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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali I T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİNDE NUSAYBİN’İN SİYASİ, SOSYAL, İKTİSADİ, MİMARİ VE KÜLTÜREL DURUMU (IV.-X. YÜZYIL) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof.Dr. M. Beşir AŞAN Ahmet KÜTÜK 2012 I II ÖZET Doktora Tezi BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİNDE NUSAYBİN’İN SİYASİ, SOSYAL, İKTİSADİ, MİMARİ VE KÜLTÜREL DURUMU (IV.-X. YÜZYIL) Ahmet KÜTÜK Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Genel Türk Tarihi Bilim Dalı ELAZIĞ – 2012, Sayfa: LIV+329 Nusaybin, bilinen tarihi Asurlular dönemine kadar uzanan kadim ve önemli bir şehirdir. Nemrut tarafından kurulduğu klasik kaynaklarda sıkça belirtilen bu şehir, antik dönem kaynaklarında da adı geçmekle birlikte Roma İmparatorluğu hâkimiyetine geçtikten sonra Mezopotamya’da bir sınır şehri olarak daha önemli ve stratejik bir rol üstlendi. İlk kez MÖ. 68 yılında Lucullus döneminde Romalılar Nusaybin’e sahip oldular. Sonraki dönemlerde Part ve Roma savaşlarının paylaşılamayan arazilerinden biri oldu ve bu süreçte Pers-Roma sınırında Roma ordularının askeri harekât üssü olarak önemli bir görev ifa etti. 363 Barışı akabinde Sasanilere terk edildikten sonra 507 yılında yeni istihkâm şehri Dara inşa edilinceye kadar Bizans İmparatorluğu doğu sınırında yaklaşık bir buçuk asırlık bir bocalama süreci geçirdi. Bizans imparatorluğu bu tarihten sonra Nusaybin’i ezeli rakibi Sasanilerden geri alamadı. Sasanilerin inkırazından sonra, imparatorluğun yeni rakibi Müslüman Araplardı ve şehir 639’da diğer Mezopotamya şehirleriyle birlikte Müslümanların eline geçti. Bizans’ın Abbasiler dönemine tekabül eden X. asır ortalarında gerçekleştirdiği birkaç girişim, çok kısa süren hâkimiyetlerle sonuçlandı. Bizans İmparatorluğu çağında Nusaybin, sosyal açıdan çokçeşitli ve iktisadi açıdan İpekyolu güzergâhında bir ticaret gümrük şehri olarak var oldu. Mimari açıdan klasik Roma tarzının askeri, dini ve sosyal mimari unsurları kent ve yakın çevresindeki yapılar üzerinde egemen oldu. Dini açıdan Hıristiyan kiliselerinin ikiye ayrıldığı dönemde Sasanilerin koruması altında monofizitçilere karşı diyofizit anlayışın en önemli merkezi oldu. İlmi açıdan kentte kurulan akademi vesilesiyle özellikle III Süryaniler arasında tıp, hukuk, felsefe, mantık, astronomi ve dilbilgisi gibi alanlarda temayüz etmiş önemli isimler yetişti. Bu akademinin eğitim kadrosunda önemli yer eden Yakub, Efraim, Narsay, Barsawmo, Pavlos ve Baboy gibi isimlerin gerek ilkçağ eserlerini tercüme ederek günümüze ulaştırmaları gerekse kendi meydana getirdiği eserler, Araplar tarafından muhafaza edilip tercüme edilerek Haçlı Seferleri kanalıyla Avrupa’ya taşınmış ve aydınlanma çağının başlamasında önemli bir görev ifa etmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nusaybin, Dara, Mezopotmaya, Bizans İmparatorluğu, Sasaniler, Justinian, Hüsrev, Nusaybin Okulu, Nusaybinli Yakub, Efraim, Narsay, Barsawmo, Pavlos IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ARTHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL SITUATION OF NISIBIS DURING THE BYZANTINE PERIOD (IV.-X. CENTURIES) Ahmet KÜTÜK The University of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of History ELAZIĞ-2012-Page: LIV+329 Nisibis is an old and important city which its known history lay down until Assyrian period. This city, which was frequently said to be founded by Nemroud in classical sources, as a frontier city in Mesopotamia took an important and strategic role after Roman’s sovereignty. Firstly in BC 68 at Lucullus period Romans conquered the city of Nisibis. Subsequent periods it was one of the unshared land during the Part- Roman wars and in this process this city performed an important task as military base of Roman armies in Part-Roman border. After it was ceded to Sasanids in 363 Peace until Dara, the new fortificaiton city, was built in 507 Byzantine Empire lived a stagger process about during one and half century in the east border. After that date Byzantine Empire wasn’t able to get back to Nisibis from Sasanids, the rivals. After decline of Sasanids, Byzantines’ new rival was Muslim Arabs and in 639 Nisibis was conquered by Muslims together with other Mesopotamian cities. Several attempts which was took place by Byzantine in X. century, resulted in short dominations. In the period of Byzantine Empire, Nisibis was a wide variety of social aspects and economic aspects of custom as the city has a trade route of Silk Road. Architecturally, military, religious and social architectural elements of classical Roman style was dominant over the city and its surrondings structures. Religiously, in the V period of the Christian