A H I STO RY O F TH E I SL AND O F CH I OS

7 — 822 A . D . 0 1

A H I STO RY O F T H E I SL A N D O F C H I O S

A D 0 — 1 8 2 2 . . 7

TRANSLATED FRO M TH E SE CO ND PART O F

V L A ST ’ S . O D R . A L E X A N D E R M

WO RK E NTI TL E D

X I A K A ,

“ TH E H I STO RY O F TH E I SL AN D O F CH IOS FROM TH E EARL IEST ” TIMES DOWN TO I TS D ESTRUCTION B Y TH E TURKS I N 1 8 2 2

L ON DON

PR A EL Y PR N ED B Y DAV N D H E IV T I T J . Y A SONS AT T — DRYDE N PRESS 8 9 FRITH STREET SOH O SQU ARE 1 91 3

’ T R A N S LA T O R S N O T E .

’

. V L ASTO S o en e XI AKA or The H i stor R w rk , titl d , y Of the I slan d of Chios from its earliest times down to its d es

truction the s in 1 822 i s e n o tw o s. , by Turk , divid d i t part

ese the s e s the s o th e s n om Of th , fir t d al with hi t ry Of i la d fr the e e mes h e A h e e f i n o s o n to t e . D . 70 t o ts c arli t ti d w y ar , dat i r p ot ati on in the Roman Empir e the secon d c omm en c es with that

e and c es th e s o the s n o n to the e of its dat , arri hi t ry Of i la d d w y ar

es c on the s i n 1 22 d tru ti by Turk 8 . Th e first part c on sists main ly of a n arrative of the share taken by the in habitan ts of th e i slan d i n the even ts Of th e P ersian an d

e o on n es n s an d the c e on n an d om n c on e s s P l p ia War , Ma d ia R a qu t . As these even ts are fully r elated in the histories of Greece an d

ome has n ot een o n ec ess to n e e th e tran sl a R , it b th ught ary u d rtak

on of he o i s o e se e to the ti this part Of t w rk . But it th rwi with r gard e e n s e e i n th e secon O ese e e is n o o e c on v t r lat d d part . f th th r th r n ec ted n e no n to the n s o an d i s for ose who arrativ k w tra lat r , it th , , tho ugh desiro us of learn in g something Of the later history of the s n d o n ot ossess n o e e mo e n ee s ffic en to i la d , p a k wl dg Of d r Gr k u i t en e hem to e th e o n e s r n s on has een abl t r ad rigi al t xt , that thi t a lati b

n e en u d rtak .

c e for some sm m ss on s in n o ec n the con Ex pt all O i i , way aff ti g tin uit th e n e s n s o n is an n e en e n y Of arrativ , thi tra lati u abridg d r d ri g

the o n e Th e s ee c e s of the o n o Of rigi al t xt . la t thr hapt r rigi al w rk

e een e n o fiv e i n s n s o n e e the e s hav b divid d i t thi tra lati . N ith r vi w Of

os n or the ma o m of the o n o The e s are Chi , p , f r part rigi al w rk . vi w

’ e o c on s of hose i n n c e eme s Rod ocanachi s o r pr du ti t Pri D triu w rk ,

“ ” u i ia — s S a 1 00 st n ni s o . r 9 J Chi y , .

A I . A . P . R LL

L ondon, 1 9 1 3 .

T T CO N E N S .

C H A P T E R I .

D —1 1 71 A . 70 . . PAGE Chios un der the Romans Lives in darkn ess for many cen turies Passes un der th e B yzan tin e Emp erors I s c aptured by Tzachas an d r etaken— Di sputes b etween th e — Emp eror an d th e Ven etian s Taken by th e Ven etian s an d aban don ed by them

C H A P T E R I I . — A . D . 1 1 71 1 329 . — — Fourth Crusade State Of the Byzantin e Empire The Latin s take Byzan tium — Chios allotte d to P e ter J ustin ian i Chios retaken by the Byzan tin e Empero r an d l eased to — ’ Zaccaria An dron i c us d eclares war again st B en edetto s — — succ essors Exp edition to Chios Zaccaria r ej ects term s e e n on c s an d es e an n s cc ess Off r d by A dr i u , di aft r u u ful attempt on the I slan d

C H A P T E R I I I . - A . D . 1 329 1 352 .

The eno ese arm en -n n e s s Delfin i es i n G tw ty i hip . arriv n V i n m es to i he e e o . oso c o os es t c . G a g Ch . Tak itad l The m e em n s the s n o m he en oese E p ror d a d I la d bac k fr t G . Z vo s s i n hi s e e on to The s n d i s y fail xp diti Chios. I la besieged by th e Ven etian Pisan i (1 352)

C H A P T E R I V .

A D 1 3 2—1 4 1 4 . . 5 . — I n stituti on Of the Maon a Th e J u stin ian is acquire the sove — reign ty of th e I slan d Po litical system Of the J u stin ian is — — Barbarou s m ethod s of pu n i shmen t Con spiracy of the — Chian s again st th e J u stinian is So vereign ty ofth e J usti n ian is — ac kn owledged by J oh n Palaeologus Fresh disturban c es in — Chios Proselytism by Mahomedan H eresiarchs CONTENTS

C H A P T E R V . 41 4-1 4 A D . 1 53 . . PAG E — The J u stin ianis accorded many privileges by Mah omet I The — Ve n etian s besiege Chios Wealth of th e J u stinian is — — R esourc es of th e I slan d Co in s of th e J u stinian is Chian in i n is c ustom s un der th e J u st a .

C H A P T E R V I . 1 4 —1 4 A D 77 . . . 53 — — Fall Of Co n stan tin o pl e Th e Chian s sen d assi stan c e The — J u stin ian is submit to th e Sultan Th e Turki sh fl ee t at Chios — — Mahome t d eclar e swar agai n st th e Chian s Th e J u stin ian is — ask th e P ope for h elp Th e Papal fl eet fails i n r o usi n g th e — Chian s to r evolt The J usti n ian is h elped by Gen oa

C H A P T E R V I I . — A D 1 477 1 566. . . — Po sition of Europe- Chio s taken by Piali Pasha C on dition — Of th e J ustin ian is after th e c apture of Chios Martyrdom of the eighteen Latin children

C H A P T E R V I I I . Emin en t men of th e fifteen th an d sixteen th c en turi es

C H A P T E R I X . — A D 1 566 1 65 . . . 7

Th e Floren tin es attac k Chi os— Privileges en j oyed by th e Chian s u n der th e Turks Emin en t orthodox Chian s ( 1 500—1 680)

x C H A PT E R .

