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Desarrollo a Escala Humana DESARROLLO A ESCALA HUMANA Conceptos, aplicaciones y algunas reflexiones Manfred A. Max-Neef con colaboraciones de: Antonio Elizalde y Martín Hopenhayn DESARROLLO A ESCALA HUMANA Conceptos, aplicaciones y algunas reflexiones Indice Presentación Joan Martínez Alier....................................................... 9 Prólogo a la presente edición Ruben G. Prieto ............................................................. 13 Prefacio................................................................................ 17 En base ala edición de Development dialogue,número especial de1986, Primera Parte en español, editado por la Fundación Dag Hammarskjóld, Uppsala, Suecia, traducciones del libro Human scale development, ed. The Apex Desarrollo a Escala Humana Prexx, Nueva York, EE.UU., hechas por Soledad Domínguez, y nuevos agregados del autor 1. Relectura de la crisis latinoamericana: crisis y perplejidad © 1993, Manfred Max-Neef. Crisis de propuestas y crisis de utopías ..............................23 © Editorial Nordan-Comunidad Limitaciones para nuestro desarrollo..................................25 Avda. Millán 4113 – Tel. (598-2)35 56 09 Objetivos del Desarrollo a Escala Humana.........................30 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay 2. Desarrollo y necesidades humanas Coedición acordadapor Nordan e Icaria para su distribución en España: Reflexiones para una nueva perspectiva.............................37 Fundamentación...............................................................49 lcaria Editorial, S.A. Comte d'Urgell, 53 Bases para una sistematización posible .............................55 08011 Barcelona Notas sobre metodología...................................................67 Primera edición: marzo 1994 Opciones que definen el desarrollo ....................................78 Segunda edición: octubre 1998 3. Desarrollo y autodependencia ISBN: 84-7426-217-8 Hacia un desarrollo autodependiente .................................83 Depósito legal: B. 44.657 - 1998 Sobre el mundo invisible...................................................93 Impresión y encuadernación: Romanyà Valls, Verdaguer, 1 Capellades (Barcelona) 7 Sobre las micro-organizaciones..........................................................100 Sobre recursos ...............................................................106 Recapitulación .............................................................................................115 Presentación 4. La problemática no resuelta de la articulación micro-macro Respuestas pendientes ............................................................................. 117 El problema de la agregación ............................................................. 118 Articulación y direccionalidad del sistema.................................. 121 Segunda Parte Veamos lo invisible Algunas reflexiones para seguir pensando El libro que el lector o lectora tiene en las manos no es el único que Manfred Max-Neef ha publicado, ni es tampoco el más 5. Sobre la poda del lenguaje conocido. Es el más nuevo. Antes Max-Neef publicó un par de (y otros ejercicios inusuales) libros muy famosos en diversos círculos de Europa del Norte y para comprender el progreso social de América del Sur: La Economía Descalza y Real Lije El problema................................................................... 125 Economics (en colaboración con Paul Ekins). El autor también es Manifestaciones del problema......................................... 126 conocido por haber sido candidato verde en las elecciones La búsqueda de respuestas ................................................................... 133 presidenciales chilenas en 1993, alcanzando el 6 por ciento de los Conclusiones.................................................................................................. 137 votos. En esa contienda, en la derecha estuvo un candidato 6. Una manera estúpida de vivir apellidado Alessandri (representando lo que en otra época de La idea.......................................................................... 139 Chile se llamó momio s); en el centro e izquierda moderada, La crisis ........................................................................ 140 un candidato apellidado Frei, que ganó ampliamente las La coacción del lenguaje ................................................ 142 elecciones. Un déjàvu. Hubo también un candidato de la ¿Existen soluciones?...................................................... 144 izquierda tradicional no reciclada, sin apellido histórico y de El futuro posible ........................................................... 