churches was divided into two parts, under the protection of Sasanids, Nisibis became the best important dyophysites center aganist the monophysites. Culturally, on the occasion of the academy was founded in the city, numerous important names distinguished itself in areas such as medicine, law, philosophy, logic, grammar and astronomygrew up specially among Assyrians. The names such as James of Nisibis, Ephraim, Pawlos, Narsai, Barsawmo, Baboy who were located in training staff of this academy, whether the treatises which have brought by translating to present days or their works wrote by them preserved and translated by Arabs, moved Europe through the the Crusades and thus the era of enlightment they performed an important task. Key Words: Nisibis, Dara, Mesopotamia, Byzantine Empire, Sasanid Empire, Justinian, Khosrau, Nisibis School, James of Nisibis, Ephraim, Narsai, Barsawmo, Pawlos VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI ŞEKİLLER VE RESİMLER LİSTESİ ...................................................................... XI Ö N S Ö Z ................................................................................................................... XIV KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ XVII BİBLİYOGRAFİK KISALTMALAR ............................................................................ XIX KONU VE KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................ XXI A. ARAŞTIRMA KONUSUNUN ÖZELLİKLERİ ................................................ XXI a) Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu Politikası ve Nusaybin Sınır Şehri .................. XXI b) Çalışmanın Zaman Açısından Sınırlandırılması ............................................... XXIV 1. İran Devletlerine (Part-Sasani) Karşı Mücadele (I -VII. yy) ........................ XXIV 2. Arap İslam Devletlerine Karşı Mücadele (VII.-X. yy) .................................. XXV B. ARAŞTIRMA KONUSUNUN KAYNAKLARI ............................................... XXV a) Ana Kaynaklar .................................................................................................. XXVI 1. Grekçe Kaynaklar ........................................................................................ XXVII 2. Süryanice Kaynaklar ...................................................................................... XXX 3. Ermenice Kaynaklar .................................................................................. XXXVI 4. Arapça Kaynaklar ...................................................................................... XXXIX 5. Farsça Kaynaklar ........................................................................................... XLIII 6. Seyahatnameler ve Tarihi Coğrafya İle İlgili Eserler .................................... XLIV b) Modern Kaynak ve Araştırmalar ..................................................................... XLVII G İ R İ Ş YÖRENİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI ve IV. YÜZYILA KADAR NUSAYBİN TARİHİ A. YÖRENİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI ....................................................................... 1 a) Yörenin Coğrafi Kavramları ..................................................................................... 1 b) Nusaybin Kentinin Kuruluşu ve İsminin Anlamları ............................................... 11 c) Nusaybin’in Bölge Coğrafyasındaki Yeri ve Önemi .............................................. 17 d) Nusaybin ve Çevresinin Fiziki Coğrafyası ............................................................. 20 VII Masius Dağ Silsilesi (Taurus-İzla-Tur Abidin-Karacadağ) ................................ 20 Habur (Chaboras) ve Hirmas (Mygdonius) Nehirleri ......................................... 22 Dara (Anastasiapolis) Antik Şehri ...................................................................... 26 B. İLKÇAĞ MEDENİYETLERİ DÖNEMİ .............................................................. 28 C. ROMA VE PART İMPARATORLUKLARI DÖNEMİ ...................................... 32 a) Lucullus’un Nusaybin Kuşatması (MÖ. 68) ........................................................... 33 b) Trajan’ın Doğu Seferi ve Nusaybin’i Ele Geçirmesi( MS. 115) ............................ 36 c) Septimus Severus’un Nusaybin’i Ele Geçirmesi (MS. 195-197) ........................... 39 d) Caracalla’nın Doğu Seferi (217) ............................................................................ 41 e) Macrinus Dönemi Part Savaşları ve Nusaybin Barışı (217) ................................... 42 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM YÖRENİN BİZANS DÖNEMİNDEKİ SİYASİ TARİHİ A. BİZANS-SASANİ DÖNEMİ
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