt- i*t*fri fAk, t, *A hl (Ylge flng HuA llly6utuAn lAidAo ^d-,4BSttAliE linjin zhEh6u de qinxl, z?ri gDzi de (A visit China tourist group come to Badaling (to) neighboring dirkes' invasion, at each own ii?'E &)r\. ) 6frL-L 'ixful fi 1*, f,l y6ul6n CMngch6ng.) Ilngt[shirug zhirqlle fAngwCiqidng. D]ro go sightseeing (the) Great Wall,) territory on built up defense wall. Untii tr rt.in , A +!l4, 61 &rrFlr H Arrnt z#tr,, **b 9 2k- SAke$: Du6me zhuirnggudn de Ch4ngch6ng al Y6u gdnguAnqi6n siin shiji, Qinshihu{ng t6ngl Sachs: How magnificent the Great Wall! From B.C. third century, Qin First Emperor unified 441 fr, +t*- + E)t t, f tr E, lv- * l!- ]r\B yulnchir kdn, Moxiirng yi tiAo iirl6ng tAi Zhdnggu6 hdu, bt g0 duAn ch6ngqi6ng far place look (it) seems a huge dragon at China after, every section (of) wall #+,L f W.w. i,tjt. j€J*€+, fi f,"l "fr g&rh". qfnshinzhOng w[nyAn qiAnjin. iiAnli6qilai, xlngchdngle ..Winli CMngch6ng". group of mountains in winding forward. linked up, forming "I0,000-/i Great Wall." drtwl, if tE, et\ F ? &r *.F,,f: z\d.4 4 k Al B6llng: Qlngwln, ChAngch6ng y6u du6 ch4ng? Shlmtsl: Badillng zhEn shi yl ge xilnyio de Brown: Please ask, the Great Wall has how long? Smith: Badaling really is a ^b*strategic l-z t, & ,\" E FfJb A fr1J ItT" WAng: Ddng qI w6 gu6 HObEi shEng de difang. Wang: East from our country Hebei province's pl ce. fi 4it, 6 11 $ff )6 frlr T. k fr1J E k &jr\ h4J g..* Shinhliguin, xt dho GiinsE sh6ng de W6ng: Shi de." Te shi Ch{ngch6ng de zhirngyiro Shanhaiguan Pass, west to Gansu province's Wang: Yes. It is (the) Great Wall's important #,06*, a& *+ A-g, *p ERX fr4J iifq{"ri._8.6t Jiiiytgudn, qudncldng liiqEn gdngll, guinkdu JEydngguin de qiAnshiro. Zh0li de Jiayuguan Pass, total length (is) 6,000 kilometers, pass Juyongguan Pass's outpost. Here + - + + 9, Ft v\ *\'ltt ,,ii r# a -Y *- LE, rfiflt h6 -frylwAnErqiin hu6ll, su6yl wdmen ch6ngqidng geo ql mi zu6ydu, dingbn equivalent to 12,000 Chinese /l, so we the wall (is) high seven part r{ merers or so, rop "fr{&}r\" o fi i ,F* -E ,p" ,fi,i# & iito "Wdrnll CMngch6ng." kuEn w[ diln qt ml. Ch6ngqi6ng mEi call (it) "10,000-r, Great Wall.,, wide five point seven meterc. The wall every t**,1, &*\ *- ry]F + t\,{x frlt f,fr IL E ,f- -,$t fr Mlli: CMngch6ng shi nI niAn xiiizht de? g6 jl bdi mi iin ydu Marie: The Great Wall is which year built? separation (of) several hundred meten has Az ,*iLffi t, #tL, f Etr fy,i t ,EKe, E +4\ #.trL WAng: G6ngru4nqi6n qt shiii, Zh6nggu6 b6if-ang ge fEnghudt6i, shi e[dii f6xiirn Wang: B.C. seventh @ntury, China northem part It beacon tower. (which) is ancient discover i*4* El lE, h t ri liP ft,rfr Ft, r,*fi4. ,F* r( zhiih6u CEjt, wlile f6ngrr)r diqtug shl, r6n ydn. di6n hu6 many dukes (set up) separate states, to guard against enemy condition time, bum smoke kindle fire (to)

