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The Decline of Buddhism in India The Decline of Buddhism in India It is almost impossible to provide a continuous account of the near disappearance of Buddhism from the plains of India. This is primarily so because of the dearth of archaeological material and the stunning silence of the indigenous literature on this subject. Interestingly, the subject itself has remained one of the most neglected topics in the history of India. In this book apart from the history of the decline of Buddhism in India, various issues relating to this decline have been critically examined. Following this methodology, an attempt has been made at a region-wise survey of the decline in Sind, Kashmir, northwestern India, central India, the Deccan, western India, Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, followed by a detailed analysis of the different hypotheses that propose to explain this decline. This is followed by author’s proposed model of decline of Buddhism in India. K.T.S. Sarao is currently Professor and Head of the Department of Buddhist Studies at the University of Delhi. He holds doctoral degrees from the universities of Delhi and Cambridge and an honorary doctorate from the P.S.R. Buddhist University, Phnom Penh. The Decline of Buddhism in India A Fresh Perspective K.T.S. Sarao Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-215-1241-1 First published 2012 © 2012, Sarao, K.T.S. All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. PRINTED IN INDIA Published by Vikram Jain for Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. PO Box 5715, 54 Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi 110 055, INDIA www.mrmlbooks.com Contents Preface vii Abbreviations ix 1 Some Basic Issues 1 2 History of the Decline of Buddhism in India 16 a. The Madhyade„a 20 b. Orissa, Bengal, and Assam 30 c. Sindh, the Punjab, and the Northwest 36 d. Kashmir 53 e. Western India and the adjoining region 59 f. The Deccan 63 3 Moral and Ethical Degeneracy 68 4 The Issue of Animosity of the BrÈhma‡as 77 5 The Question of Persecution by BrÈhma‡ical-Hindu Kings 96 6 Sectarianism and the Rise of MahÈyÈna and VajrayÈna 125 7 Attacks by Arabs and Turks 151 8 Role of “Êfism 166 9 Revival of BrÈhma‡ical-Hinduism and the Rise of Bhakti Movement 182 vi Contents 10 Sa£gha-Laity Relationship, Decline of Urbanization, and Evolving Material Milieu 205 11 Conclusions and a Model for Decline 227 1. Moral and Ethical Degeneracy in the Sa£gha 239 2. The Issue of Animosity of the BrÈhma‡as 241 3. The Question of Persecution by BrÈhma‡ical-Hindu Kings and Withdrawal of Royal Patronage 244 4. Sectarianism and the Rise of MahÈyÈna and VajrayÈna 248 5. Attacks by Arabs and Turks 249 6. Role of “Êfism 251 7. Revival of BrÈhma‡ical-Hinduism and Rise of Bhakti Movement 255 8. Sa£gha-Laity Relationship, Decline of Urbanization, and Evolving Material Milieu 261 A Model for Decline 263 1. Urban Character, Lack of Mass-base, and Anti-Buddhist BrÈhma‡a-Peasant Alliance 264 2. Inalienable Affiliation with and Dependence upon Mercantile Communities for Material Support 267 3. Intellectual Snobbery, Social Aloofness, and Lack of Interest in Cultivating Loyal Supporters 268 4. Death-wish Mentality 270 5. Overwhelming Presence of BrÈhma‡ical Elements in the Sa£gha and Unwittingly Playing Second Fiddle to BrÈhma‡ical-Hinduism 272 Bibliography 277 Index 314 Preface T IS VERY difficult to provide a continuous account of the I near disappearance of Buddhism from the plains of Indian subcontinent primarily because of the dearth of archaeological material and the stunning silence of the indigenous literature on this subject. Interestingly, the subject itself has remained one of the most neglected topics in the history of India. Our own study of the background to the decline of Buddhism in India has left us with an impression similar to what J.B. Pratt wrote in 1921 in the Journal of Religion while discussing as to why religions decline: šthe most insidious disease germs are not greatly feared, and perhaps not recognized.› In this book an attempt has been made to trace the history of the decline of Buddhism in India and critically examine various issues relating to this decline. Following this methodology, a region- wise survey of the decline in the Madhyade„a, Sind, Kashmir, Punjab, the northwestern Indian subcontinent, the Deccan, western India, and eastern India (including Bangladesh) has been attempted. Thereafter, the various causes and hypotheses generally proposed in this regard have been critically examined. In the end, a model for the decline has been proposed. In the preparation of this book, I have received help from various persons particularly Prof. Lee Chi-fu, Prof. L.P. Singh, Prof. Cho Yong-kil, Prof. T.K.V. Subramanian, Prof. Kumkum Roy, Prof. Anita Sharma, and Richard Dancer