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Size, Growth Habit, Time Required to Mature and Reproductive Capa City

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Size, Growth Habit, Time Required to Mature and Reproductive Capa City AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF CARL ARNOLD SCHONER, JR. for the degree Doctor of Philosophy (Name of Student) (Degree) in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on July 31, 1974 (Major Dept.) (Date) TitleECOTYPIC ADAPTATION OF SETARIA LUTESCENS (WEIGEL) F. T. HUBBARD, TO ALFALFA CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA Abstract approved byRedacted for privacy William W. Chilcote Setaria lutescens (yellow foxtail) plants, grown from five seed sources were compared in California.Seed sources were: Connecti- cut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and California. Morpholo- gical and physiological differences between biotypes include: plant size, growth habit, time required to mature and reproductive capa city. Most significant is the prostrate habit of the California biotype. Biotype seed studies also indicate differences in dormancy and requirements for seed germination.After-ripening, stratification and temperature are implicated. Growth and reproductive capacity of Connecticut, Pennsylvania and California Setaria lutescens biotypes are compared.Biotypes were grown with and without alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under Califor- nia alfalfa forage production methods. The California biotype of Setaria lutescens yielded 85% more seed than Connecticut and 71% more than Pennsylvania when clipped monthly to a height of 7.6 cm. When grown with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and harvested monthly, the California biotype produced 98% more seed than Connecticut and 93% more than the Pennsylvania biotype.First-year forage yield of alfalfa was reduced 35% and the plant density of alfalfa reduced 48% when grown with California Setaria lutescens. Growth and reproduc- tive capacity of Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens were com- pared when grown with and without alfalfa under California forage production methods. When the two grass species were grown toget- her at densities of 2300 plants /m2 Setaria lutescens produced mature seed while Echinochloa crusgalli failed to reproduce. Echinochloa crusgalli plant density and seed production was reduced by second- year alfalfa.Setaria lute scens density was reduced but seed produc- tion averaged 10,000 seeds/m2.Dry matter yields of first-year alfalfa and plant density of first- and second-year alfalfa were re- duced when grown with Setaria lutescens. Field studies of Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens growing in commercially cultivated alfalfa were conducted.Trans- ects of alfalfa strip checks showed field densities of Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens to be largely dependent on the cultural practice of curing alfalfa forage in windrows. Ecotypic Adaptation of Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubbard to Alfalfa Culture in California by Carl Arnold Schoner, Jr. A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1975 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of Botany in charge of Ecology Redacted for privacy Head of Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Redacted for privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented Typed by Illa W. Atwood for Carl Arnold Schoner, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I will be eternally grateful to Dr. William W. Chilcote for his guidance, encouragement and assistance over the past five years. He has been most generous in giving of his time and energy, without which this project could not have been completed. My sincerest appreciation to my doctoral committee, Dr. Kenton L. Chambers, Dr. Rodney V. Frakes and Dr. Thomas C. Moore, for guidance and especially for their assistance in prepara- tion of this thesis. Special thanks to Dr. Robert Norris, University of California, for the privilege of working with him in California. He has provided guidance and assistance with several of the investigations discussed. My appreciation for counsel and materials provided me by Dr. William Gregg of the National Park Service; Dr. Vern Marble, University of California; Dr. R. A. Peters, University of Connecti- cut; Dr. David Sta.niforth, Iowa State University; and Dr. Jonas Vengris, University of Massachusetts. And finally, my love and thanks to Alice, Paula, Linda and Sam, who have contributed most of all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Setaria lutescens Worldwide 1 Setaria lutescens in California 3 Objectives of the Investigations 7 SETARIA LUTESCENS BIOTYPES 9 Purpose of the Studies 9 Woodland Planting 1972 9 Method s 10 Variations in Development 10 Davis Planting 1972 12 Methods 13 Variations in Development 13 Woodland Planting 1973 16 Method s 16 Variations in Development 17 Growth Patterns 20 Summary and Discussion 25 INTERSPECIES COMPETITION 30 Purpose of the Studies 30 Davis Competition Study (1972) 30 Method s 30 Plant Density, Echinochloa and Setaria 32 Dry