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History 1–36 • Indian : , Medieval History, Modern History • World : Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern History Polity 37–92 • Indian Polity: Constitution – Making, Features of Its Framework, Statutory/ Constitutional bodies, Governments (Types and levels), Institutions, , Political Parties, Pressure Groups, E-Governance, E-Courts, Lokpal, NITI Ayog, Reservation, RTI, Foreign Policy, Neighbours. • World Polity: International Organizations, United Nations, International Relations, Important Summits, Parliaments and Political Parties of countries. HISTORY GK-89 HISTORY u u World

TOP HISTORICAL TRENDS/ EVENTS/ DEVELOPMENT THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

INDIAN HISTORY MIND MAP ANCIENT

 Indus Valley Civilization  /Aryan  &  Magadh  Maurya Dynasty  Kushan Dynasty  Empire  Harshvardhana  Southern Kingdom MEDIEVAL

Sultanate  Vijayanagar  Bhakti & Sufi Movement  Mughal Dynasty  Advent of Europeans  Kingdom of Great Marathas MODERN  Trade Initiation of British  Company  British Rule before 1857  Sepoy Mutiny 1857  Freedom Struggle :  Rowlatt Act (1919)  Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)  Chauri Chaura (1922)  Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22)  Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)  Quit-India Movement (1942)  (1947), etc. GK-90 HISTORY EBD_9038

ANCIENT INDIA

Pre Historic Ages Age • Stone Age • •• It began with the development of Indus •• valley civilization around 3000 BC and •• StonePre - historic age period is divided into three continued up to 1300 BC. sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron age. Bronze People started using weapons and is divided into three periods alloy of copper and tin •• agricultural tools madetrade of networks , an •• Loweri.e. Palaeolithic Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age Age and . Neolithic Age. It had opened the of covers the •• Mesopotamia civilization to reach out greater part of the Ice Age. •• in various directions. The people of this age used to eat fruits, •• The age came to an end primarily birds, raw animal flesh etc. •• Middle Palaeolithic age because of the fact that the metals used The tools were usually made of hard rock. as alloy in manufacturing bronze were In , a change not very common and widely found. •• occurredUpper in Palaeolithic the shape of age tools which More over the expenses of making were made of stones or bones. Ironbronze Age were high at that time. •• MesolithicIn Age , •• lived as nomadic hunter and gatherers. agriculturewas an intermediate It was the last principal period among •• Neolithicstage in the age stone age. It endedpolished with the •• the three-age system of prehistoric introductiontool of . societies, preceded by the Bronze age. •• was an age of The development of this era was due culture. to the weapons and tools made by iron. Tool making became an important Other changes in the society such as agricultural practices, religious belief and •• profession and a varietypottery of polished •• tools were manufactured. inclinations towards were started. They paintingslearnt the art of and their The age began in the BCE in northern and 8th century BCE •• pots were well made and decorated in central Europe and by 12th century firewith . BCE in the East, i.e. ancient Iran, ancient wheelThey discovered the art of producing •• Harappan Culture by the friction of stones and the India, and ancient Greece. was also an important discovery In India the late Chalcolithicof this age. Age was marked with thePainted Iron Grey Age •• archaeological cultures of India with copper age emphasis given on the •• Age is marked by the use of Ware culture (1200 to 600 BCE) and copper as . the Northern Black Polished Ware (700 The economy was based on subsistence Industo 200Valley BCE). Civilization •• agriculture, stock-raising, hunting and fishing. •• Neither they milked animals for dairy Indus Valley Civilization was the most bronzeproducts.copper stone ancient urban civilization in this world It was a transitional stagesettled when both which flourished on the bank of , and tools were used during Bronze Age Period. The important Thereand is an evidence startedof livestock living breeding at the life. end of middle citiesstone age under period. this civilizations were : HISTORY GK-91 IMPORTANT SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Name of Sites Year of Excavators Features Excavation () River Ravi 1921 Daya Ram Sahni, • City followed grid planning Madho Sarup • Row of six granaries , Wheeler • Only place having evidences of coffin burial • Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial • Cemetery-H of alien people. • Virgin-Goddess (Seal) • Stone symbol of and Yoni Mohenjodaro • Painted Pottery (Pakistan) hall River Indus 1922 R.D. Banerjee, • Great Granary, Great Bath Assembly Mackay, Wheeler • Pashupati Mahadeva Seal • Bronze image of nude woman dancer • Human Skeltons huddled together • Clay figures of Mother Goddess • A fragment of woven cotton Chanhu-daro • Brick Kilns and Dice Sindh (Pakistan) River Indus 1931 N. Gopal • A city without citadel Majumdar, • Inkpot, Lipstick Mackay • Shell ornament makers’ shop and bead makers’ shop • Footprint of dog on a brick • model of a bullock cart, Bronze toy cart Kalibangan • Town was flooded more than seven times. Rajasthan (India) River Ghaggar 1953 A. Ghosh, • Shows both Pre Harappan and Harappan B.V. Lal, phase B.K. Thapar • Evidence of furrowed land • Evidence of seven fire altars and camel bones • Many houses had their own well • Kalibangan stand for black bangles Lothal • Evidence of wooden furrow (India) River Bhogava 1953 S.R. Rao • A titled floor which bears intersecting design of circles • Remains of rice husk • Evidence of horse from a terracotta figurine • A ship designed on a seal • Beads & trade ports • An instrument for measuring angles, pointing to modern day compass Barley was the first grown crop by human in the Middle East around• 8000Dockyard B.C. GK-92 HISTORY EBD_9038

