Young Indonesian Musicians
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Young Indonesian Musicians: Making the Transition to Adulthood through Entrepreneurial Activities and Mobility Oki Rahadianto Sutopo, Magister of Sains (M.Sci) Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Newcastle, March 2016 Declarations Statement of Originality The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Dated: ii Acknowledgements I would like to say thank you to my supervisor, Pam Nilan who has been very supportive, patient and helpful at every stage of my PhD journey. Matur nuwun sanget, Ibu Pam. Steve Threadgold as a co-supervisor also has been supportive especially in sharing his passion for sociological theory. Thank you to Terry Leahy who has been very supportive as a best friend during the ups and downs of my life in Newcastle. I must also thank Michelle Mansfield, Lena Rodriguez and all the staff in the School of Humanities and Social Science for their kindness. There are many friends from Newcastle who have been very kind to me during my study: Diane Lenham and family, Susannah Jack, Robert Martin, Lilian, Tillie, Carlin, Ross Brown, Max, Hamish, Zana, Glam Slam band (Dave, Josh, Helena and Jason), Nell, Lisa, Effen, Jojo and Said, Saichu and Pauline. Niss, Rachel, Trace, Ash, Sonja, Emm, Tash, Stace, Dee, Nicole and many others. Thank you. Thank you and big respects to fellow musician friends in Yogyakarta, Jakarta and Bali. Some of them were Doni Alldint, Anggrian, Warman, Yoyok, Aditya Permana, Dody, Herman, Bryan, Panji, Irul, Ajib, Agung, Anton, Riri, Yoga, Halim, Viktor, Jay, Affan, Uya, Fraya, Aryo, Irfan, Gustu, Rizky, Mas Koko, Mas Itok, Mas Dodot, Beben, Bowie and komunitas Alldint. Stay optimistic! And thanks to Corvandy, Gundhi, Ragil, Nanda. Also to Reza Achman, Andika Sunarya, Jedimonk, Cipta Croft and Catriona (for a reunion gig in Jakarta). My best mates in Indonesia, Achmad Nanang Maulana and Hafidz Abdurrachman were also very inspiring in their own ways. I would also like to acknowledge the support of my colleagues from the Sociology Department at Gadjah Mada University before my PhD journey: M. Najib Azca, Heru Nugroho, Pak Purwanto, Pak Pratikno, Arie Djito, Derajad Widhyharto, M. Supraja and many others. I would like to thank to my mother Herwin Sistiawati. Much of what I have achieved in my life could not have happened without her love, so this PhD is dedicated to you. You are the best mother! And thanks to my dad Rahmo Nugroho and also to my extended family for their support. In the past, I made a promise to Clare Harvey to do my PhD in Australia. Now, I keep my promise to you. Same as my Honours thesis and Masters thesis, this PhD thesis is also dedicated to you. Thank you, Clare. iii Contents CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Youth Transitions .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Youth Studies in Indonesia ...................................................................................... 6 1.4 Music and Musicians in Indonesia: A Brief Overview ........................................... 8 1.5 Situating This Research in the Indonesian Context ............................................... 10 1.5.1 The context of youth entrepreneurship ...................................................................... 10 1.5.2 Indonesian youth in the new millennium ................................................................... 12 1.6 Graduate Unemployment in Indonesia .................................................................. 14 1.7 Youth Transition Experiences: Entrepreneurship, Mobility and Cultural Capital 16 1.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................... 22 Literature Review – Youth and Music in Indonesia ....................................................... 22 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Layer One: Changing Context; Diverse Musical Expressions .............................. 23 2.2.1 The Soekarno era ....................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2 The Soeharto era ........................................................................................................ 25 2.2.3 The Era of Reform ..................................................................................................... 29 2.3 Experiences of Young Indonesian Musicians ....................................................... 31 2.4 Conclusion: Contribution of This Thesis .............................................................. 38 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................... 40 Theoretical Perspectives.................................................................................................. 40 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Reading Youth Transitions in Indonesia through the Lens of Mannheim, Bourdieu, Urry and Beck ............................................................................................. 41 3.2.1 The Generational Perspective .................................................................................... 41 3.3 Bourdieu ................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Taking a Bourdieusian Perspective ............................................................................ 45 3.3.2 Field ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.3 Capital ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.3.4 Habitus ....................................................................................................................... 56 3.5 Mobility and Network Capital ............................................................................... 58 3.6 Risk Society and Individualisation ........................................................................ 62 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 71 iv CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................... 73 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 73 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 73 4.1.1 Background to Data Collection .................................................................................. 73 4.2 Research Methods ................................................................................................. 74 4.3 Research Subjects .................................................................................................. 77 4.4 Young Creative Musicians: Who Are They? ........................................................ 78 4.5 Research Location ................................................................................................. 79 4.5.1 Yogyakarta ................................................................................................................. 80 4.5.2 Jakarta ........................................................................................................................ 81 4.5.3 Bali ............................................................................................................................. 82 4.6 Strategies to Collect Data ...................................................................................... 83 4.6.1 Participant Observation .............................................................................................. 83 4.6.2 Interviews ................................................................................................................... 87 4.7 Secondary data ...................................................................................................... 89 4.8 To be Honest: Double Identities as a Researcher and Musician ........................... 90 4.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................... 93 Young Musicians’ Class Backgrounds ..........................................................................