Mater Yields, Echinochloa and Setaria 32 Dry Matter Yields, Alfalfa 37 Seed Head and Seed Yield, Echinochloa and Setaria 39 Stand Density, Alfalfa 42 Davis Competition Study (1973) 44 Method s 44 Plant Density, Echinochloa and Setaria 44 Dry Matter Yields, Echinochloa and Setaria 47 Dry Matter Yields, Alfalfa 49 Seed Head Yield, Echinochloa and Setaria 49 Seed Yield, Echinochloa and Setaria 53 Post-Harvest Seed Yield, Echinochloa and Setaria 55 Stand Density, Alfalfa 57 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) Page Summary, Davis Competition Studies 57 Windrow Studies 62 Purpose of the Studies 62 Methods 63 Transects of Alfalfa Strip Checks 63 Summary of Windrow Studies 64 Overall Summary and Discussion 70 Conclusions 75 SETARIA LUTESCENS BIOTYPE COMPETITION 77 Purpose of the Studies 77 Biotype Competition Studies I and II 78 Method s 78 Treatments 79 Dry Matter Yields, Biotypes 81 Dry Matter Yields, Alfalfa 85 Seed Head Yield, Biotypes 89 Seed Yield, Biotypes 91 Stand Density, Alfalfa 97 Summary and Discussion 100 Biotype Competition Study III 101 Methods 102 Dry Matter, Seed Head, Seed Yields, Biotypes 102 Overall Summary and Discussion, Biotype Competition 104 SETARIA LUTESCENS BIOTYPE SEED GERMINATION 108 Purpose of the Study 108 Experiment I (1972 versus 1973 seed) 109 Methods 109 Variations Between Biotypes and Years 110 Experiments II and III (1972 versus 1973 seed and Stratification) 113 Methods 113 Variations Between Biotypes and Years 113 Stratification 114 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) Page Temperature Gradient Bar Experiment 119 Methods 119 Variations Between Biotypes 120 Summary and Discussion of Seed Germination 123 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 127 REFERENCES CITED 133 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Growth patterns, Setaria lutescens biotype. 22 2 Dry matter yields of eight treatments from the 1972 Davis competition study are illustrated. 36 3 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plant density according to weed treatment at the conclusion of the Davis Com- petition Study. 60 4 A transect of Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens plant densities is illustrated. 66 5 A transect of Echinochloa crusgalli, Setaria lutes- cens and Medicago sativa plant densities is illus- trated. 68 6 Cumulative dry matter yields of Setaria lutescens biotypes with and without alfalfa. 84 7 Yield of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) by cutting during the 1973 season (also cumulative yield). 88 Seed yield of Setaria lutescens biotypes 95 9 Plant density of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) when grown with Connecticut, Pennsylvania and California Setaria lutescens biotypes at two densities. 99 10 Germination percentages (1972 and 1973 seed) of Setaria lutescens biotypes from Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and California. 112 11 Germination percentages of 1973 seed of Setaria lutescens. 116 12 Germination percentages of 1972 and 1973 seed of Setaria lutescens biotypes from Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and California. 118 13 Maximum seed germination percentages (1972 seed) of Setaria lutescens biotypes. 122 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Variations in development between Setaria lutescens biotypes - Woodland -1972. 11 2 Variations in development between Setaria lutescens biotypes - Davis -1972. 14 3 Variations in development between Setaria lutescens biotypes - Experiment I -(4/9/1973)Woodland. 18 4 Variations in development between Setaria lutescens biotypes - Experiment II -(4/19/73)Woodland. 19 5 Beginning density(plants/929cm2)Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens when alone, or together, with and without alfalfa. 33 6 Dry matter yields (g /m2) Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens when alone, or together, with and without alfalfa. 33 7 Dry matter yields of alfalfa (g /m2) Alfalfa yields at three densities of Echinochloa crusgalli or Setaria lutescens. 38 8 Dry matter yields of alfalfa (g/m2) Alfalfa grown alone, with Echinochloa crusgalli and/or with Setaria lutescens. 40 2 9 Seed head yield (heads/m) Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens with or without alfalfa - Mean over all treatments. 41 10 1972 seed head and seed yields (perm2)Echinoch- loa crusgalli or Setaria lutescens yields when re- lated to density of the other species. 41 2) 11 1973 alfalfa stand density (plants/929 cm Alfalfa density with Echinochloa crusgalli or Setaria lutes- cens or both. 43 LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table Page 12 1972 and 1973 plant densities(plants/m2) Echinoch- loa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens when alone, or together with and without alfalfa. 45 13 1972 and 1973 dry matter yields(g/m2) Echinoch- loa crusgalli and Setaria lutescens when alone, or together, with and without alfalfa. 48 14 1973 dry matter yields of alfalfa(g/m2) Alfalfa yields at three densities of Echinochloa crusgalli or Setaria lutescens. 50 15 Dry matter yields of alfalfa(g/m2) Alfalfagrown alone,
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