Banwali Haryana 1974 R.S. Bisht • Shows both Pre-Harappan and Harppan phase Amri Sindh • Good quantity of barley found here Dholavira Gujarat 1935 N.G. Majumdar • Evidence of antelope 1985-90 R.S. Bisht • Seven cultural stages • Largest site • Three part of city Rangpur Gujarat • Unique water management River Mahar 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. • Rice was cultivated Ropar Punjab Lal & S.R. Rao River Sutlej 1953 Y.D. • Evidence of burying a dog below the Sharma human burial • One example of rectangular mudbrick chamber was noticed • Five fold cultures - Harappan, PGW, NBP, Alamgirpur Kushana - Gupta and Medieval Ghaziabad 1958 Y.D. Sharma • The impression of cloth on a trough is discovered • Usually considered to be the eastern Early Vedic Period/ Aryan (1500– •• Samgramaboundary of the Indus culture 500 BCE) •• The Aryans meantpastoral that gram clashed •• with one another and caused war. Rig Veda “gavisihthi” were people and The earliest specimen of Indo-European fought most of the war for it. Rig Veda language is . Aryans were is or search for cows as Centralthe people Asia who spoke Indo-European •• they were the mostwomen important slave form of •• languages basically belongingSapta to wealth. , migrated to India. gifted Sindhu The concept of was most They settled themselves in to the priests common. Women and cows were the land of seven rivers in •• in those days. north-western region of India which bali Voluntary offering to the chief was included Kubha river of •• •• known as . along with Indus and its five tributaries. Two priests who played important role According to the oldest Vedic Dasa during this time were and (Rig Veda) the Aryan came into •• Dasyus . conflict with (branch of early The people of Vedic period were theists. Aryans) and (original inhabitants n Vedic literature shows the existence • of the country). They were soft to Dasas • of god. The of the Vedic Arya but stronglyBharatavarsha hostile to Dasyus. worshipped nature with one in many GraduallyBharata the region came to be known •• Indra o as named after the concepts. Dasrajnatribe Yudha. This clan consists of 5 (rain g d) was important as he Aryan chiefs and 5 non-Aryan chiefs. •• Agniplayed role of a warlord. 250 hymns or Battle of ten Varunawere devotedSoma to him. •• has been mentioned in hymns of Rig (fire god) wasAditi devoted Usha200 hymns. Veda. Parusni Ravi , (plant god), female The battle was fought on the bank of divinities like and were river , identical to river also worshipped but were not given Firstand evidence was of won human by in . India was found in western Narmada regionimportance in Madhya asPradesh. the male gods. HISTORY GK-93 •• Yajur Veda: Rajans The administrative machinery worked Shatapatha (The oldest and the Atharva Veda: under tribal chief called as . Clan largest Brahmana) and Taittariya. based assemblies were found such as Jainism Gopatha sabha, samiti, vidatha, gana. Women •• •• 24 Thirthankaras attended sabha and vidatha. Social structure of the society was based There were according naptri symbol-Bull on the kinship. Common term for nephew, to Jain tradition. Rishabha Adinath symbol-Lion Latergrandson Vedic andPeriod cousin was . ( ) was the first and •• Vedic Literature ( ) was the last Thirthankara. (1500 BC - 500 BC) There is historical proof of only the last two •• Thirthankaras, Parshwanath (23rd) and ParshvanathaMahavira (24th) while rest are obscure. It is believed that the Rig Veda was •• Vediccomposed Literature while the Aryans were still in Punjab. He was a prince of Benaras who led the life of a hermit and died at Shikharji, Giridih, comprises of four chaturthi literary productions: . His four main teachings were 1. The Samhitas or vedas called . 2. The Brahamans 1. Ahimsa (Non-injury) • • 3. The Aranyakas Rig Veda, Sama 2. Satya (Non-lying) 4. The Upanishads Veda, Yajur Veda Atharva Veda 3. Asteya (Non-stealing) There are four vedas- Mahavira 4. Aparigraha (Non-possession) Vedatrayi and . Rig TheVeda first three vedaslyrics are jointly called (trio of vedas). Brahmacharya (collection of ) is the oldest He adopted all these four teachings and text in the world. It contains 10,500 verses added (Chastity) to it. Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village Hotriand 1028 hymns, divided into 10 mandalas. •• The hymns of Rig Veda were recited by called Kundagram near in . . It is the tenth mandalas which He renounced his family at the age of 30 Sama Veda •• explains the four varnas. and became an ascetic. (BookUdgatri of chants) is important He attained kaivalya (perfect knowledge) for Indian . The hymns of sama veda at the age of 42 under a sal tree at Yajur Veda Rijupalika were recited by . Jambhika grama on the bank of river •• (book of sacrificial prayers) is . a ritual veda. It hasAdhveryus both verses and prose in He came to be known as Kevalin (perfect contrast with the fist two vedas. Its hymns learned), Jina (one who conquered his were recited by . It is divided into Atharva veda senses), Nirgrontha (free from all bonds), two parts- Yajur and Shukla yajur. Arhant (blessed one) and Mahavira (the (book of magical formulae) •• Pava contains charms and spells to word of evils brave). He delivered his first sermon at to his and diseases. •• 11 disciples who were called . RigEvery Veda: veda has several Brahmanas attached He passed away at Pavapuri near Bihar Samato it: Veda: •• Aitareya and Kaushitiki Sharif, Bihar at the age of 72 in 468 BC. Panchvisha, Shadvinsh, Sudharma was the only who ChhandogyaLahuradeva in Uttar and Pradesh Jaiminaya are the site for oldest agricultural regionsurvived in the Indian after sub-continent. his death. GK-94 HISTORY EBD_9038