A D 6 — . . 1 57 1 694 .

Relation s b etween the Gr eeks an d Lati ns in Chios— E ccle — siastical p ositio n Disputes b etwee n th e Gre eks an d Latin s as to p ossession of church es

C H A P T E R X I .

D 1 6 —1 A . . 94 695 .

The en e n s c o s— n c on e e the s n V tia atta k Chi Havi g qu r d I la d , — th ey Oppress th e Greeks Th ey are driven o ut Of the n the s I sla d by Turk .

C H A P T E R X I I .

D 1 6 —1 2 1 A . 5 8 . . 9

Emin en t S ch olars an d Divin es ofth e seven teen th and eighteen th c en turies CONTENTS

C H A P T E R X I I I . — D . 1 695 1 82 1 . PAGE os er an d c c e of the n s - c oo s es Pr p ity hara t r Chia S h l , Librari , os s c e e e s e m es son e s H pital , Publi H alth , L p r , Ill giti at , Pri r (1 700-1 820)

C H A P T E R X I V . - A D 1 695 1 82 1 . . . — The Great Publi c Sc hool— The Public Library The H ospital — — Pl ague H o spital Pr ecaution s again st the Plague — — H om e for Lep ers Fou nd lin gy Pri son er s

C H A P T E R XV .

A 1 6 - 1 2 1 8 . . D . 95 — — Clergy Churches The Thre e Broth erhood s M on asteri es — — N ea Mon é Turki sh Authoriti es Th e D emogeronts

C H A P T E R XV I . - A . D . 1 695 1 82 1 .

Commerc ial Co urt Maritim e Co urt Notari es Public o s— m n s on of es an d of th e s c Arbitrat r Ad i i trati Villag , Ma ti — — — Di stri c t Law Of I n h eritan ce I n testacy Chi ldless Mar — — — — riages Dowri es M ortgages B etro thals Le ase s ofLan d — — — Trustees Wills Co n trac tsof Sal e an d Purc hase Capi — — — tation Tax D eath Dues Win e an d Spirit Tax Sal arI es — — — Assessm en t for Taxation Rural Taxation Customs — Dues In dustri es

C H A P T E R XV I I . Con cern ing th e Women Of Chios

C H A P T ER X V I I I .

A - 1 2 2 . D . 1 82 1 8 . — Greek War of I n dep en d en c e Tomb azi arrives i n Chi os — Fears of th e Turks Th ey tak e H ostages in to the Fort — Outrages by Turkish Irr egulars Th e Samian s com e to attack the I slan d— Lycurgus arrives i n Chios— B ehavi our — of the Samian s Lyc urgus usurp s the Govern m en t — — An ar chy in Chios Arrival of the Turkish Fleet Gen eral Massacre by the Turks 1 44 E R RAT A .

4 n o e 5 Zonoras read Zonaras or . , t f

2 0 hea i n of c e 1 6 1 2 34 3 . , d g hapt r 9

43 n e 1 om to L azurus 3 s. , li fr p Lazaru

4 2 2 B o s hor u B os o 9 o s s. , p ph ru

74 3 om o om e n e o n o . , fr b tt G rgia Gr g ria

f n o e of 83 7 o a ter o cs os. , t f Cath li Chi

1 43 1 3 om to e , fr p l ur XIAKA.

C H A P T E R I .

— A . D . 70 1 1 71 .

— Chios un der th e Roman s Lives i n darkn ess for man y — — c en turi es Passes un der th e Byzan tin e Emp erors I s — captured by Tzach as an d r etaken Disputes b etwe en th e — Emp eror an d th e Ven etian s Taken by the Ven etian s an d n m aban do ed by the .

FTE R the incorporati o n Of Chios into th e R om an

m e A D th e m o e to e e SE pir ( . . Ro ans , in rd r r quit n o m e e em fo r e its inhabita ts, and c p nsat th all th y

f e e e e the e had su f r d as th ir alli s in war with Mithridat s , e em e e em e to e ac allow d th to r tain th ir ass bli s , and liv c m m c o rding to th eir o w n laws and usto s . N O Ro an Pro c o nsul o r oth er Officer was sent to exercise auth o rity

e em m c e the ov r th , and Ro an itiz ns living in island e e o to o to n o t e w r b und c nform its laws . But long aft r

A D the m e o e n e e em e e ( . . E p r r V spasia d priv d th Of th s

e es o m Prmfect or o m e e ee privil g , and a R an , s tim s a Gr k

him e o o e the a c e o t . ting und r , was app int d g v rn island But such was the state Of d ebasem ent O f all the Greeks

e e e e e e e to Of this p riod, and SO utt rly ins nsibl w r th y the exampl e O f anci ent virtue (th ey even o bliterated the nam es fro m the m onuments erected to the glory o f

e e e e em the e th ir anc stors, and r plac d th with nam s Of

e o m eeme the n pow rful R ans) , that it s d as though o ly m o e to em th e to e a biti n l ft th , was wish surpass ach o ther in the servility of the adulation th ey Offered to the 1 o m a o n e e the c R ns . This c nduct o tOnly earn d th m s orn

1 s n s 1 8 . Pau a ia , I ,

I Z O HIOS

m e e e e of their ast rs , but s rv d to intensify the d spotism

e o m . e e o Prmfect Of th ir d ination Wh r ver a R man , or

e e e o e ce oth r Offic r, was s nt to g v rn a provin , his rule

f e e e e e e was that o an autocrat, b caus wh n v r anyon made m to the m e e m e o the co plaint Ro an S nat , or to the E p r r, Ro m an Officer would always find supporters am o ngst

ee e . the o th e l ea ding Gr ks Of his provinc Again , in c un tries where the Rom ans allowed the natives to govern

em e e e e e e m e e em th s lv s, th ir ndl ss disput s co p ll d th to

e m o e e the o m the hav al st daily r cours to R ans , and m fo r the e m ffe e c es Ro an Courts , s ttle ent Of di r n , which

e e e o e em e e to e e m th y w r b th capabl , and pow r d , s ttl a ong

m e e e the e e c o r th e s lv s . Nor did the Chians escap g n ral

o fo r the e m e e rupti n ; , O n sugg stion Of a Ro an G n ral in

o e e e the O f the the Chi s , th y s iz d occasion visit to island t e e m e e c o Of that ut erly d prav d E p ror, Lucius Aur lius ( occupant Of the im perial thron e with the phil o so phic

e to e m m e Marcus Aur lius) , er ct a public onu nt in his o e e e e e m e hon ur . What happ n d in Chios aft r th s ti s we d o o f the m an not know ; but all that which mind Of , and

e e e e e c e e e the xperi nc Of ag s , had tak n su h numb rl ss y ars to e e O f e m o m e n e e p rf ct, all th se nu nts to ability , i t ll ct

e e n ow em e the m en e and virtu , ther only r ain d la tabl the . e e o f ruins H istory only t lls us this , that in r ign

m A D O f e a n the E peror Decius ( . . St . I sidore Al x dria 1 suffered m artyrdom in Chios ; that t owards the en d Of