who read the manuscript of this book at various stages of preparation and made many helpful suggestions. As an expert of the viii Preface Indian Council of Historical Research, Prof. K.M. Shrimali commented extensively on an earlier draft of the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. Professor Romila Thapar’s comments on the final manuscript were most helpful. Visiting fellowships offered by St. Edmunds College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (August 1999²January 2000), Maison des Sciences de L’Homme, Paris, France (April²June 2001 and August²September 2009), Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies, Fagu Shan, Jinshan, Taiwan (October 2002²July 2005), Dongguk University, Seoul, S. Korea (May 2005), Visvabharati, Santiniketan, India (March 2008), and Preah Sihanouk RÈja Buddhist University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (October 2010²April 2011) provided me with an opportunity to write this book. Dr S.M. Haldhar, Dr Krishna Murari, Dr A.K. Singh, Dr. Sanjaya Kumar Singh, Dr Maan Singh, Dr Sanjay Kumar Tiwary, Dr Shalin Jain, and Dr Santosh Kumar Rai helped with bibliographical material of various kinds. Above all, my daughters Neha and Nidhi took many pains in making available reading material from the Robarts Library, University of Toronto. Shri Ashok Jain of Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers took keen interest in the publication of this book. I am indebted to all of them. And finally, but foremost in my heart, I desire, in this book to thank my wife, Sunita, who has endured with superhuman good nature, the ups and downs that came our way. K.T.S. SARAO 1 March 2011 New Delhi Abbreviations A The A×guttara NikÈya, ed. R. Morris and E. Hardy, 5 vols., London: PTS, 1885²1900. AA The ManorathapÊra‡Ï: Buddhagho–a’s Commen- tary on the A×guttara NikÈya, ed. H. Walleser and H. Kopp, 5 vols., London: PTS, 1956² 1973. ABORI Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. Abu’l-Fazl Abu’l-Fazl ‘Allami, A’in-i Akbari, 2 vols., Per- sian text ed. H. Blochmann, Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867²1877; trans. H. Blochmann, 3 vols., 1948²1949 (repr., New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1977). AI Ancient India, New Delhi. AMMK The ¶ryama¤ju„rÏmÊlakalpa, ed. and trans. K.P. Jayaswal, The Text of the Ma¤ju„rÏmÊlakalpa (text and translation with commentary): An Imperial History of India, Lahore: Motilal Banarsidass, 1934. Ap The ApadÈna, ed. M.E. Lilley, 2 vols., London: PTS, 1925²1927. ARASI Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, New Delhi. x Abbreviations ASI Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, New Delhi. ASIR Archaeological Survey of India Reports, Government of India, New Delhi. BD The Book of the Discipline, trans. I.B. Horner, 6 vols., London: PTS, 1938²1966. ChachnÈmah The Chach-Nama: An Ancient History of Sind, trans. M.K. Fredunbeg, Karachi: Commissioner’s Press, 1900 (repr., Delhi, 1979). Chau Ju-Kua Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thriteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chî, trans. F. Hirth and W.W. Rockhill, St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1911. CII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. D The DÏgha NikÈya, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter, 3 vols., London: PTS, 1890² 1911. DA The Suma×galavilÈsinÏ, Buddhaghosa’s com- mentary on the DÏgha NikÈya, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids, J.E. Carpenter, and W. Stede, 3 vols., London: PTS, 1886²1971. DB Dialogues of the Buddha, trans. T.W. Rhys Davids and C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 3 vols., London: SBB: 1899, repr., 1910, 1957. Dh The Dhammapada, ed. O. von Hinñber and K.R. Norman, Oxford: PTS, 1994. DhA The Commentary on the Dhammapada, ed. H.C. Norman, 4 vols., London: PTS, 1906²1915. Dharma Biography of DharmasvÈmin (Chag lo tsa- ba Chos rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim, deciphered and trans. George Roerich, with a historical and critical intro. by A.S. Altekar, Patna: K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1959. Abbreviations xi DPPN Dictionary of PÈli Proper Names, ed. G.P. Malalasekera, 2 vols., London: PTS, 1937² 1938. EI Epigraphia Indica, Calcutta: Government of India. Faxian Travels of Fa-Hien and Sung-Yun: Buddhist Pilgrims from China to India (400 AD and 518 AD), trans. S. Beal, London: K. Paul, Trench and Trñbner, 1869. GS The Book of Gradual Sayings, trans. F.L. Woodward: vols. I, II, and V; E.M. Hare: vols. III and IV, London: PTS, 1955²1970 (repr.). Hye Ch’o The Hye Ch’o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India, ed. and trans. Yang Han- sung, et al., Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press, 1984.
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