Jain Council Year Venne Chairman Result

1st 300BC Patliputra Sthulabhadra Compilation of 12 2nd 512 AD Devardhi Final compilation of 12 Angas Buddhism Kshmasramana and 12 Upangas

Gautama Buddha Sambharnath Horse Abhiaandam Monkey He was the founder of Buddhism. He was Sumatinath Curlew born in 563 BC on the vaisakha purnima Padmaprabhu Red Louts day at Lumbinivana, in the Sakya •• Moon Kshatriya clan. Suparswanath Swastik At the age of 29, he renounced home, Chandraji Prabhu this was his Mahabhinish Kramana Suvidhinath Crocodile •• (great49 going days forth) and became a Shitalnath Srivatsa wandering ascetic. Uruvella After of continuous Naranjanameditation Shreganath Rhinoceros under a pipal tree at (Bodh Falgu Vasupujya Buffalo Gaya) on the bank of river VimalnathAnantnath Boar •• (modern name ) he attained SarnathNirvana (enlightment). Falcon Buddha delivered his Dharamachakro first sermon at Dharamanath Vajra (Deer Park) to his five disciples, Pravartana Shantinath Deer •• this is known as Kuntunath He-Goat at . MahaparinirvaHe died at thena age of 80 in 483 BC ArnathMallinath Fish . This is known as Waterpot Important event of. Symbols Buddha’s life Muniswasth Tortoise Neminath Blue Lotus Janma (Birth) Lotus and Bull Arishtanemi Conch Shell Lion Mahabhinish Kraman Horse Parshwanath Serpent (Renunciation) Mahavira Nirvana/Sambodhi (Enlightenment) Dharamachakra Wheel Pravartana (First Sermon) During the age of Buddha whole of northern Sodasha territory especially north of Vindyan was Mahaparinirvana24 (Death) Mahajanapadas divided into sixteen states called Name Symbol either monarchical or republican in character. The kingdoms of Rishabha Bull Magadh, Koshala, Vatsa and were considered powerful. Buddhist literature Ajitnath Elephant The original script of the is in Brahmi. “Anguttara Nikaya” listed them as: HISTORY GK-95