1 This e w as so e firm e e e in s s o . s I id r a ldi r , but a b li v r Chri t Whil t r e li n s i to i os h e w as en o n ce th e e n on t av l g by h p Ch , d u d by C turi s for n ot o s n th e o s an d for c s n th e s Juliu w r hippi g g d , pra ti i g Chri tian e on N u m erius w ho w as in c omm n of th e s s e r ligi . , a d hip , tri d to c on e him n him ec e an d hi s o o n v rt , but faili g , had d apitat d , b dy thr w o n to oc o b e e ou e th e s c e n M r a r k t d v r d by bird . But a rtai y op e om es s w h o n o m the e sec on of th e s n s fr Eph u , , flyi g fr p r uti Chri tia , en e to b e in o s th e m e emo e the o an d happ d Chi at ti , r v d b dy buried on o en the o e n o th e s n e en e it h urably . But wh g v r r Of i la d thr at d to the s to e n ess e e ce th e o e put guard d ath u l th y r pla d b dy, Me p had t O n m an e an d w as to e e e e d c on ess s . e pi y th , f d , put d ath h r lf (Baill t ,

V i e d e St. s o e d e o es d es a n s s I id r Chi , Vi S i t , Pari , CHIOS 3

A D e e the fourth century ( . . ther flourished a c rtain e ZE schin es m E u n a iu s re re Chian doctor call d , who p p

e e e o r e ee m e s nts, wh th r justly unjustly, to hav b n or Of

o o he m he an agitat r than a doct r, although ad its that 1 e N r was cured by him wh en gri evo usly si ck in Ath ns . o must w e b e surprised at knowing so littl e ab o ut Chios e e w e e th e m e e c o n at this p riod , wh n consid r la ntabl o the e m e e c diti n Of Byzantin E pir , and the darkn ss whi h bro o ded over th ese parts up to the tim e Of the first

the e o m the m e app earance th ere Of Crusad rs . Fr ti

e m m e the th e m e wh n Byzantiu was ad capital Of E pir ,

o the e e e n e e right down int Sixth c ntury , th r was v r a m o m e e e o o r Al an u s nt but what, ith r G th , Hu n was

n the m e n ot e e the assaili g E pir , if actually thr at ning e The the o th e capital its lf . occupation Of c untry by barbarians would Often interpose a barri er b etwee n its

eo e e e n ot m e p pl and th ir rul r, and it is i possibl that Chi o s m ay have been l eft to govern itself during the

e e e the e the fourth c ntury . B sid s ravag s Of barbarians,

he m e c em o e e t E pir was ontinuously br il d . by th ological

e the e e e th e em strif , and by h r si s Of Th istians, Mono h sites s o e e e o e p y , Eutychian , M on th l t s, and Of many th r e o few sects with d esignations qually unc uth . With e c e o the the e e e x pti ns, all occupants Of thron prov d th m

e e e O o s lv s both incapabl and unworthy . f hist rians, e c e A athiu s em o e x pt g and Procopius, cont p rari s Of e e e e e e e the justinian , th r w r non . Ev n the t aching Of native phil o sophers was forbidden by a d ec ree o f the Emp eror j u stin ian l Wh en the state Of th e wh o le o w e e e e e e n o c untry was such as hav d scrib d it, th r is c ause fo r us to wonder that no m ention is made Of m h e Chios . I t was not included a ong t islands which sent Bishops to attend th e ( Ecumenical Council Of the

1 “ E un a ius f oso e s e ol 6 edn e o h h . s tc v . . 7 . p , Liv P il p r , , I , p ( B oi sson ad e ) . 4 CHIOS

three hundred and eighteen Theo ph ori Fathers h eld at 1 ae e e m e ? N ic a . Wh n did it brac Christianity and did it suffer m uch from the persecution Of the Christians u n der D ecius and Di o cl etian ? Was it visited by the 2 terrible plagu e that invaded Greece in the year 5 58 ? Was it m o lested by the Arabs wh en th ey c o nquered 3 Rh o des and all the Cyc lades island 8 in 653 ? Did

e c e m o n the m e Rob rt Guis ard , wh n aking war E p ror

e Co m n en os v e the the ZE ean Al xius , ra ag islands Of g ‘ S a — are e o to c w e o e e all qu sti ns whi h cann t r ply . The m edi aeval histo ry of Chios really begins with the f h c e m o m e th last years O t e eleventh ntury . At that nt e

m e o e e n c the E p r r Al xius I , b i g o cupied with war against 5 the c a n d Patzi n aks c e Tzachas S ythians , a rtain , a Turkish

en e ec e 40 m e e e adv tur r, having coll t d ships ann d with xp rt

o m e m e m e ae Cl azo m en ae sail rs, had ad hi s lf ast r Of Phoc a , ,

A 1 0 3 Th m e n t e e . D . 9 . e e M i yl n , and Chios , E p ror, h ari g e o e e e ee e e e Of his xpl its, s nt a consid rabl fl t, und r his g n ral

N iketas Kastam o n ites m ee Tzachas e , who , ting in battl ,

e e e him the m n The was d f at d by with loss of a y ships .

m e o o n the ece the e the e e E p r r, r ipt Of n ws Of d f at Of

Kastam o n ites o e o u t ec ee the c o m , f rthwith fitt d a s ond fl t,

m n O f c he e e o e D al assen o s a d whi h ntrust d to C nstantin , a

o e n m m o e The m st capabl warrior and a ki s an Of his th r .

n ew e e e g n ral, having arriv d in Chios, laid his plans to

m e the e e o e the e O f zac has e ast r citad l b f r r turn T , th n away

m n m e o f m e e e in S yr a . By ans nu rous si g and sto n e

e e h e e e the e ee the discharging ngin s, d stroy d wall b tw n

tw o o e an d e m m e e c o e o n m o t w rs, caus d i ns nst rnati a ng

th e o o e e m o e m e Turks, who , l sing h p , b gan to i pl r his rcy .

