The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 141. Setaria Faberi Herrm
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The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 141. Setaria faberi Herrm. Robert E. Nurse1, Stephen J. Darbyshire2,Ce´cile Bertin3, and Antonio DiTommaso4 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Greenhouse and Crop Processing Centre, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, Ontario, Canada N0R 1G0 (e-mail: [email protected]); 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Saunders Building #49, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6; 3Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853; and 4Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 14853. Received 17 March 2008, accepted 13 November 2008. Nurse, R. E., Darbyshire, S. J., Bertin, C. and DiTommaso, A. 2009. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 141. Setaria faberi Herrm. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 379Á404. Setaria faberi, commonly known as giant foxtail, is an annual graminaceous weed that is native to eastern China, has colonized eastern North America and is expanding its range westward. This species is primarily self-pollinated and the only mechanism of reproduction is by seed. Adult plants may reach 2 m in height and produce over 2000 seeds per panicle. Seeds may possess non-deep physiological dormancy when freshly produced, and can form small persistent seed banks. If not controlled, S. faberi populations can cause severe yield reductions in corn and soybean crops. Several herbicides are available to provide chemical control; however, resistance to some modes of action, (ALS, ACCase, and Photosystem II) have been identified in Canada and the United States. Leaves and seeds of this species provide a food source to several species of mammals, birds, and insects. Key words: Setaria faberi, giant foxtail, growth, development, seed germination, diseases, herbicide Nurse, R. E., Darbyshire, S. J., Bertin, C. et DiTommaso, A. 2009. La biologie des mauvaises herbes au Canada. 141. Setaria faberi Herrm. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 379Á404. La se´ taire ge´ ante (Setaria faberi) est une gramine´ e annuelle originaire de l’est de la Chine. Apre` s avoir colonise´ l’est de l’Ame´ rique du Nord, elle poursuit son expansion vers l’ouest. Essentiellement autogame, l’espe` ce n’a que les graines pour moyen de reproduction. Le plant adulte peut atteindre jusqu’a` 2me` tres de hauteur et chaque panicule produit au-dela` de 2 000 semences. Fraıˆ ches, les semences entrent en dormance a` faible profondeur et peuvent engendrer de petites re´ serves de graines persistantes. Si on ne lutte pas contre eux, les peuplements de S. faberi entraıˆ nent a` l’occasion de fortes diminutions de rendement chez le maı¨ s et le soja. Bien que plusieurs herbicides offrent un moyen de lutte chimique, au Canada et aux E´ tats-Unis, la plante re´ siste a` certains de leurs modes d’action (ALS, ACCase et Photosystem II). Plusieurs espe` ces de mammife` res, d’oiseaux et d’insectes vivent des feuilles et des graines de la se´ taire ge´ ante. Mots cle´s: Setaria faberi,se´ taire ge´ ante, croissance, de´ veloppement, germination, maladies, herbicides 1. Name at the tip, usually finely pubescent with soft straight Setaria faberi R. A. W. Herrm. * Incorrect spelling: hairs on the upper surface or both surfaces (see also Setaria faberii * giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail, Chinese Section 2c). The inflorescence is a dense spike-like millet, giant bristle grass, Japanese bristlegrass, nodding panicle, usually nodding or drooping from near the foxtail; se´ taire ge´ ante; se´ taire de Faber (Rominger 1962; base and 6Á20 cm long. The inflorescence rachis is Darbyshire 2003; USDA, NRCS 2007). Poaceae (Gra- densely villose with long whitish hairs and the spikelets mineae), grass family, Gramine´ es. European and Med- are densely grouped in a green, soft bristly, elongated iterranean Plant Protection Organization Code (Bayer head, which resembles a slender bottle brush. On the Code): SETFA. pedicels at the base of each spikelet are (1) 3 (6) bristles about 10 mm long, which remain on the plant after the 2. Description and Account of Variation spikelet has fallen from its minute cup-like base. The (a) Species Description * The following description is spikelets are 2.5Á3 mm long; the lower glumes are about based on published information (Hitchcock 1950; Fair- 1 mm long and acute; the upper glumes about 2.2 mm brothers 1959; Pohl 1962; Rominger 1962), supplemen- long, 2/3 to 5/6 as long as the upper fertile lemma and ted with measurements from herbarium specimens made obtuse; the lower sterile lemmas are about 2.8 mm long; by the authors. Measurements are given as the typical the lower paleas are about 2/3 as long as the lower range with unusual extremes in parentheses. lemmas; the upper lemmas are pale greenish or yellow- Plants are annual. Stems single or branching near the ish, finely to distinctly transversely wrinkled (rugose); base, (8) 