Mahajanapadas Capital Present place

Gandhara A part of Afghanistan Kamboja Rajauri Part of and Afghanistan Potana Godavari Valley Vatsa Kaushambi Avanti and a part of M.P Mathura in U.P Chedi Shuktimati in M.P Kushinara, Pawa Eastern U.P Kurus Hastinapur/Indraprashta Delhi and Meerut Matasya Virat Nagari Jaipur and Alwar Vaishali North Bihar Champa and Munger in Bihar Kashi Banaras Banaras Shravasti Oudh in U.P Girivraja/Rajgriha and Gaya in Bihar Ahichhatra/Kampilya in U.P

TheKasi village made to Bimbisara. This brought Magadha eventually emerged as one of about a war between Magadha and Kosala. the most powerful Mahajanpadas mainly war ended in a truce. Ajatasatru got because of its peculiar geographical back Kasi and married Prasenjit’s daughter, location. It was bordered by Ganga River in Vajira Kumari. After 16 years-long battle north, Son River in west, Vindhya ranges in with the Lichchavis, he conquered Vaishali. south and Champa in East. Kosala too, fell to him. Gradually, the whole The various dynasties which ruled over of north Bihar came under his control and MagadhHaryanaka are as Dynasty follows: UdayabhadraMagadha held its sway over Eastern India. (544 BC-412 BC) Ajatasatru was succeeded by his son, King Bimbisara (459 B.C). He shifted the capital to at the confluence of the and the Son rivers. Later He was the founder of the Haryanka Pataliputra became the capital of India. A dynasty. He was a contemporary of Lord succession of three weak kings, Anuruddha, Buddha. Bimbisara married Kosala Devi, Munda and Nagadasaka ascended the sister of the Kosalan king Prasenajit, and Lichchavi princess throne after him. obtained a portion of Kasi as dowry. He also Nagadasaka In 430 B.C., the last Haryanka ruler, married Chellana, the Shishunaga , was killed by his courtier, of Vaishali, Vasavi, the Videha princess and , who became the king and the Madra princess, Khema, thus increasing Ajatshatru foundedShishunaga the Shishunaga Dynasty dynasty.(412-344 BC) Magadha’s powers by marital ties. Grivraja Banaras Ajatshatru, Bimbisara’s son, killed him to Shishunaga made his residence ascend the throne in 493 B.C. As a result, and deputed his son to . Shishunaga Yapniya was the sect of Jainism which originated from Digambar sect but followed certain Svetambar beliefs too. Kosalan king Prasenjit revoked the gift of was succeeded by Kalasoka. During GK-96 HISTORY EBD_9038

