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Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America

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Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America /, -. "1 .r L I E) R.ARY OF THE UN IVERSITY or ILLINOIS 5T0.5 ILL V. Z5-30 CO The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN *Jl»LOlNGUS£0l«B SEP 1 1978 BUILDING lf3^-0f«*f ijUN 14 1^79 JUN 1 «» 'S"?^' ml v>E ONr SEr^ X iii87 L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/taxonomyofsetari29romi '7j Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America JAMES M. ROMINGER ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Number 29 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS PRESS URBANA, 1962 n ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS is the general title for a series of mono- graphs in botany, entomology, zoology, and allied fields. Volmnes 1 through 24 con- tained four issues each and were available through subscription. Beginning with niunber 25 (issued in 1957), each pubhcation is numbered consecutively. No subscriptions are available, but standing orders will be accepted for forthcoming nximbers. Prices of previous issues still in print are listed below, and these may be purchased from the University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. Requests for exchange arrangements should be addressed to the Exchange Department, University Library, Urbana, Illinois. BAKER, FRANK COLLINS (1922): The Mol- GUTBERLET, JOHN EARL (1915): On the luscan Fauna of the Big Vermilion River, Osteology of Some of the Loricati. 5 pis. 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Vol. 24, Morphology, Taxonomy, and Bionomics of No. 2. $2.50. the Nemertean Genus Carcinonemertes. 4 pis. 1 map. Vol. 18, No. 4. $1.50. GAMBILL, WILLIAM G., JR. (1953): The Leguminosae Illinois. 4. of Vol. 22, No. KENDEiGH, s, CHARLES (1941): Territorial $3.00. and Mating Behavior of the House Wren. 32 figs. Vol. 18, No. 3. $1.50. GOODNIGHT, CLARENCE JAMES (1940): The Branchiobdellidae (Oligochaeta) of North ( 1952) : Parental Care and Its Evo- American Crayfishes. 3 pis. Vol. 17, No. 3, lution in Birds. 35 figs. Vol. 22, Nos. 1-3. $1.00. $4.00. Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) IN North America Taxonomy oi Setaria (Gramineae) in North America JAMES M. ROMINGER ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Number 29 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1962 Board of Editors: william r. horsfall, theodore delevoryas, r. d, DE MOSS, FRANCIS J. KRUIDENIER, AND AUBREY B. TAYLOR. THIS MONOGRAPH IS A CONTRIBUTION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. DISTRIBUTED JANUARY 29, 1962. © 1962 BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. MANU- FACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATA- LOG CARD NO. 62-62503. "^ CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. NOMENCLATURAL HiSTORY OF THE GeNUS 2 III. Morphology 4 inflorescence 4 spikelet 5 leaf hlade 5 IV. Geographical Distribution 6 V. Phylogenetic Relationships 9 GENERIC relationships 9 interspecific relationships 10 VI. Systematic Treatment 11 KEY TO Setoria and allied genera 11 bibliography of the genus 12 description of the genus 13 key to subgenera of Setorio 14 subgenus PtychopliyUum 14 Bibliography 14 Description 14 Key to species 14 Taxonomic treatment of species 15 1. Setoria palmifolia 15 2. Setaria barbata 16 3. Setaria paniculifera 18 4. Setaria crus-ardeae 20 5. Setaria speciosa 22 6. Setaria poiretiana 23 subgenus Paurochaetium 24 Bibliography 24 Description 24 Discussion of taxonomic position 24 Key to species 26 Taxonomic treatment of species 26 7. Setaria distantiflora 26 8. Setaria pradana 27 9. Setaria leonis 28 10. Setaria ophiticola 29 V vi TAXONOMY OF Setaria (gramineae) in north America 11. Setaria utowanaea 29 12. Setaria subtransiens 30 13. Setaria chapmani 31 14. Setaria ramiseta 32 15. Setaria fir7nula 33 16. Setaria reverchoni 34 SUBGENUS