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31295002021987.Pdf (16.44Mb) POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RODENTS OF THE MESQUITE PLAINS-HIGH PLAINS ECOTONE by DANIEL ROBERT WOMOCHEL, B.S. A THESIS IN ZOOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Technological College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved Accepted June, 1968 I' % nc. 7T ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Dr. Robert L. Packard for his di­ rection of my research and preparation of this thesis, and to my parents and grandmother for their encouragement and assistance. Thanks also are due Mr. Allan Wallace, vjho kindly permitted me to conduct this study on his ranch. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 3 III. METHODS AND MATERIALS 12 IV. SPECIES ACCOUNTS l6 Sigmodon hispidus l6 Perognathus flavus 33 "Perognathus hispidus 47 Reithrodontomys montanus 59 Peromyscus maniculatus 64 Dipodomys ordii 65 Peromyscus leucopus 65 Citellus spilosoma 66 V. POPULATION RELATIONSHIPS 67 VI. SUMI4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 73 LITERATURE CITED 77 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Plants of the Study Area 10 2. Density of Cotton Rats Based on Average Num­ ber Trapped Per Acre 17 3. Population Density of Cotton Rats Based on the Lincoln Index l8 h. Monthly Distribution of Immature and Re- productively Active Nonresident Males and Females 21 5. Monthly Distribution of Immature and Re- productively Active Resident Males and Females 22 6. Home Ranges of Adult Male Cotton Rats ... 26 7. Home Ranges of Adult Female Cotton Rats ... 27 8. Average Home Ranges of All Cotton Rats ... 28 9. Cotton Rat Distribution and Vegetation Type . 31 10. Cotton Rat Distribution and Soil Type .... 32 11. Density of Silky Pocket Mice Based on Number Trapped Per Acre 35 12. Durations of Residency of Silky Pocket Mice . 37 13. Distribution of Total Captures of Silky Pocket Mice 38 14. Distribution of Individual Silky Pocket Mice ' 39 15. Home Range Size in Silky Pocket Mice .... 4l 16- Seasonal Variations in Sharing of Traps by All Silky Pocket Mice 44 17. Monthly Distribution of Immature and Sexu­ ally Active Resident Silky Pocket Mice . 45 18. Monthly Distribution of Immature and Sexually Active Resident Silky Pocket Mice 46 iv List of Tables (continued) Table Pap;>-C3e" 19. Density of Hispid Pocket Mice Based on Average Number Trapped Per Acre .... 48 20. Monthly Distribution of Reproductive Hispid Pocket Mice 51 21. Home Ranges in Acres for All Hispid Pocket Mice 53 22. Extent of Overlapping of Home Ranges in Hispid Pocket Mice 54 23. Distribution of Individual Resident and Nonresident Hispid Pocket Mice 57 24. Distribution of Total Captures of Hispid Pocket Mice - Relative to Soils .... 58 25. Distribution of Total Captures of Hispid Pocket Mice - Relative to Vegetation . 58 26. Populations of Plains Harvest Mice De­ termined by Direct Count 6I 27. Distribution of Plains Harvest Mice with Respect to Soil and Vegetation Type. 63 28- Percent Total Traps Occupied Each Month Shared with Another Species 68 29. Composition in Percent of the Total Popu­ lation of the Most Numerous Species on the Study Area from Direct Counts of Live Trapping Results in I965 .... 69 30. Composition in Percent of the Total Popu­ lation of the Most Numerous Species on the Study Area from Direct Counts of Live Trapping Results in I966 .... 70 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE Page 1. Soil Distribution 4 2. Plant Association 7 PLATE 1. The study area viewed from the north­ western periphery 8 VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Mesquite Plains Biotic District is a division of the Kansan Biotic Province (Blair 1954) occurring principally in northwest Texas. Blair (loc. cit.) surveyed the mammal fauna of the Mesquite Plains and found 59 species of mammals present. With the exception of Garner (1957) no studies of the life histories, habitat preferences, or factors influ­ encing the distribution of mammals within the Mesquite Plains have been conducted. Because so little is knov/n about the biology of the mammals of the Mesquite Plains, I selected an area on the V7estern margin of this region and established a live trap­ ping grid with the following objectives: (1) determine the species of mammals present on the area; (2) estimate the population densities of the species present; (3) de­ termine the habitat preferences of the species present; (4) ascertain relative movements and seasonal activities; (5) study interspecific and intraspecific relationships. Populations of four species of mammals were present in sufficient size to yield significant information. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and plains harvest mice (Reithro­ dontomys montanus) have been studied (Goertz I961, Hay 1965, Stickle and Stickle 1954, and Jones 1950) in regions adjacent to the Mesquite Plains. Hispid pocket mice (Perognathus hispidus) and silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) populations have received little attention anyv/here in the species ranges. CHAPTER II DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The study area v/as located 13 miles southeast of Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas in Yellow House Canyon. This canyon is a result principally of erosion by the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River. It extends in a north­ west direction into the Llano Estacado. The study area is located at a point where the canyon is about a mile wide. The canyon v/alls are composed of brown Triassic silt and sandstones. This is capped by Cretaceous limestone and caliche. In the Pleistocene the canyon contained a large shallow lake (Dalquest I967). Approximately 1/4 mile south and 3/4 mile north of the study area the canyon walls are about 200 feet high. Prior to intensive agricultural prac­ tices the canyon was bordered by gramas and buffalo grasses. Cotton fields now surround the canyon. The canyon is dissected by numerous stream beds which are subject to flooding. The northern and western margins of the study area consist of loamy sand grading to the southeast into sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Clay loam occurs on the eastern and southern margins of the area (Figure 1). The study area was bordered on the north by a grove of v/illows (Salix nigra) and on the south and west sides by an open mesquite-grama association. A pasture of bermuda SOIL DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 1 Area soil types Traps in each area I. Loamy sand I. 30 II. Sandy loam II. 39 III. Clay loam III. 13 IV. Sandy clayloam IV. 18 grass formed the eastern edge. Plants present on the area are listed in Table 1. Categories are based on the follow­ ing: (1) abundant (10 to 20^ ground cover); (2) common (5 to 10$^); (3) scattered (less than 5^). See Figure 2, Table 1, and Plate 1. Species of mammals found during this investigation on or near the area in order of abundance were: cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus); silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus); hispid pocket mouse (Perognathus hispidus); plains harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys montanus); V7hite footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus); deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus); spotted ground squirrel (Citellus spilosoma); Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii); house mouse (Mus muscuius); plains pocket mouse (Perognathus flavescens); thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus); plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius). Other mammals known to occur on the area were: striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis); desert shrew (Notiosorex cravjfordi); sv/ift fox (Vulpes velox); coyote (Canis latrans); badger (Taxidae taxus); gray woodrat (Neotoma micropus); cotton tailed rabbit (Sylvilagus flori- danus); blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus); racoon (Procyon lotor). Other vertebrates observed on the study area were: diamond-backed rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox); blotched v/atersnake (Natrix erythrogaster); coachwhip snake (Masti- cophus flagellum); hognosed snake (Heterodon nasicus); six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus); great plains skunk (Eumeces-obsoletus); ornate box turtle (Ter- repene ornata); horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum and P. modestum); and the plains spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus bombi- frons). Cattle were excluded from the grid during the first nine months of the study. In February, I966 approximately 100 head of cattle were placed on the area. As a result some parts of the area were denuded of vegetation by summer The sandy soils of areas one and two were scuffed to a near plov7ed appearance. 7 PLANT ASSOCIATIONS FIGURE 2 -X- f * * ^- * * ^ -K- -x- * * 4 * * ^ * * * c ^- •X- 7 * * * * -K-N-X- -JfX-X- * -x- 3 ** -x- -je */-x- *y-x- * * •X- * * ¥r / ^ % ^ -X-]^ *10 Plant associations Traps in each area I. Herbaceous forbs I. 48 II. Salt cedar and II. 8 herbaceous forbs III. Salt cedar and grasses III. 23 IV. Grass IV. 21 PLATE l.--The study area viewed from the northwestern periphery 10 TABLE 1 PLANTS OF THE STUT^.J A. r. r'.Il' Cor;-:^-on and scientific narics Abundance and area Woooy Plants I II III IV Salt cedar Tanarix gallica S S A Mesquite PrcT?is ;'uliflora S Forbs Western ragv:eed Ar:":brosia psilcstachva A C S S Russian thistle Salsola kali A C S C Goat head Tribulus terrestris A S Broo::. vreed Xanthocepr.r 1 u:r. sarothrar A C S S Bladderpoa Lesouc-rella er^^yrae A A S Gourd Cucurbita fcetidissima C Tahoka daisy Macaeranthera tanacetifolia C S Milkv;eed AsclerirS SDO. C Dandelion Taraxacum of''^icinale C C Plains beebaLTi Maonarda pectinata C S Sand sace Arter.isia fiiii folia C S Buffalo bur SolanuT:! rostratum S S S 11 I II III IV Silverleaf nightshade Solanuia eleagnifolium S S s s Sunflower Helianthus annuus s s Cockle bur Xanthium spp. s Dotted gayfeather Liatris punctata S S Praire-coneflov/er Ratibida columnaris C S Grasses Mat sandbur Cenchrus pauciflorus C S c Plains bristle grass Setaria macrostachya S S c c Blue gramma Bouteloua gracilis S C c s Vine mesquite Panicum obtusuin S S c Alkali sacaton Sporobolus airoides c c Silver bluestem Andropogon saccharoides c c Western wheatgrass Agropyron smithii Canada v/ildrye Elymus canadensis Side oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Buffalograss Buchloe dactyliodes Sand dropseed Sporobolus crytandrus CHAPTER III METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred live traps similar to those used by Fitch (1950) were spaced in a grid pattern at fifty feet intervals.
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