1 cc n o cc es. d el m o on c o cen o 1 637 4to Ca i i , St ria E l pri C ili Ni , , , 1 54 . p .

2 d n A athias s . . 297 e . e . g , Hi t , p ( Ni buhr) “ 3 m i n s m n Ra ol d n . p , A ali Mu ul a i 4 n n d l th om m e on ec i e a e n . Gibb , D l Fa l Of R a E pir 5 Zon r hi Za hates an d l as T a h n o as c s m c G c s c atsa . all , y

6 O HIOS

zac has m ee e T , ting with no opposition , approach d the e m e e o f m e the harb o ur and mad hi s lf mast r so of ships ,

e e em the c and would hav tak n th all, had not aptains by

m e et e o f the o e slipping their cables anag d to g cl ar sh r . H e also sen t m en to D al assen os asking him for a parl ey he e o e e e he saw for t n gotiati n of a p ace, b caus (as Anna Co m n en a explains) how great wo uld b e his difficulty to o verco me so brave an adversary " The Greek general

o e m ee e the m c ns nting, a ting took plac following orning

h e Tzac has e e o o at t e agr ed spot . th n spok first as f ll ws

o am e Kn w that I that stripling who , aft r much raiding

an d e n e e e e e in Asia brav fighti g, f ll through in xp ri nc

e the o f Kaval ika e e and by guil into hands Al xand r, and e e o e the m e o N iketas B otan eiates b ing tak n bef r E p r r ,

n o e the e N o b il issim u s en was ho ur d with titl of , and

o e e o m e him e e d w d with gr at gifts, and so pr is d all gianc . But when the governm ent passed into the hands o f e C o m n en os w as e o m m e Al xius , all this tak n fr , and e m the e L et that is why I am at n ity with Gr eks . the m e b e m e he e the e m E p ror infor d that , if wish s n ity

e ee to c e e he m e to m e m o m e b tw n us as , ust r turn all y f r r o o e e o hon urs . And if th u think st that this tr aty sh uld

e e e c e l et b e set o xt nd to our d s ndants, it d wn in writing

a e ee e ee e as is usu l b tw n y Gr ks and us Barbarians . Aft r s h as ee e o u t e ee fo r all thi b n carri d I will r turn to th ,

th e m e o the s e e e E p r r, all i lands I hav s iz d, and will go

o m e to a e o r h my n tiv c unt y .

D al asse n o s m the o fTzachas , rightly sur ising that words e e o e e o e e him as o o w r nly pr t xts, b ldly answ r d f ll ws

e e o o o e N ith r dost th u , n twithstanding thy w rds, r ally

e e e n the to m e n o r am int nd surr nd ri g islands , I able to c o nsen t to thy p rO po sal s without the o rders o f my ’ m e the e the E m o ast r, but as Grand Duk John , per r s

ee s to h e s m n o h e n e s e s 20 -2 t o co s f t e o . . 5 50 Gr k h rt i g f r ig r Al xia , pp ” f n ar oo 2 l s ed n . on c e o Zo as . 98 v o . . (Pari Chr i l , b k III , p , II CHIOS 7

e -in - o e e e e e e broth r law, is s on xp ct d to arriv h r with a “ e o ce o f m en l et e larg f r and ships, him list n to thy b e e o . o w rds I n this way th u canst assur d that, by his

m e o e e b e e e wee ee the diati n , p ac will arrang d b t n th and ” m e o th e o o f D al assen o s e e e E p r r . And w rds w r tru , ’ e e the m e o o o e b caus E p r r, kn wing J hn s tri d ability , had

him o e he u t o f the The t sent t driv t Turks o island . craf y

Tzachas v e o f o e e , taking ad antag a fav urabl wind, sail d the e fo r m c ec e o e D al ass n xt day S yrna to oll t fr sh f rc s . e o e e m e n ot o e e nos, h w v r, this ti did Sit d wn in idl n ss, o e e o e e e e e e the but , c ll cting a larg f rc , ngag d and d f at d

e e the e e Turks in battl , and also captur d citad l whil

h H e e e to e e Tzac as . was still away th n sail d away Mityl n , securing the safety o f Chios by l eavi n g a stro n g garrison

e e Tzachas c ce o o m th e th r . , a pting an invitati n fr Sultan

Kil id i to e to e e j Arslan a banqu t, was put d ath , aft r

f r e the ee E m e having o long harri d Gr k pir . H ardly had p eac e been resto red in Chi o s wh en th e wars o f the Crusaders again subj ected it to th e greatest The e e ee the o e . misf rtun s V n tians, who had b n living in

e e m the e e o en o gr at st har ony with Byzantin Emp r rs , j ying

e e e m m e c e th e ZE ean sp cial privil g s and co r ial b nefits in g , and w ho were also o n fri endly term s with the Asiati c Otto ma n s (to avoid any breac h o f th eir c o m m erc ial

e o em ec m e O f the e o e e r lati ns with th ) , b o ing nvious G n s

fo r the e e e and Pisans w alth th y had acquir d in Syria ,

e e m e to o e th e o f the e d t r in d als tak part in wars Crusad rs . After putti n g to flight th e G en o es e wh o m th ey m et at sea an d n o m em the c , taki g fr th Turkish booty with whi h

ei e e e e e e the c e e e e th r Ships w re lad n , th y d f at d Sara ns , nt r d the o o f o em c e e e harb ur Pt l ais, and aptur d Tyr aft r a ’ 1 fiv e m o e e e e e e em u m nths si g . Th s victori s fill d th with

e e en c e o e bridl d arroganc and insol . Alth ugh strang rs

1 c d es o s e v l 0 an d ol s s o . 8 v . Mi haud , H i t . Cr i ad , . II , p , III , 1 0 1 p . . 8 CHIOS

em e e e e the a e ee the e e th s lv s , they tr at d n tiv Gr ks with gr at st

o n em o e o n n e c t pt, vi lating th ir l cal laws and i sulti g th ir m m e o an d o c c o . e e e e n c r ligi n l al ust s B ing xtr ly fa ati al ,

e e to o v e th e ee an d e e e th y tri d c n rt Gr ks to Papacy, wh n v r the a o e em e to e e e e uth riti s att pt d r strain th ir abus s , th y spilt the bl o od o f th o se o f wh o m th ey c all ed th em selve s 1 The m th e e e e o . e o o d liv r rs and savi urs E p r r, J hn I I