Setaria 35 Bibliography 35 Description 35 Key to species 36 Taxonomic treatment of species 39 17. Setaria vidpiseta 39 18. Setaria tenax 42 18a. Setaria tenax var. antrorsa 44 19. Setaria macrostachya 44 20. Setaria texana 47 21. Setaria leucopila 48 22. Setaria palmeri 51 23. Setaria scheelei 52 24. Setaria villosissima 54 25. Setaria macrosperma 56 26. Setaria setosa 57 26a. Setaria setosa var. leiophylla 59 27. Setaria rariflora 60 28. Setaria grisebachii 61 29. Setaria liebmanni 64 30. Setaria arizonica 66 31. Setaria latifolia 68 32. Setaria longipila 69 33. Setaria corrugata 70 34. Setaria tenacissima 72 35. Setaria scandens 74 36. Setaria magna 75 37. Setaria viridis 78 37a. Setaria viridis var. major 81 38. Setaria italica 82 39. Setaria faberii 84 40. Setaria adhaerans 86 41. Setaria verticiUata 88 41a. Setaria verticiUata var. ambigua 91 42. Setaria geniculata 92 43. Setaria lutescens 95 VII. Summary 98 CONTENTS Vll VIII. Bibliography 100 IX. Index to Numbered Exsiccatae 109 X. Maps of Geographical Distribution and Plates 113 Index 129 Maps of Geographical Distribution Map 1. S. faberii ( US ) 114 Map 2. S. geniculata (US) S. firmula ( US ) 114 Map 3. S. geniculata (Mex., G. Amer., W. Ind.) S. palmeri (Mex.) S. poiretiana ( Mex. ) 115 Map 4. S. leucopila (US) S. macrosperma ( US ) 115 Map 5. S. leucopila (Mex.) S. palmifolia (Jamaica) S. paniculifera ( Mex., G. Amer., W. Ind. ) 116 Map 6. S. corrugata (US) S. scheelei (US) S. villosissima ( US, Mex. ) 116 Map 7. S. scheelei (Mex.) S. setosa (W. Ind.) S. longipila ( Mex., G. Amer. ) 117 Map 8. S. arizonica (US, Mex.) S. magna (US) S. texana ( US, Mex. ) 117 Map 9. S. grisehachii (US) S. verticillata var. ambigua ( US ) 118 Map 10. S. bflrZjafrt (G. Amer., W. Ind., US) S. grisebachii (Mex.) S. liebmanni ( US, Mex., G. Amer. ) 118 Map 11. S. macrostachya (US, Mex., W. Ind.) S. scandens (Mex., G. Amer., W. Ind. ) 119 Map 12. S. adhaerans (US, Mex., G. Amer., W. Ind.) S. vulpiseta ( Mex., G. Amer., W. Ind. ) 119 ) ) viii TAXONOMY OF SetaHa (gramineae) in north America Map 13. S. tenax ( Mex., C. Amer., W. Ind. S. latifolia (Mex.) S. crus-ardeae ( Trinidad ) 120 Map 14. S. tenacissima (C. Amer., W. Ind.) S. chapmani (US, Mex., W. Ind.) 120 Map 15. S. romiseta ( US, Mex. S. reverchoni ( US ) 121 Plates Plate I. S. crus-ardeae 122 Plate II. S. arizonica 123 Plate III. S. viridis var. major 124 Plate IV. S. adhaerans 125 Plate V. Comparison of spikelets 126 Fig. 1. Panicum virgatum Fig. 2. Panicum huachucae Fig. 3. Setaria corrugata Plate VI. Phylogeny of Setaria in North America 127 I. INTRODUCTION The species of Setaria merit continuing surveillance because of their world-wide economic importance. Included in this genus are cultivated grains, perennial forage grasses, and noxious weeds. Since prehistoric times man has cultivated several varieties of Setaria italica, known as millet, foxtail millet, or Hungarian grass. Contributing to the range cover and forage of the semi-arid lands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico are several species of Setaria which are native to North America. Not without its "black sheep," this genus includes some of the most noxious weeds in North America. Cosmopolitan weeds of the temperate zones of the world, the green foxtail (S. viridis) and its several allies represent an increasingly serious control problem in clean-tilled crops. Setaria is a genus belonging to the tribe Paniceae of the family Gramineae (Poacae) and including approximately 125 species dis- tributed throughout the temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. It is represented in North America by forty-three species and four varieties segregated into three subgenera as follows: Ptycho- phijlhtm (6 spp. ), Paurochaetiiwi (10 spp. ), and Setaria (27 spp. and 4 var. ). Twenty-five species are native to North America, ten have their centers of origin in South America, and eight species are adventives from the Old World.
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