146 ideas inamovibles. La novedad fue Max-Neef, y su actuación política fue convincente y digna. Hubo también en esas elecciones un intento de confusión (como ocurre en España) a cargo de la secta de los siloístas disfrazados de "humanistas" y "ecologistas", pero su votación no llegó al uno por ciento. Max-Neef no es sin embargo un político profesional. Es una persona con experiencia en la economía transcendental, precisamente la vinculada al petróleo (¿cómo Schumacher estuvo vinculado al carbón?). A partir del exilio tras el golpe militar de Pinochet en 1973, se ha convertido en uno de los más prestigiosos 8 9 economistas alternativos y ecológicos. Max-Neef nos hace ver Presentación lo que permanece invisible en la economía convencional. Como Esquivel y los neo-zapatistas, que esta dieta de Octavio Paz y se sabe, el trabajo doméstico no remunerado proporcionado Vargas Llosa (un criollo que aprendió el inglés y no sabe quechua) mayormente por mujeres, esos trabajos de cuidar de las personas, que habitualmente nos llega de ultramar. Max-Neef nos recuerda supondrían una parte importante de toda la producción, pero no que la agricultura "moderna" de lowa e Illinois es menos eficiente están contabilizados. energéticamente y más destructora de la diversidad biológica que El PIB es el valor de toda la producción de la economía, sin las agriculturas tradicionales del sur de México y de los Andes, restar las amortizaciones; lo que Max-Neef llama PGB, producto arrojadas a un lado en la carrera por la "modernización" y la geográfico bruto. Si contáramos esos trabajos invisibles de las competitividad. ¿Cuándo se darán cuenta los economistas, y de mujeres comprobaríamos que suponen el 20 o el 30 por ciento quienes de ellos se fían, que su medida de la "productividad" es del PIB. En la contabilidad macroeconómica tampoco se incluyen los servicios ambientales prestados por la naturaleza, es decir, la ecológicamente falsa? Ni los servicios de la naturaleza ni los absorción gratuita de contaminantes, su capacidad de proporcionar trabajos no asalariados, son valorados por la contabilidad agua, energía, elementos y compuestos químicos, riqueza económica. genética. Esas condiciones naturales de la producción permanecen Y, sin embargo, esos servicios de la naturaleza y esos trabajos invisibles para los economistas. Sólo si son destruidas, sólo al invisibles, son esenciales para la satisfacción de las necesidades. surgir una percepción social de que la economía ha entrado en Esta teoría de Max-Neef presupone una investigación de la noción colisión con la ecología, sólo entonces algún que otro economista de "necesidad". Para los economistas neoclásicos, "necesidad" empieza a musitar algo acerca de las "externalidades", los es una palabra improcedente. Ellos hablan de "preferencias "impuestos pigouvianos", la atribución de "derechos de reveladas" en los mercados. Contra ese subjetivismo de los propiedad" sobre la naturaleza... economistas, algunos economistas críticos (el propio Georgescu- También son invisibles para los economistas y para los Roegen ya en los años 1930, antes pues de desarrollar su políticos que les son fieles todos esos otrostrabajos de los hombres y paradigma de economía ecológica), señalaron que algunas las mujeres pobres del mundo que se "buscan la vida". Se necesidades eran más importantes que otras. Desde otro ángulo, confunde el concepto de trabajo con el de empleo asalariado, se Veblen presentó a principios de siglo una teoría sociológica sobre olvidan de los campesinos, de las cooperativas informales, de los las necesidades superfluas. Pero los economistas han despreciado trabajos voluntarios. Todo lo que no da "valor añadido" a psicólogos y sociólogos. Abraham Maslow (citado por Max- crematístico, o que da poco, es casi invisible. Neef) no aparece en lostextos de economía. En cambio, Max-Neef y sus colaboradores dicen que debemos quitarnos esos anteojos crematísticos. También debemos Desde la marxismo, la doctrina predominante ha sido que la abandonar el ansia de modernización uniformizadora. Debemos producción determina las necesidades. El "sistema" nos crea pensar en los valores de uso y apreciar la diversidad. Reconforta necesidades. Otros, como Marcuse, soñaron en 1968 junto con el ánimo que en estos momentos, en los países ibéricos, haya toda una generación, en la posibilidad de que los humanos libros como el de Max-Neef, y además una revaloración general tengamos una estructura autodeterminada de necesidades. de los trabajos de amar y de cuidar. El éxito de Laura Esquivel La famosa aportación de Max-Neef a una teoría operativa de con la novela Como agua para chocolate y simultáneamente la las necesidades va más allá de esas discusiones. En este libro sorpresa neo-zapatista (desgraciadamente por la vía armada) en desarrolla esta teoría con la colaboración de Antonio Elizalde y favor de las tradiciones indígeneas mayas, de sus bosques y Martín Hopenhayn. Hay que distinguir
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