C o m n en o s o n e o f the e m o o f the ( ) , brav st and st virtuous

E m e o s m o n e the e e e n p r r who u t d Byzantin thron , l ar ing o f th e o e an d e o f the e e e vict ri s abus s V n tians, and f aring

e e m en e m en e n e e o e th ir p r an t stablish t in Pal sti , gav rd rs fo r the e e o o f e n e n m et sea d t nti n all V tia ships at , until su c h tim e as Venice sh o uld j ustify the c o ndu c t o f her c en e e o th e m o f the e e ee itiz s . Th r up n ad iral V n tian Fl t,

o m e c e e n o m c o e o f e D nico Mi h li , r tur ing fr his nqu st Tyr ,

e e the c a e n A D 1 1 24 c s iz d all Cy l d s I sla ds ( . . ) in luding o e e th e m en an d o m e e e Chi s , nslav d all w n , and d vastat d th fir an d e em n n e e c o untry with e sword . Aft r r ai i g th er 2 o o o f th e e h e e e to en ce a g d part wint r, r turn d V i . I t

m e the o o f e e e was at this ti that b dy St . I sidor , xc pt the ea e off an d e e th e h d , was carri d d posit d in Church of 3 m fiv n 1 2 . o e e e e e 6 2 r St Mark . S hu dr d y ars lat r ( ) a ce

a n ee o e th e e c e e c e for t i Gr k st l h ad and arri d it to V ni , whi c h d ee d b o th h e an d his childre n w ere richly

e a e r w rd d . Th ese vi cto ri es o f th e Ven etians so alarm ed the E m

ero r n e C o m n en o s h e an e e p Ma u l I ( ) , that gr t d th m priv il eges e v en greater than those th ey enj oye d u n der 4 e I an d n c e em en e o ce Al xius , i du d th to t r int an allian

him o e c e e with against R g r King of Si ily . Aft r th y had

1 F or esc on of th e c c e of th e en e n s se e Cin am os a d ripti hara t r V tia , B z s . . . 1 64 . y Hi t , p “ Ci n n am o z -Sab ell icu s s n s B s . e e ec , y . Hi t , hi t . V t . d ad . Daru , s d e d e en se v o l 1 . . 04 hi t la repub . V i , I , p . . 3 n n 1 . s c o c . 95 . M Giu ti ia i , S i Sa ra, p ’ 4 e n l in flu en e d e e e ss sur c s o s es . 335 . H r , E ai Cr i ad , p CHIOS 9

e c o e a th e e e m n ravag d Si ily, R g r , gr nting V n tians a y

m n e n to e e m e e ce i e . privil g s , ad p a w th th Ma u l , wishi g

e o e e S a es e n o n e n th e o e d str y th s t t by s tti g agai st th r, first ’ em e to e o e e m a the att pt d incit R g r s h ir, Willia , ag inst

e e n m n him his a e m e . V n tia s , pro isi g d ught r in arriag Fail

in ec h e e m o to th e e n e ing his Obj t, s nt a bassad rs V tians, aski n g th em to j o i n him in an alliance against th e King o f c The e e e e n his o o s an d Si ily . V n tians , r j cti g pr p sal , fo reseei n g the evils that w o uld b efall th eir m erc han ts

s n in ee a o o e e e m o and ship lyi g Gr k h rb urs , rd r d th f rth

to e e th ee o m u se o f with l av e Gr k ki ngd . Making this

e e the E m e o e e o c an d ee as a pr t xt , p r r s iz d C r yra thr

m n o o o e n im se ev e e Dal atia t wns , th ugh pr f ssi g h lf r r ady to m e n s h e e c The en e e t . ak fri d with R publi V tians , f eari n g the l o sses c o n sequ e n t up o n th e c essati o n o f c o m m e ce s e n to th e c o m s O f e r , and li t ni g plaint th ir m e n s e c e e o e an d o e e rcha t , r all d th ir rd rs, all w d th ir

As so n ec s to the ee a o a . o subj t visit Gr k h rb urs gain ,

o e e e e h ad e e m m e e h w v r, as th s arriv d , Manu l i diat ly m n e e e em o n e c o c e o . ad th pris rs, and fis at d th ir pr p rty

Th e en e n e n e s e c e o e c o f V tia s, rag d at thi tr a h r us br a h 1 e c an n e e b e e o N iketas tr aty (which v r justifi d , alth ugh attem pts to d o SO by attributin g it to s can dal o us c o n duct o n th e part o f the V en eti ans) set sail with 1 2 0 ships c o m m n e the n o n a e o e c e to a d d by u f rtu t D g M i h li I I ,

e e n e em e v n h r v g th s l es o t e Greeks .

Th e o e n e e e the c e D g , havi g b si g d all pla s that had

een i n e o m c o n e e e e o . b qu r d by Manu l , arriv d Eub a Fr

e e ec e e the ec o an d e c e o ro h r , d iv d by sp i us tr a h r us p

e o n o f the o e n o o f an e a to f ssi s G v r r this isl d , with r g rd

e o f e c e an d en h e se m o a tr aty p a fri dship , nt a bassad rs,

e c e the ee e to n um w ll a quaint d with Gr k languag , Byza ti to e n e th e n o f o ec e tr at, and , havi g tak n isla d Chi s, d id d to e e e e e wint r th r and await th ir r turn .

1 h n ia B z s 1 1 2 C o tes . . . . , y H i t , p 1 0 CHIOS

The m e e e a bassadors arriv d in Byzantium , wh r the

m e e e e em e E p ror r c iv d th with kindn ss, but brought forward all sorts of difficulti es in order to delay m atters

a m e Th e m e c and g in ti . a bassadors , r alising his ta tics ,

e e O e r o e e d part d . n th ir a rival in Chi s th y found a plagu e m the m so m so e pitil ssly owing down ar y, uch , that th y

ec e the G ee i e the e susp t d r ks of hav ng poison d w lls . So e the e e e many di d , that V n tians, not having sailors nough

m an e e m e e e to th ir ships , burnt th to pr v nt th ir falling 1 the o f the ee the into hands Gr ks . At last , owing to c e e e the e e e e e e to in r asing virul nc Of dis as , th y w r oblig d to e e 1 sail away V nic with only 7 ships , abandoning all

f e A D h o p e o rev nge ( . .

1 b el li u e m en e b 1 Sa c s s . e . c . li . 1 1 , Hi t r ru V t d ad VII , p . . C H A P T E R I I .

— A . D . 1 1 71 1 3 2 9 .

