EBD_9038 content History 1–36 • Indian : Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern History • World : Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern History Polity 37–92 • Indian Polity: Constitution – Making, Features of Its Framework, Statutory/ Constitutional bodies, Governments (Types and levels), Institutions, Elections, Political Parties, Pressure Groups, E-Governance, E-Courts, Lokpal, NITI Ayog, Reservation, RTI, Foreign Policy, Neighbours. • World Polity: International Organizations, United Nations, International Relations, Important Summits, Parliaments and Political Parties of countries. HISTORY GK-89 HISTORY u India u World TOP HISTORICAL TRENDS/ EVENTS/ DEVELOPMENT THAT CHANGED THE WORLD INDIAN HISTORY MIND MAP ANCIENT Indus Valley Civilization Vedic Period/Aryan Jainism & Buddhism Magadh Empire Maurya Dynasty Kushan Dynasty Gupta Empire Harshvardhana Southern Kingdom MEDIEVAL Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagar Bhakti & Sufi Movement Mughal Dynasty Advent of Europeans Kingdom of Great Marathas MODERN Trade Initiation of British East India Company British Rule before 1857 Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Freedom Struggle : Rowlatt Act (1919) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) Chauri Chaura (1922) Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Quit-India Movement (1942) Partition of India (1947), etc. GK-90 HISTORY EBD_9038 ANCIENT INDIA Pre Historic Ages Bronze Age Stone Age • • It began with the development of Indus • valley civilization around 3000 BC and • StonePre - historic age period is divided into three continued up to 1300 BC. sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron age. Bronze People started using weapons and is divided into three periods alloy of copper and tin • agricultural tools madetrade of networks , an • Loweri.e. Palaeolithic Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age Age and . Neolithic Age. It had opened the of covers the • Mesopotamia civilization to reach out greater part of the Ice Age. • in various directions. The people of this age used to eat fruits, • The age came to an end primarily birds, raw animal flesh etc. • Middle Palaeolithic age because of the fact that the metals used The tools were usually made of hard rock. as alloy in manufacturing bronze were In , a change not very common and widely found. • occurredUpper in Palaeolithicthe shape of agetools which More over the expenses of making were made of stones or bones. Ironbronze Age were high at that time. • MesolithicIn Age , human • lived as nomadic hunter and gatherers. agriculturewas an intermediate It was the last principal period among • Neolithicstage in the age stone age. It endedpolished with the • the three-age system of prehistoric introductiontool of . societies, preceded by the Bronze age. • was an age of The development of this era was due culture. to the weapons and tools made by iron. Tool making became an important Other changes in the society such as agricultural practices, religious belief and • profession and a varietypottery of polished • tools were manufactured. inclinations towards art were started. They paintingslearnt the art of and their The age began in the 6th century BCE in northern Europe and 8th century BCE • pots were well made and decorated in central Europe and by 12th century firewith . BCE in the East, i.e. ancient Iran, ancient wheelThey discovered the art of producing • Harappan Culture by the friction of stones and the India, and ancient Greece. was also an important discovery In India the late Chalcolithicof this age. Age was marked with thePainted Iron GreyAge • archaeological cultures of India with copper age emphasis given on the • Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of Ware culture (1200 to 600 BCE) and copper as . the Northern Black Polished Ware (700 The economy was based on subsistence Industo 200Valley BCE). Civilization • agriculture, stock-raising, hunting and fishing. • Neither they milked animals for dairy Indus Valley Civilization was the most bronzeproducts.copper stone ancient urban civilization in this world It was a transitional stagesettled when both which flourished on the bank of Indus River , and tools were used during Bronze Age Period. The important Thereand is an humans evidence startedof livestock living breeding at the life. end of middle citiesstone age under period. this civilizations were : HISTORY GK-91 IMPORTANT SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Name of Sites Year of Excavators Features Excavation Harappa Punjab (Pakistan) River Ravi 1921 Daya Ram Sahni, • City followed grid planning Madho Sarup • Row of six granaries Vatsa, Wheeler • Only place having evidences of coffin burial • Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial • Cemetery-H of alien people. • Virgin-Goddess (Seal) • Stone symbol of