Kalasoka, Pataliputra became the capital by thus founding of Magadha. In he is mentioned Mauryan Empire in 321 BC. Kalasokaas Kakavarna & Second and in BuddhistSri Lankan Council texts he is Alexander, the great invaded India in mentioned as Kalasoka. 326 BC during the rule of Dhanananda. Vaishali in 383 BC Dhanananda is mentioned as Xandrames The second Buddhist Council was sponsored or Aggrammes or Ganderites in the Greek byYasa Kalasoka at . This historicalMauryan texts. Empire (322-185 BC) council was invited by a Buddhist monk , who saw the local monks of Vaishali following the teaching carelessly. The The MauryaChanakya Empire was founded by dispute was on 10 points such as storing Chandragupta Maurya, with the help salt in horn, eating after midday, eating from , a teacher at once and going to villages for alms, eating Takshashila who dethroned the last Nanda sour milk after one’s meal etc. It was not rulerSeleucus Dhana Nanda. Nicator in 305 Sabakamisettled and Buddhism sects appeared for • Chandragupta Maurya defeated the first time. President of this council was Hindukush BC, who . The last rulers of Shishunaga surrendered a vast territory and the NandivardhanaDynasty were 10 sons of KalasokaPuranas who became theMegasthenes boundary of ruled simultaneously. Out of them one son their states. Nanda Dynasty is (344-321 mentioned BC) in . • A Greek ambassador Mahapadmananda was sent to the Court of Chandragupta by Seleucus Nicator. was the first ruler of the • SravanbelagolaIn the last stage of his life Chandragupta Nanda Dynasty. There are several theories Maurya accepted Jainism and went to about the birth of Mahapadmananda. The in with Purana theory say that Mahapadmananda Bhadrabaha. was son of Nandivardhana & a • He was as sandrocottus by strabo and Woman. Another theory says that there Bindusararecognised/discovered (298-273 BC) by William was a good-looking barber, who won the Jones. heart of the queen who subsequently killed Amitrochates the king. Mahapadmananda was the son of • toHe the succeeded G Chandragupta Maurya. this barber. Whatever may be correct but was know as this was the line which started the trend of reeks, probably derived from lowborn (as of contemporary conditions) the world Amitraghata. He rule started in Magadha.Ugrasena is believed to have raided the Deccan Mahapadmananda had a large and (upto ). (273BC- 232BC) that is why he is called Padmavyuh. His army • He patronised Ajivikas. might have been so large that it could be arranged in a Lotus shape: . He might have been so wealthy that his wealth • Ashoka was the son99 of Bindusarabrothers who was in Padama, a unit of counting equivalent successed him, by usurping the throne to a million multiplied by a billion. after killing his and spared Tissa, the youngest one. Mahapadmananda subdued all the major 261 BC • Ashoka fought the war in powers such as Ikasvakus, Kurus, Panchals, . He abandoned the policy Kasis, Surasens, Maithilas, kalingas, Asmakas Sarvakhstrantaka of physical occupation afterBrihadratha he was etc. and that is why PuranasParshurama mentioned his moved by the massacre in this war. name (destroyer of all • The last Mauryan ruler Kshtras) equivalent to . was assasinated in 185 BC by his The NandasDhana Nanda were the first Non Kshatriya Commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra rulers in the . The last ruler Sunga who established his own Sunga Shyadvade also known as Anekantvada is the theory and Philosophy of Jainism of ancient times. was who was over thrown dynasty. HISTORY GK-97

Ashokan Edicts and Information Place Inscriptions I. Rock Edicts

14 Major Rock Edicts Various Principles of Manshera (Pakistan) Shahbajgarhi (Mardan, Dhamma Pakistan), Kalsi (, ), Junagadh (, Gujarat), Sopara (Thane, ), Yerragudi (Kurnul, ), Dhauli (Khurda, ), Jaugada (Ganjam, Odisha) 2 Kalinga Rock New system of Dauli or Tosali (Khurda, Odisha), Jaugada (Ganjam, Edicts administration after Odisha) the Kalinga war Minor Rock Edicts Personal history of Sasaram (Bihar), (Andhra Pradesh), Bhabru- Ashoka and summary Bairat (Rajasthan), Rupanath (MP), Gavimath, of his dhamma Palkig-undu, Siddhpur, Jating Rameshwar, Brahmagiri (Karnataka) Bhabru-Bairat Rock Ashoka’ conversion to Bhabru-Bairat (Rajasthan) EdictsII. Pillar Edicts Buddhism

7 Pillar Edicts Appendix to rock Edicts Meerut-Delhi (Chhoti ), Topra-Delhi (Badi Lata), Allahabad (UP); Lauriya Nandangadh, Lauriya Areraj and Rampurva (Bihar) 4 Minor Pillar Edicts Signs of Ashoka’s (MP), and Allahabad (UP) fanaticism to Dhamma 2 Tarai Pillar Edicts Ashoka’s respect for Rummandei/Lumbini and Nigaliva (Tarai of Nepal) III. Cave Edicts Buddhism