— — Fourth Crusad e State of th e Byzan tin e Empire Th e — Lati n s take Byzan tium Chios allotted to P eter J u sti n ian i -Chio s r etak en by th e Byzan ti n e Emp eror an d l ease d to — ’ Zac caria An dron ic us d eclar es war again st B en ed etto s — — suc c essors Exp edition to Chios Zac c aria r ej ec ts t erm s offer e d by A n dron ic us an d di es after an u n suc c essful em n he n att pt o t i sla d .

E AN WH I L E the o e c m a m o e f urth Crusad , whi h y r

b e e n e th e ee rightly d sig at d as a war against Gr ks ,

n e e m n c o o f was b ei g pr par d . O itti g an ac unt this

the n e e e e m o the war, and of i cid nts that sup rv n d a ng 1 e o n e m c e e e n the Crusad rs th ir ar h , as b ing irr l va t to

e in l et s o e the c n o matt r hand, us hortly c nsid r o diti ns

n the n e E m e e e n o n ee fo r ruli g in Byza tin pir . Th r is d a e e c o n the o n e e l ngthy d s ripti Of c rruptio , and p tty intrigu s

e n i n the n e o e e to e e pr vaili g Byzanti C urt, to nabl us r alis the d epths o f d egradati o n reac h ed at this m o m ent by the

n e m e ee b e Byzanti E pir . All that n d said is, that it had

e e m ee m o e n o r e o f n ith r ar y, fl t, n y virtu any kind what

e e . e c o o c e e so v r Ravag d by ntinu us ivil war, it had r ach d

a n e e o e e such abyss Of apathy, that it had v n l st all int r st eo o c o e o m m e e o e in th l gi al c nt nti n . Co rc with f r ign

o n e e ec e m e e o c u tri s was n gl t d , and li it d to p tty l cal

f e n c c o r e e e e . o traffi king, as alling l ss nt rpris Th ir ly - 2 o n e e o e e e . aspirati s w r t wards luxury, and s lf indulg nc

’ 1 V il l ehard u in s d e l E m d e on s n n o e , Hi t . p . C ta ti pl 2 smon s d es u mo en -a e d . Si di, hi t . repub . ital . y g

l l 1 2 CHIOS

The m Such was th eir m oral conditi o n . political com o

m e n c f he e e e e e e . o ti o ns o t Court w r v n or t rribl A dr ni us I , having bli n d ed the nin e year Old so n o f the infam ous

e e e the e n o f o e m e n ee Manu l I , s iz d r i s g v rn nt , which i d d (ac c ording to Cho n iates) he ha n dl ed with prudenc e and

e e e e ee skill . D thron d , and put to d ath , aft r thr days o f e e o e a the e in t rribl t rtur , by I s ac I I , latt r was, turn , e o e o w n o e e e d thr n d by his br th r, Al xius , blind d and

’ o w o o c so n e o e th e thr n int pris n . I saa s Al xius (who b r

m e n m e e e o m the n e e sa a as his uncl ) scaping fr priso , wh r h e an d e e e c o e e e the his fath r w r nfin d , app al d to all

i m fo r e e e Christ an onarchs assistanc . Failing h r , he

e e m e the e e e addr ss d hi s lf to Crusad rs and V n tians,

o m em e o e e pr ising th , if th y w uld h lp him , to pay th m

e m to ee e e fo r w silv r arks, f d th ir armi s a hole

e to e e an d e fo r the red em y ar, shar th ir labours dang rs p

o f e em ec the e tion J rusal , and finally to subj t East rn

to he e The en e em e t e . Church that of W st rns V tians , t pt d

the o e o f m m en e e the by h p i s profit, and lur d by far

e c o e o f the em e o the r a hing p ssibiliti s sch , th ugh hating ee e em e the e e e e n the Gr ks as n i s of W st rns , and r s nti g prefere n ce sh o wn by Alexius fo r an allianc e with the

s en o e e e e the e o f the o Pisan and G s , disr gard d thr ats P pe ,

o ce o m e e e s e 1 I nn nt I I I , and pr is d Al xius th ir as istanc (

n o m e o o f the m e o Although nti n fact is ad in hist ry, th ere c an b e littl e d o ubt that th e Crusad ers m ust h a v e o n

e e o cc o n set in e e e s v ral asi s fo o t Chi o s . What happ n d aft r

th e o e o f n m the n s th e c m e e c nqu st Byza tiu by Lati , ri s th y

c o m m e e fo r o o e e fo r e itt d in th ir lust bl d and app tit plund r, h ow m a n y m asterpi ec es o f the Greeks th ey eith er d es

tro ed o r c e set o u t en i n y arri d away, all this is at l gth the 1 writings o f the Byzan tin e auth o rs an d in th e wo rks o f 2 th e e e o e a c We m a e e lat r n wn d histori n Mi haud . y h r

1 G eo . AcrO o l B z s N iketas B z s p . , y . Hi t . , , y . Hi t . “ ” 2 c l 2 2 1 s . d es s es v o . 1 7 . o . 87 39 5 35 Mi haud , Hi t Cr i ad , III , pp , , ,

CHIOS

eo e L ascaris the Th dor I ( ) was first, by his ability, to re-c e the e e m e o f the e onqu r gr at r nu b r Gre k towns . After him John I I I (Duka V atatses) within a very short ti m e was abl e to c o nfin e the Latins to the city o f B yzan m e ee c o e e o e o tiu , and s nding a fl t nqu r d Chi s, L sb s, and 1 h I E ean o oth er islands o f t e g . I t was nly his death that postp o n ed the c o mplete d estru ction of the Latin power

the m m e e e Pal mo l o u e the to o nt wh n Micha l g , with c e the e o e e e the e e assistan Of G n s , drov V n tians , in dis o e o u t o f the e e the rd rly flight, capital , and asc nd d throne . Thus it was that the sceptre O f the East was wrested from the o f fift - e e ee m grasp the Franks, y sev n y ars thr onths an d el even days from the tim e whe n th ey had first laid

e n o f . e o the hold of it As , how v r , ma y t wns and islands [E gean were still in the po ssession o f Ve n etian and

m e the m e m e Frankish fa ili s , E p ror, in fulfil ent of a tr aty the e e e m e o with G no s , ad a j oint pr clamation with that

e the effe ee e o e e R public , to ct, that any Gr k or G n s that o c o e e e e o m o f him sh uld nqu r th s plac s, should h ld the as

fiefs e o n e m o m m e . I n r sp s to this procla ati n any fa ili s

o m e o e o e e Lem o e e fr G noa, j oining f rc s, c nqu r d n s, Mityl n

o e the ee c e and th r islands , and as Gr ks had ontribut d co n siderable assistanc e in enabling these c aptures to b e