Lingam and Yoni Mohenjodaro • Painted Pottery Sindh (Pakistan) hall River Indus 1922 R.D. Banerjee, • Great Granary, Great Bath Assembly Mackay, Wheeler • Pashupati Mahadeva Seal • Bronze image of nude woman dancer • Human Skeltons huddled together • Clay figures of Mother Goddess • A fragment of woven cotton Chanhu-daro • Brick Kilns and Dice Sindh (Pakistan) River Indus 1931 N. Gopal • A city without citadel Majumdar, • Inkpot, Lipstick Mackay • Shell ornament makers’ shop and bead makers’ shop • Footprint of dog on a brick • Terracotta model of a bullock cart, Bronze toy cart Kalibangan • Town was flooded more than seven times. Rajasthan (India) River Ghaggar 1953 A. Ghosh, • Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan B.V. Lal, phase B.K. Thapar • Evidence of furrowed land • Evidence of seven fire altars and camel bones • Many houses had their own well • Kalibangan stand for black bangles Lothal Gujarat • Evidence of wooden furrow (India) River Bhogava 1953 S.R. Rao • A titled floor which bears intersecting design of circles • Remains of rice husk • Evidence of horse from a terracotta figurine • A ship designed on a seal • Beads & trade ports • An instrument for measuring angles, pointing to modern day compass Barley was the first grown crop by human in the Middle East around• 8000Dockyard B.C. EBD_9038 GK-92 HISTORY Banwali Hisar Haryana 1974 R.S. Bisht • Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan phase Amri Sindh • Good quantity of barley found here Dholavira Gujarat 1935 N.G. Majumdar • Evidence of antelope 1985-90 R.S. Bisht • Seven cultural stages • Largest site • Three part of city Rangpur Gujarat • Unique water management River Mahar 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. • Rice was cultivated Ropar Punjab Lal & S.R. Rao River Sutlej 1953 Y.D. • Evidence of burying a dog below the Sharma human burial • One example of rectangular mudbrick chamber was noticed • Five fold cultures - Harappan, PGW, NBP, Alamgirpur Kushana - Gupta and Medieval Ghaziabad 1958 Y.D. Sharma • The impression of cloth on a trough is discovered • Usually considered to be the eastern Early Vedic Period/ Aryan (1500– • Samgramaboundary of the Indus culture 500 BCE) • The Aryans meantpastoral that gram clashed • with one another and caused war. Rig Veda “gavisihthi” were people and The earliest specimen of Indo-European fought most of the war for it. Rig Veda language is . Aryans were is or search for cows as Centralthe people Asia who spoke Indo-European • they were the mostwomen important slave form of • languages basically belongingSapta to wealth. , migrated to India. gifted Sindhu The concept of was most They settled themselves in to the priests common. Women and cows were the land of seven rivers in • in those days. north-western region of India which bali Voluntary offering to the chief was included Kubha river of Afghanistan • • known as . along with Indus and its five tributaries. Vasishtha Two priests who played important role According to the oldest Vedic literature Vishvamitra Dasa during this time were and (Rig Veda) the Aryan king came into • Dasyus . conflict with (branch of early The people of Vedic period were theists. Aryans) and (original inhabitants n Vedic literature shows the existence of the country). They were soft to Dasas • of god. The religion of the Vedic Arya but stronglyBharatavarsha hostile to Dasyus. worshipped nature with one in many GraduallyBharata the region came to be known • Indra o as named after the concepts. Dasrajnatribe Yudha. This clan consists of 5 (rain g d) was important as he Aryan chiefs and 5 non-Aryan chiefs. • Agniplayed role of a warlord. 250 hymns or Battle of ten Kings Varunawere devotedSoma to him. • has been mentioned in hymns of Rig (fire god) wasAditi devoted Usha200 hymns. Veda. Parusni Ravi , (plant god), female The battle was fought on the bank of divinities like and were river , identical to river also worshipped but were not given Firstand evidence was of won human by in Bharatas. India was found in western Narmada regionimportance in Madhya asPradesh. the male gods. HISTORY GK-93 • Yajur Veda: Rajans The administrative machinery worked Shatapatha (The oldest and the Atharva Veda: under tribal chief called as . Clan largest Brahmana) and Taittariya. based assemblies were found such as Jainism Gopatha sabha, samiti, vidatha, gana. Women • • 24 Thirthankaras attended sabha and vidatha. Social structure of the society was based There were according naptri symbol-Bull on the kinship. Common term for nephew, to Jain tradition. Rishabha Adinath symbol-Lion Latergrandson Vedic andPeriod cousin was . ( ) was the first and Mahavira • Vedic Literature ( ) was the last Thirthankara. (1500 BC - 500 BC) There is historical proof of only the last two • Thirthankaras, Parshwanath (23rd) and ParshvanathaMahavira (24th) while rest are obscure. It is believed