Chap. 12 to Reader
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Tink A pi: Harry Roesli, M usic, and Politics in Bandung, Indonesia Adam D. Tyson' On June 5, 2009, a memorial concert was held at the Institute of Technology in Bandung (Institut Teknologi Bandung, hereafter ITB). Celebrated was the lifework of Djauhar Zaharsjah Fahrudin Roesli, popularly known as Harry Roesli. Harry Roesli was considered to be at the forefront of the so-called tradisi baru, or "new tradition," of Indonesian artists committed to experimentation with traditional culture in order to address contemporary society.1 2 For a variety of reasons, however, Roesli did not enjoy the level of popular success that other tradisi baru artists achieved, particularly playwright Willibrordus Surendra Broto Rendra (hereafter W. S. Rendra), director Putu Wijaya, novelist Remy Sylado, and musicians Guruh Soekarno Putra, Franki Raden, Leo Kristi, Slamet Abdul Syukur, Jack Lesmana, Nano Suratno, and, later, Iwan Gunawan.3 1 "Titik Api" in my title is borrowed from the name of one of Roesli's music albums and can be translated "Point of Fire." My sincere gratitude is expressed to the Roesli family for their patience and generosity in providing me access to the Harry Roesli archive, as well as their willingness to discuss with me many of the finer points regarding his artistic career. I am also grateful to Michael Bodden, Barbara Hatley, Indra Ridwan, R. Anderson Sutton, Jeremy Wallach, and Andrew N. Weintraub for their critical comments on earlier versions of this article, which has been significantly improved as a result of their insights and notes. With that said, any remaining shortcomings are solely my responsibility. 2 Cobina Gillitt Asmara, "Tradisi Baru: A 'New Tradition' of Indonesian Theatre," Asian Theatre Journal 12,1 (1995): 164-74. The complete works of Harry Roesli are listed at the end of this essay. 3 For more on these dynamic artists, see, among others, Suka Hardjana, "Pekan Komponis, Sebuah Tawaran," Kompas, November 20,1988; Ellen Rafferty, "The New Tradition of Putu Wijaya," Indonesia 49 (April 1990): 103-16; Craig A. Lockard, Dance of Life: Popular Music and Politics in Southeast Asia (Honolulu, Indonesia 91 (April 2011) 2 Adam D. Tyson Besides gaining a reputation for contrarianism, Roesli was overstretched by a long standing commitment to youth development as well as social work among Bandung's urban poor. These factors alone, however, cannot explain why Roesli's music was not a commercial success or why his notoriety in Indonesia did not extend beyond Jakarta and West Java (international performances and commissions notwithstanding). Other celebrated artists endured the stifling censorship of the Indonesian Ministry of Information (e.g., the artists W. S. Rendra and Putu Wijaya) and defended the urban poor (e.g., the artist Rhoma Irama). One notable difference between these artists and Roesli is that W. S. Rendra and Putu Wijaya wrote mostly in Indonesian, rather than in regional or ethnic Javanese and Balinese. Moreover, Nano S., a highly successful Sundanese composer, created a popular commercial music format that speaks to a wide audience and translates across regions, whereas the avant-garde compositions of Harry Roesli have not been widely disseminated and are ill-suited to the confines of the recording studio. Therefore, it is quite possible that, similar to author Ajip Rosidi from Majalengka, West Java, Harry Roesli's dedication to experimentation with Sundanese art, cultural themes, language, and musical forms limited his broad appeal in Indonesia, although it may have enhanced his novelty status abroad. Roesli has been variably described as a "new tradition" musician (and one of Indonesia's foremost avant-garde composers), a jazz musician, a social critic, an early exponent of so called pop berat (heavy pop music), and an eclectic prodigy and raconteur; he has also been called egotistical, enigmatic, shocking, and audacious.4 These remarks are indicative of the complexity of Roesli's character and creativity, although they need to be rounded out with a detailed examination of the major events, experiences, and influences in his life. Drawing on the archives kept by Roesli's family in Bandung, this article tells the story of Harry Roesli the artist and social critic.5 HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1998); Sutanto Mendut, Kosmologi Gendhing Gendheng: Intercosmolimagination (Magelang: Indonesia Tera, 2002); David Bourchier and Vedi R. Hadiz, ed., Indonesian Politics and Society: A Reader (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003); Hera Diani, "Nano S. Continues the Music of His Ancestors," Jakarta Post, June 6, 2004; Asriat Ginting, Musisiku (Jakarta: Republika Penerbit, 2007); Sumarsam, "Music in Indonesian 'Historical' Films: Reading November 1828," in Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music, ed. Mark Slobin (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008), pp. 217-40; Rolling Stone Indonesia, "The Immortals: 25 Artis Indonesia Terbesar Sepanjang Masa," Rolling Stone Indonesia 43 (November 2008); Barbara Hatley, "W. S. Rendra (1935-2009): The Peacock is No More," Inside Indonesia 97 (July-September 2009), available at: www.insideindonesia.org (accessed November 21, 2009); and M. Taufiqurrahman, "The Critic's Critic," Jakarta Post, October 29, 2009. 