50Á200 (250) cm high; leaf sheaths are smooth, and, the upper palea is similar to upper lemma. The with the upper margins hairy. The ligule is a fringe of exserted anthers are about 1 mm long. short hairs about 2 mm long. Leaf blades are flat, 15Á30 Chromosome counts reported from Canadian popu- cm long and 10Á20 mm wide, narrowing to a fine point lations are 2n36 (Warwick et al. 1987, 1997). The 379 380 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE same tetraploid number has also been reported from the of S. faberi and S. viridis. For photographiccompar- United States (Fairbrothers 1959; Pohl 1962), Japan isons among S. pumila, S. viridis, S. faberi, and S. (Kishimoto 1938; Tateoka 1955) and Russia (Probatova verticillata see Bouchard and Ne´ ron (1991). and Sokolovskaya 1983). 3. Economic Importance (b) Similar Species and Distinguishing Features * Five (a) Detrimental * Considered a major weed worldwide, species of Setaria have been reported in Canada. A S. faberi is an annual grass found in a wide range of comparison of some morphological characteristics is cropping systems, but causes the most economic losses given in Table 1 and a key to the species is given in in field corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max Appendix 1. Setaria faberi can be distinguished from (L.) Merr.] and is responsible for crop yield reductions, other grasses by the presence of a hairy ligule and hairs increased cleaning costs, and the necessity for imple- on the upper side and margins of the leaf blade (see also mentation of expensive cultural and chemical control section 2a). The inflorescence is characteristic of the measures (Knake 1977; Zimdahl 1980). The detrimental foxtail family and often droops once mature (Fig. 1). effects of S. faberi also include production of secondary allelopathic chemicals, serving as a secondary host for (c) Intraspecific Variation * No intraspecific taxa have insect pests, and the ability to survive in a persistent seed been described. However, variation in the leaf blade bank (see also section 8c). pubescence has been reported. Forms with both leaf Setaria faberi is often found in mixed communities blade surfaces pubescent as well as non-hairy (glabrous) with other Setaria species such as S. pumila, and have been reported from within populations of typical S. viridis. Of the three species S. faberi is considered plants (Monachino 1959; Pohl 1962) (See also Section the most competitive species due to its adaptability to 7c). Fairbrothers (1959) reported the morphological diverse environments, delayed germination and high variation found in populations from New Jersey, mea- fecundity (Santelman et al. 1963; Schreiber 1965; Knake suring 150 plants (12 populations) grown in the field and 1977; Buhler et al. 1997; Moechnig et al. 2003). 20 plants (10 populations) grown in the greenhouse. Generally, comparisons among species for effects on Wang et al. (1995) reported that S. faberi is nearly crop yield are hard to distinguish, because accounts of monomorphic as a species, which is remarkable crop yield losses are often reported for mixed stands of given the geographically diverse sampling used for their two or more of the Setaria species. Although, in a 3-yr study, which included accessions from at least three study, Staniforth (1965) demonstrated that the vigorous different continents. Strong inbreeding processes (cleis- growth of S. faberi caused greater soybean yield togamy or self pollination) occur, because little hetero- reductions than did S. pumila or S. viridis. Moechnig zygosity was detected (Wang et al. 1995). Like S. pumila et al. (2003) developed empirical models describing the (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. (S. glauca of authors) and competitiveness of S. faberi in relation to Chenopodium S. parviflora (Poir.) Kergue´ len (S. geniculata album L. in corn. Competition coefficients that were P. Beauv.), S. faberi, populations are largely homoge- based on relative leaf area revealed that S. faberi was nous, but are differentiated from one another in the more competitive than C. album. In other mixed fixation of different alleles at one or more loci (Wang communities such as old-field successions, S. faberi is et al. 1995). When Benabdelmouna et al. (2001a) often ranked as the most competitive graminaceous performed an analysis of phylogeneticand genomic weed (Wakefield and Barrett 1979; Parrish and Bazzaz relationships among species in the genus Setaria they 1982; Facelli and Pickett 1991b). found that S. faberi rDNA contained an additional 450 bp that were not present in other species within the genus. Corn and Soybean * The presence of S. faberi at low (d) Illustrations * The habit of S. faberi is illustrated in population densities within a corn crop is sufficient to Fig. 1 and details of the spikelets are illustrated in Fig. 2. cause significant yield losses. For example, S. faberi Pohl (1962) provided illustrations to contrast the seeds caused a 24% reduction of corn yield when present in Table 1. Comparison of Setaria species in Canada Character S. italica S.