3 Barabar Cave Edicts Ashoka’sASHOKAN toleration 14 MAJORBarabar ROCK Hills EDICTS (Gaya, Bihar)

S. No. Informations

1. Prohibition of animal sacrifices and festive gatherings. 2. Measures of social welfare. 3. Respect to Brahamanas. 4. Courtesy to relatives, elders, consideration for animals. 5. Appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras and their duties. 6. Need for efficient organisation of administration (orders to Dhamma Mahamatras). 7. Need for tolerance among all religious sects. 9 System of Dhamma-yatras. 9. Attack on meaningless ceremonies and rituals. 10. Conquest through Dhamma instead of war. 11. Explanation of Dhamma-policy. 12. Appeal for tolerance among all religious sects. 13. Kalinga war, mention 5 contemporary Hellenic (Greek) kings. Ujjain14. was Inspirationknown as Avantika to spend in the ancientreligious times. life. GK-98 HISTORY EBD_9038 Shunga (Sunga) Dynasty Purushpura (185 BC–73 BC) (Peshawar) The Capital of Kushans is . is considered to Four rulers of Shunga or Sunga Dynasty have conflicted with the Pataliputra.Kundalvana He was a patron of Buddhism and convened the were Pushyamitra Sunga (185 BC to 151 BC), 4th Buddhist council in the of Agnimitra (149 BC-141 BC), Bhagabhadra Kashmir in 78 AD. Scholars in the Court of (114Pushyamitra BC-83 BC) Sunga and Devabhuti (185 BC to (87-73 151 BC) BC). Kanishka were Parsva, Vasumitra, Asvaghosa, Nagarjuna, Charaka and Mathara. Pushyamitra Shunga was the founder and who wrote Sushruta Samhita, has also been hero of the Shunga dynasty. He was viceroy Theconnected Gupta to EmpireKanishka. (320-550AD) of the Mauryas at Ujjain and was a real war hero. He was not happy with his king (319-335 AD)- Brihadratha, who failed in containing the This period is known as Golden Era. Yavanas and attacks from the western sides. was the Pushyamitra is also known to have repelled founder and an important ruler of the Gupta the Kalinga’s king Kharvela conquest. The dynasty. He was married to Kumaradevi Inscription of Dhandeva mentions Samudraguptaprincess of lichchhavi (335-380 clan, A.D.)- in order to strengthen his position. Agnimitrathat he performed two Ashwamedha Yagyas (Horse Sacrifices). Expanded , the second king of Shunga dynasty, the kingdom“Harisena” as he was very much succeeded his father Pushyamitra Shunga and delighted by violence. The poet in his reigned for a short period of 8 years. He is court in his works Prayag and the hero of Malvikagnimitram of in have described“Indian Napoleon” glowing account whichBhagabhadra he has been referred to as Raja. Chandraguptaof the military exploits II- of the patron. Thus, he was known as . He succeeded Samundra- We know about the king Bhagabhadra gupta. Extended his empire by marriage by a pillar, which has been alliances and conquers. He married his found in , Madhya Pradesh near daughter Prabhavati with a Vakataka prince modern Besnagar. Heliodorus was a Greek who belonged to the Brahmana caste and ruled ambassador and he dedicated this pillar in central India. He patronized the famous to God (). The Heliodorus . Kalidasa and Amarasimha were pillarDevabhuti has a surmounted figure of a . among them. He conquered western Malwa and Gujarat, ruled by the Kshatrapas for about past fourFa-hien centuries and adopted the Devabhuti was the last Shunga Ruler who title of after conquering Ujjain. was killed by his own minister Vasudeva •Chinese• pilgrimKumaragupta came to India during in around 73 BC and founded the his reign. KanvaSatvahana Dynasty. Dynasty (167–196 AD) His son succeeded him. Kumaragupta’s dominionSkandagupta, suffered severely from the invasion of Huna Hordes, was the founder of this dynasty. It all over . son of was situated between the region of Krishna Kumaragupta defeated Pushyamitra who and Godavari rivers. Most powerful king of •• becameNalanda powerful University during Kumaragupta the dynasty was time. He also defeated the White Hunas. (A.D. 106-130). He defeated the , •• was built by YavanasKushan (Greeks) Dynasty and (30–375 AD)(Parithans). Kumargupta. The great “0” Mathematician Pi lived during this period. He discovered KanishkaBhagwat were was the first the to worship greatest Vasudev ruler Krishna. of this the number and value of . He wrote dynasty and is known for his military powers. “Aryabhatiya” and “Suryasiddhanta. HISTORY GK-99 •• Kalidasa Dandi Visakhadatta Southern Kingdoms Shudraka Bharavi •• Poets , , , •• Tamralipti, and , all belonged to The Pallavas of Kanchi, the Chalukyas the Gupta Age. of Badami and the Pandyas of , a port in , was an •• emerged as powerful states in southern important trade centre during Gupta period. Pallavas India in the beginning of seven century. The empire was divided into divisions: bhuktis (under the charge of an uparika) and vishayas (Districts) under the charge •Pallavas• Epigraphs constructed of and Harshavardhanaof vishyapati. (606-647 A.D.) Vishnu in . •• found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka between second and Fall of Gupta’s and Huna invasion left third century B.C. were mostly written northern India in a disorderKurukshetra and chaotic • in but around 400 A.D. Sanskrit situation. It gave rise to small kingdoms • Andhra Prabhakarvardhana became official language. like Thaneswar, near under Pradesh Tamil Nadu Pallavas ruled over southern •• the leadershipKanauj of Kanchi and his son . and northern . He made his capital and his Made their capital identical to present and made it a •• kingdomBanabhatta spread over northern India Chalukyas except Kashmir.Harshacharita city of