4 See Mary S. Zurbuchen, "Images of Culture and National Development in Indonesia: The Cockroach Opera," Asia Theatre Journal 7,2 (1990): 127-49; Martin Hatch, "Popular Music in Indonesia," in World Music, Politics and Social Change, ed. Simon Frith (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 47-68; Margot Cohen, "Eat Heavy, Dress Cool, Make Lots of Music," The Asian Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1993; Bart Barendregt and Wim van Zanten, "Popular Music in Indonesia since 1998, in Particular Fusion, Indie, and Islamic Music on Video Compact Disks and the Internet," Yearbook for Traditional Music 34 (2002): 67-113; G. S. Prie, Nama Tuhan di Sebuah Kuis (Solo: Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri, 2003); Dieter Mack, Zeitgenossische Musik in Indonesien: Zwischen Lokalen Traditionen, Nationalen Verplichtungen und Internationalen Einflussen (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2004); Asriat Ginting, Musisiku, pp. 141-47. Jeremy Wallach, Modern Noise, Fluid Genres: Popular Music in Indonesia, 1997-2001 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008); and Rolling Stone Indonesia, "The Immortals." 5 The family's archive consists of hundreds of Indonesian language sources, primarily newspapers, tabloids, and weekly magazines. To guard against negative journalistic tendencies, such as hyperbole, conflicts of interest, factual inaccuracies, and the lack of objectivity or integrity, I crosschecked sources, Harry Roesli, Music, and Politics 3 Similar to Rhoma Irama's dangdut music, Roesli's avant-garde performances and musical collaborations offer a "useful prism" through which to view Indonesian society (or, perhaps more accurately, Sundanese and Javanese society).6 Therefore, here I use a tripartite framework to examine the broad issues of nationalism, culture, social norms, and the arts in Indonesia. The three framing devices are musical innovation, politics and censorship, and social criticism. Musical innovation can be interpreted as a challenge to the status quo and an expression of freedom. Stagecraft and theatrical performances, live concerts, public poetry readings, and protest rallies with musical accompaniments often have a powerful ideational impact. This impact indirectly challenges hegemonic state discourses about ideal citizens, passivity, and deference to authority by contributing to a gradual shift in public preferences and political expectations. Musical innovation is, therefore, political, and the state typically responds to political threats and challenges with reactionary policies of repressive containment and censorship. In this context, Roesli was well positioned to challenge the New Order regime, using family connections, powerful patrons, and financial privileges to operate freely in what became a complex process of accommodation and opposition. Musical Innovation In the 1970s, Harry Roesli and guitarist Albert Warnerin began synchronizing pentatonic Sundanese gamelan with rock, electronic disco, funk, and cabaret dance music. Such innovations marked the continuation of an already well-established musical trend. In the 1930s, Daeng Sutigna, from Bandung, found that the traditional Sundanese angklung (a rectangular frame with suspended rattling bamboo tubes) resembled a Western handbell choir and cleverly tuned the angklung to a diatonic seven-tone scale.7 Sundanese gamelan artists such as Koko Koswara and R. Ading Affandie created new musical sounds, styles, and techniques in the 1950s.8 At the same time, Western artists were gaining greater notoriety by integrating gamelan into modern musical productions. New York's Wheeler Becket Orchestra, for instance, used Indonesian modal scales and performed successful demonstrations in Indonesia.9 A decade later, Father Henri Constant van Deinse, a Dutchman living in Semarang, interviewed Roesli's family members, and enlisted the help of as many experts as possible in the fields of ethnomusicology, communications, and media studies. 6 Dangdut consists of "pulsating" dance rhythms and populist messages that resonate with a broad Indonesian audience. William H. Frederick, "Rhoma Irama and the Dangdut Style: Aspects of Contemporary Indonesian Popular Culture," Indonesia 34 (October 1982): 103-30. 7 Henry Spiller, Gamelan: The Traditional Sounds of Indonesia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), pp. 138-