AUGUST 1980 7t *1 Wang: Yes. It is the outpost of the Juyongguan Pass, an im- iE € N,i" portant pass of the Great Wall. Here the wall is 7 jing dlfang. biro de meters high and 5.7 meters wide at the top. There is . place. report alarm a beacon tower every several hundred meters along the *1 wall, where fircs were kindled and smoke made to give I.6, € * t- +4\ fr {in the alarm when any enemy was discovered. GEdGng: Td zh6n shi gltltt ati wEitD de Gordon: It really is ancient lnost great Gordon: It's really one of the greatest projects of ancient times. Wang: Someone has estimated that if a dyke two meters high a4Z Z and one meter wide weie built with the bricks,and stones gdngch6ng zhl -oyt. used in the Great Wall, it could circle the earth. In projects of one. China people often use the expression "IfI fail to reach the Great Wall I'm not a man" to show determination az fr ,t4it, **. Ifl tT{x to carry a task to success. WAng: Y6u ^.r6n iisuimguo, ytroshi ytng xiiizhit Waiig: Have people calculated, if (we) use building &,r\ kl Ft E ffr" € Notes CMngch6ng de zhu[n shl zht -Yl dio the Great Wall's bricks and stones (to) build a 1. k...e1J shi... de is often used to stress A iF-. tr, ,f- fi &8, the time when something happened. Lily6utudn gio =0r ml, kudn yi mi de chAngdl, shi zu6 tidn dio BEijing de trx'd?AF-n?Xll)V'Fal high two meters (and) wide one meter long dyke, (It was yesterday that the China tour group arrived ,(- T vl( X. t*-ii Fl oft,t t, in Beijing); Chdngch6ng shi gdngyufnqiAn siin zi kEyi rio diqi( -yi zh6u net Zitl shiii yihdu zhfjiin li6nii6qil6i de. &rr\€a\,Lif enough may circle the earth a round! In Z#tavtE8-*fr4l*e*fr (It was after the 3rd f E, 'fi,. 4 ,\ Ifl "T 4t century B.C. that the Great Wall was linked up Zhdnggafl, chAng y6u r6n ydng "bt dlo gradually). The word € shi can be omitted in China, ofterr have people" use ."not reach this construction. For instance, we can say: & err\ eF tf ia" * t"* # W * X.r'l rL f, e{ and &}f(a\ A ff ;. # 2t v\ E i.E #t chttngch6ng f6i tiohin" lai biioshl 4.1**g*6i" the Great Wall not gogd man" to show The negative form is to place fi bri before {, HE M-. tr + n1 E*. in which case € cannot be omitted. Lfiy6utu6n zizi zud yl iitn shi de itdt brishi zu6 tifln diro B6iiing de aF.&Az^F-rF l-tl)v- one's own doing a thing great fr 6i Gt was not yesterday that the China tour group arrived in Beijing). *,s o ju6xln. *-...fri can also be used to stress the place determination. and manner of an action. a. Place: ZhC dui yirzhu6 (shi) zii Shnngh[i Translation mii dertr+Effi ( ft) E -L?4* 6t Gtwas in Shanghai that this pair of jade bracelets was bought); (A China tour group arrives at Badaling to view the Wd m6n brishi zii ni ge jr)ching kirn iingit de ?i'ftt Great Wall.) R- E fllt + El rh ,$ Etr! (It was not in that theater Sachs: How magnificent the Great Wall is! At a distance, it fr looks like a huge dragon winding its through the that^ we saw the Beijing opera). way + mountains. b. Manner: Lfiy6utu6n (shi) zuir fEiii l6i E Brown: How long is it? e Bdijing de (It was by L Wang: Stretching from the Shanhaigu.anPass in Hebei province z\ldH(€)4-(+/r*.rbita+l group came Beijing); + in the east to the Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu province air that the China tour to a in the west, it has a total length of 6,0fl) kilometers, Wd brishi g6n ti yiqi l[i de ?i.6,€rK.t&,-&*atr, ffi. 12,000 Chinese That's .tt or /f. why we call it "Ten- (It was not with her that I came here). E thousand-/i Great Wall." 2. 9 2 dtdme is used to express a strong -. Marie: When was it built? I precedes the verb the adjective Wang: In the 7th century B.C., north China was divided into emotion. It or \ separate states by dukes. To guard against the inva- in a sentence with 1T a at the end. Zhdngshdn- )L sion by the neighbors, each state built walls in its own ling dudme xi6ngwEi a! ,t+ (How f f*-, Af,+fi"fr1 )1!: territory. In the 3rd century B.C. after Emperor Qin is!); i\ magnificent the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum o Shi Huang unified China, h; finked up all the sections 4 of the wall to forrn the Great Wall. Dudme zhuinggudn de Chdngch6ng a! 9 z++n Smith: Badaling is really a strategic place, 6t&r&,Ht (Ibr1.o grand the Great Wall is!). s 72 crrrNA REcoNsrBUcrs ,/f I

A small power station in the County of the Hani and Li N Yunnan province, southwest Chlna, I ATURE PLANT5 JADE FROM BEIJING

China National Arts & Crafts Impori & Export Corp. Beijing tsranch

Address: 1, Xijiaominxiang, Beijing, China. Cable Address: 0482 Beijing Hongkong Agency: Chinese Arts & Crafts (H.K.) Ltd. '[elex:22334 BJAR.T Address: 233 Nathan Rd. Garly Bldg., Kowloon, Hongkong CN Cable Address: 0120 Hongkong