and vedic learning. was a poet in his court •• •• who wrote Hsuan Tsang describing Vatapi The Chalukyas setup their sovereign early history of his reign. •• Pulakesin Chinese pilgrim who state at (modern Bijapur district). visited India during his reign has thrown I (543-567 A.D.) established great deal of light on the administrative, •• this dynasty and Pulakesin II (608- political and social life of that time. He 647AD) was greatest of all rulers. •• spent his six years of life in IndiaRatnavali (606- Well known Kasivisvesvara Temple Naganandam612 A.D.). Priyadarshika at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple Harsha Sanskrit himself wrote , at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at and •• Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Theplays Pala in Empire (750–1174. B.C.) Itagi were built during Chalukyas reign. Golden era of Bengal The Pallavas and Chalukyas were •• in conflict during Pulakesin II. Narasimhavarman captured his capital It was Buddhist dynasty from Bengal during their second clash between the founded by . The empire two. Narasimhavarman then assumed the reached its peak under Cholatitle Dynasty of vatapikonda (conquer of Vatapi). and Devapala. Dharmapala conquered Vijayalaya •• PalasKanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. wasRajaraja the founder of Chola were followers of the and Dynasty. Most powerful kings of Chola •• Tantric schools of Buddhism,Vikramashila they also Dynasty was (985-1014) and his patronised ShaivismNalanda and . son, Rajendra I. Rajendra I founded a new Dharmapala founded the capital of Gangai Kondacholapuram. He and revived . They maintained defeated the kings of in a naval close cultural and commercial ties with campaign and annexed a part of Sumarata countries of Southeast AsiaArab and Tibet. kingdom to his kingdom. Rajendra Chola SeaSuleiman trade added greatly to the prosperity III was the last king of the dynasty. Under of the Pala kingdom. The merchant the Cholas, the reached new notes the enormity of the Pala heights of excellence in art, religion and Birth, Karma and Bhakti hold the same significance to achieve Moksha according to Bhagvad Gita. army in his memoirs. literature. GK-100 HISTORY EBD_9038 MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Delhi Sultanate Turkish Muhammad Ghori in 1173 to Qutub ud-Din Aibak begins with invasion in India by 1202. He nominated his faithful slave as the governor of the newly possessed region called India. During this period Delhi became the centre of Turkish and AfghanDynasty Power. Sultan / Agent Event Highlights Muhammad •• •• Ghori slave •• Qutub Minar dynasty •• Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210) Construction of world famous (1193-1290) •• Aram Shah (1210–1211) monument by Qutub- •• Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), ud-din Aibak and finished by his •• Rukn ud din Firuz (1236) successors. They attacked temples Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240) of Ajmer, Samana, Kuhram, Delhi, •• •• •• Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242) Kol, Benaras •• Alauddin Masud (1242–1246), Construction of Quwat ul-Islam at •• Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246–1266), Delhi, Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ajmer. Ghiyas uddin Balban (1266–1286), Khilji •• Muiz uddin Qaiqabad (1286–1290), •• (1290-1320) •• •• Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296) Known for their cruelty as they •• Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316) levied taxes on the defeatedKoh-i- Umar Khan Khilji (1316) noorcommunity. Diamond During Warangal the period of •• Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316- Alauddin Khilji the famous 1320) of was Tughluq •• Khusro Khan (1320) •• looted somewhere around 1310 (1320-1395) •• •• Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320-1325) Geographically the largest dynasty; •• Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351) Muhammad bin Tughluq was •• Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351) one of the powerful sultans who Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388) changed the capital from Delhi •• Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II (1388– to Daulatabad (present Deogir in •• 1389) Maharashtra) to rule the empire Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390) more proficiently thus ordered •• Nasir ud din III for forceful migration of common •• (1390–1393) •• masses. Though a good idea but he Sikander Shah I (March-April 1393) failed to execute. •• Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq Secondly his ideas to introduce (1393–1413) bronze coin instead of silver coin Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq also failed as the bronze coins were Sayyid •• (1394–1414), •• easy to forge (1400-1442) •• •• Khizr Khan (1414–1421) The vast shrunk •• Mubarak Shah (1421–1434) within 10 miles of Delhi during this Muhammad Shah (1434–1445) period. Lodi •• Alam Shah (1445–1451) •• (1457-1518) •• •• Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489) ThePanipat dynasty inhad 1526 fought one of the Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) greatest battles in Daulat India- BattleKhan Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526), Lodiof with who was invited by to enter India and at the end S.A. Dange started the publication of an English Weekly Socialist in 1923. Ibrahim Lodi lost the battle. HISTORY GK-101 LITERATURE OF DELHI SULTANATE Book Author Historical Importance