e th e m e o e e tw o - o f the c o e e mad , E p r r ann x d thirds nqu r d

t e to the m e an d e th e em n coun ri s E pir , divid d r aini g third f e e e m n e e am o ng di f rent l ad rs . A o gst th s was a c ertain

en e e w ho n em the o B d tto Zaccaria, , as i d nity for utlay o n e e e e e o e e the e his adv ntur , r c iv d Chi s, tog th r with titl s 2 o f H m H o e the o o igh Ad iral and igh C nstabl , upon f ll wing conditions : H e was to rul e the island fo r ten years with o ut paying tribute the island was to b e rec ogn ised

e o f the m e o Th e m e as the pro p rty E p r r . I p rial standard

it the en d o f ten w as to float o ver s walls . At years the

1 z l N ic e h or e o . B . s . vo . . 1 6 p . Gr g r , y Hi t I , p . 2 “ ” - e o e n c vol . 1 1 2 . 7 1 9 . S rra, St ria d lla A ti a Liguria, II , pp CHIOS 1 5

1 e e island was to be d eliver d up to the Emp ror . I t was during the rule o f Zaccaria that Chi o s was subj ec ted to 2 o e e the 1 3 02 o f tw piratical xp ditions, first, in , Catalans the e 1 30 the o s cond , in 7, and by far most disastr us ,

m e o fO m e e e m e e e e co pos d tto ans . Th s aft r co pl t ly d f ating the ee m e Mu zal o n a e c m e e Gr k ar y und r , n ar Ni o dia , s nt 3 e thirty ships to ravage Chios . Ev ry inhabitant unable e the o e o o f the c e to e to r ach pr t cti n itad l was put d ath . Four hundred o f th em having placed their wom en and

e o n o f o e e w childr n board f rty ships, tog th r ith such o e e e e e— a m o f pr p rty as th y could sav , w r cul ination 4 m o e— e e off the o f o isf rtun shipwr ck d island Skyr s . the e o f e 1 2 82 o Upon d ath Micha l VI I I , in , his unw rthy m so n o c c ee e hi . c ee , Andr ni us I I , suc d d Za caria, s ing that Owing to th e frequ ent in cursi o ns o f th e Persians the m e o n o t o e him e to E p r r was in a positi n to injur , b gan

o the o of o e f rtify t wn Chi s, r building and raising its walls

so m b e e fo r e e . o e e that it ight r ady si g Waiting , h w v r,

m o e e e m o m e h e the en d o f the for a r conv ni nt nt, , at

e m o f ten e e e the m e o t r y ars , s nt nvoys to E p ror Andr ni

e e him e e e o to o e cus I I I , r qu sting to xt nd this p ri d an th r h ten e . t e e o e o n o o fthe y ars This Emp r r grant d , acc unt

f of- e n SO e e e di ficulty r duci g w ll fortifi d an island . M an

e c e B en eto whil Zac aria di d, and his sons, and Martino , having inh erited n o t only the country but also the crafti e o f e e e e e n ss th ir fath r, continu d his d c itful attitude

th e m e o e o n e e towards E p r r, and k pt obtaining fr sh t rms

o f e e e the e o f e e e y ars b for xpiry the th n curr nt on s . I n

e was h this way, though prof ssing that the island t e

o e o f the m e e o e e pr p rty E p ror, th y c ntinu d in full nj oy m e o f e the c o f the e nt its r sources . Upon approa h dat

1 n B z c en e . s . oo . 2 2 7. Ca ta uz , y Hi t b k II , p

‘ 2 Pa h m eri n n l - c s . o c s v o . . 302 365 . y , Hi t A dr i u , II , pp ” 3 B z ch e s . s . 24 s edn Mi a l Duca , y Hi t p . (Pari .) 4 h Pac m . s n on c s y , Hi t . A dr i u . 1 6 CHIOS

o n e e e to the e which th y w r quit island , a c rtain Kalo e o n e the e e o f the th tos , of rich st and most influ ntial

n o f o e o f th e e i habitants Chi s, and bosom fri nd M ga ’ o m e to th e e m o e e e D sticus, going visit latt r s th r, th n r sid

D id m o t c hu s e e to h er the o ing at y y , r lat d wr ngful acts

n c o f the e o u t h er and i justi es Latins, point d to that o o e o to b e e e Chi s was not a p ss ssi n d spis d , as it had a

e n o m e o f e e y arly i c pi c s of gold , and said that , if the E m e e to e ee e h e p ror wer willing s nd a fl t to h lp , the c e o f e o would , with assistan his many r lati ns and

e o b e e to e e n of the fri nds in Chi s, abl r gain poss ssio

n e he e m ee b e isla d . But such assistanc , add d , ust ind d

e e e e the em h e e ad quat , b caus should att pt fail would , wh n the Latins discovered that he was the instigato r o f the

b m e n o m an The m e f h e . o t e plot , ost c rtai ly a l st oth r

e o m e n the o f Kal o theto s M ga D sticus approvi g plans , p ersuaded the E m p ero r to se nd him to Chi o s to prepare the em m eo the the o . gr und for att pt Si ultan usly, upon

c e o f the e o m e e e e e e advi M ga D sticus , l tt rs w r s nt to o e him n e he e e o m the Martin , t lling that, u l ss d sist d fr erecti o n o f furth er fo rtifi c ati o ns and p ersonally presented him self in Byzantium to arrange the terms o f a fresh

e of the e e o b e e leas island , an xp diti n would s nt against him o e c m an . Martin , an abl and rafty , who by his f o rceful c harac ter had instill ed su c h fear am o ngst the

o o e e him e n ot n eighb uring c untri s that th y paid tribut , 1 e e th e e e c o em e o n only tr at d l tt r with nt pt, but hurri d f eme o with the wo rk o fo rtification . B t having quarrelle d o e e e him o f e e with his br th r , who had d priv d pi c s o f o e th e e e e o f the fled g ld , his Shar Of r v nu s island, to th e Emp ero r aski n g fo r assistance against his unjust m him 2 o e e . br th r, and this was pro is d As so o n as the fl eet was ready— the preparation o f

1 2 6 B z . s . . 9 . e h e o . N i c p . Gr g r , y Hi t p 2 “ ” - n c en e B z . s . . 22 7 2 39 . Ca ta uz , y H i t pp CHIOS 1 7 whi c h had been attended with all the pom p and splend — o u r d u e to its size it consisted o f 1 0 5 large ships

f r o he m o f 1 2 Andro ni cus sailed o Chi s in t autu n 3 9 .