Tabqiq-i-Hind Alberuni Alberuni was an Arabian scholar who wrote about the Slave dynasty Tabaqat-i-Nasiri Minhaj-us-Siraj Gives an account of Iltutmish’s region Laila-Majnu Amir Khusrau Court poet of Alauddin Khilji Khazain-ul-Futuh Amir Khusrau Describes conquests of Alauddin Khilji Tughlaq-Nama Amir Khusrau Gives account of Ghiyasuddin’s reign -Siphir Amir Khusrau Poetic description of Alauddin Khilji Fatawa-i-Jahandri Ziauddin Barani Gives an account of the Tughlaq dynasty Tarikha-i-Firoz Shahi Ziauddin Barani Gives an account of Firoz Shah’s reign Fatwah-i-Firoz Shahi Firoz Shah Gives an account of his reign Kitab-fi-Tahqiq Alberuni About Indian Sciences Qanun-e-Masudi Alberuni About astronomy Jawahar-fil-jawahir Alberuni About mineralogy Qamas Firozabadi Arabic words dictionary Taj-ul-Maathir Hasan Nizami History of IIbaris, the slave dynasty Chach Namah Abu Bakr region Lubab-ul-Alab Bhukhari Persian anthology Khamsah Amir khusrau Literature and Poems Shah Namah Firdausi About Mahmud Ghazni’s reign Kitab-ul-Rehla lbn Battutah A travelogue with stories Miftah-ul-Futuh Amir Khusrau Jalaluddin’s conquest and life Multa-ul-Anwar Amir Khusrau Literary masterpieces Ayina-i-Sikandari Amir Khusrau Literary masterpieces Hasht Bihisht Amir Khusrau Literary masterpieces Shirin Khusrau Amir Khusrau Literary masterpieces Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi Shams-i-Shiraj Afif History of Tughlaqs Futuh-us-Salatin IsamiVIJAYANAGARAAbout EMPIRE Bahmani Kingdom Dynasty Important Highlights Sangama •• •• Dynasty •• •• Harihara Raya I(1336–1356) The rise of Vijayanagar dynasty was •• Bukka Raya I (1356–1377) •• the result of political and cultural •• Harihara Raya II (1377–1404) movement against the Tughlaqs. •• Virupaksha Raya (1404–1405) •• Presumably Harihar I and Bukka I were •• Bukka Raya II (1405–1406) the founders of this dynasty. •• Deva Raya I (1406–1422) •• This dynasty had to face the invasion •• Ramachandra Raya(1422) from Bhamani Sultan Ahmed Lin. •• Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422–1424) The kings of this dynasty were generous •• Deva Raya II (1424–1446) •• and worked for the social welfare of the •• Mallikarjuna Raya (1446–1465) people. Virupaksha Raya II (1465–1485) Some of the kings were great patronage Great philosopher Praudhaand political Raya(1485) thinker was known with other namesof literature. such as Kautilya and Vishnugupta. History And Polity from Mega Year Book 2017

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