e 800 e m e e Martino , coll cting soldi rs, shut hi s lf up b hind the e ee e e walls, aft r sinking thr ships that w r at anchor in the harbour to prevent th eir falling into the hands

f th e ee ee e e e the E m o Gr ks . But s ing how w ll quipp d

ero r e n e fo r e p was with ngi s batt ring down his walls, he e m e m e e to m e c om b ca alar d , and f aring find hi s lf pl etely d enuded (the m ore so as B emeto had obtai n ed ’ possessi o n fo r the e n emy o f a to wer only a sto n e s

o e to e . h e thr w distant) sent nvoys tr at Failing in this, and his army surrendered to the Em pe ro r un co ndition

n the n s saw o e e ally . As soo as Chia him a pris n r, th y

e o him o e e him the e rush d up n , and w uld hav kill d in v ry

e en c e O f the m e o th e e o m e c pr s E p r r, had not M ga D sti us

n m Th e m e n e m e preve ted th e . E p ror havi g r pri and d

n o fo r o o e e him to b e o o Marti his f lly, rd r d thr wn int

so n e e e m e pri , but gav his wif , childr n and aids rvants 1 e m o to e e e e e p r issi n go whith rso v r th y wish d, taking

em m o f e e ef e e with th , as any th ir valuabl s and f cts as th y c c m c e e ould arry, and as u h furnitur , cov rings and

n e m e e o em o e H e o b eddi g as th ir ns rvants c uld r v . t ld the 800 o e o f o o f em s ldi rs Martin , that such th as did n o t m e o e e ee to e wish to co int his pay, w r fr d part , but m m e H e e e Kal o e . otheto s st r ain d richly r ward d , and freed the Chians from m any taxes that pressed h eavily o em e e e ff ee e e the up n th . Wh n all th s a airs had b n s ttl d ,

m e o e fo r B en eto an d o him E p r r s nt , t ld , that wishing to

e him fo r the e e h e e e e him r ward good s rvic s had r nd r d , h e o m e e o the o u t w uld ak him Gov rn r of island . That o f e e e o f o ec e h e its r v nu g ld pi s, should apply as

c e e the o ec the o r mu h as was r quir d for pr t tion Of c unt y,

1 e i n 1 338 n o w as e e se o n h e n e e n f Lat r , , Marti r l a d t i t rc ssio o o e en e c XI I an d of th e en c K n e d e o s P p B di t ( , Fr h i g , Philipp Val i .

s . d e ons n no e so s l es E m n cs H i t C ta ti pl u p . Fra . 1 8 CHIOS

e the e e ee m e the and divid surplus, qually b tw n hi s lf, and

m e to the ce f m o . o E p r r But that, owing un rtainty hu an e he e the b e ee so the lif , wish d garrison to Gr k, that

ee m n o t the e en o f th e e o f e Gr ks ight , in v t d ath th ir

o e o b e e e the e G v rn r, d priv d of island , surround d as it

em e e e o m w as by e n i s far and n ar . Ev ry n e arvell ed at

’ the m e m u n ificen t e B en eto e e E p ror s lib rality , but r pli d , that he m ust e ith er b e m ad e abso lute m aster o f the

o r e e b e e e m n e n ot island , oth rwis r ward d in a a n r

e e the m e o b n ath his dignity . I n vain E p ror s ught to

e e him e the e m him ee p rsuad to acc pt t r s , giving a w k to

n h m e o e B en eto e e n e o thi k t e att r v r . p rsist d in his u r as n e em e e a o m m abl d ands, d rid d by all as f ol and ad an . The M ega Dom esticus then advise d the Emp ero r to call

o e e em c b e e the t g th r an ass bly, to whi h should invit d all L e e the e c the atin notabl s , th ir Bishop, Latin m r hants in

N c San u to o e o o f the c e island , and i olas , G v rn r Cy lad s, (w ho had c o m e to Chi o s to do h omage to the

m e o e e m e f e to B en eto E p r r) , and th r ak his O f r publicly .

e o b e c ce e B en eto e o Th n , sh uld it a pt d by , w ll and g od n o t e o e e e b e e e to the if , th n w uld all thos pr s nt witn ss s ’ o o f the m e o e e o o f the o o f w rld , E p r r s g n r sity, and f lly

’ e e e o The m e o B en eto s unreaso nabl pr t nsi ns . E p r r lis

e e to c e c e the e e e t n d this advi and all d notabl s tog th r . But

e em e e B en eto still persist d in his d ands . Th n veryb o dy him o th began to laugh at and d ubt his sanity . But e

m e o m e e ffe of e B zan E p r r ad him furth r O rs, hous s in y

m e of the e e en o e tiu , of S natorial rank, all privil g s j y d by

ee e o f m e fo r Gr k nobl s, and finally an annual pay nt, his o w n u se o f gold pi eces out o f the revenues o f m n o w o e - o . e e o Chi s But B to l sing all s lf contr l , raging

em e ee o f the m e and cursing, d and d thr I p rial Ships to

c o nvey him and his fam ily to Galata . Th ese were given him he e e e o e , and was land d th r with all his pr p rty . The Emp eror having furth er strength en ed the d efences o f e e e e e to the island, and arrang d matt rs th r , sail d away CHIOS 1 9

o e e e e e e e Ph ca a , and th nc lat r proc ed d to Adrianopl . B en eto n ot em e to e e e But did r ain qui t . Wishing r v ng

m e he e th e o f e hi s lf, induc d captains ight ships coming o m e o m e o f m e him fr G n a, by ans of gifts on y, to j oin in c o n th e m e e m e an atta k island , hoping to ak hims lf ast r o f f the e e o f the ee ee it without di ficulty in abs nc Gr k fl t . o e e m en e e e e But , as so n as th y had land d , his w r ngag d

the o m e e e e e of by Chians, and c pl t ly d f at d, with a loss 3 00 The em e e e e e o . r aind r mad th ir scap in s rry plight . B en eto d e six e o the effe i d days lat r, fr m cts of an e epil ptic attack . C H A P T E R I I I .

6— 2 A . D . 1 34 1 3 5 .

Th e en ese arm en -n n e s s Del fin i e i G o tw ty i hip . arriv s n i n m es to i e eno V oso c o os. s the c e G a . g Ch Tak itad l . Th e m e o em n s th e sl n c om the en oese E p r r d a d i a d ba k fr G . Z v os s in his e e on to os Th e s n i s y fail xp diti Chi . i la d b esieged by the Ve n etian Pisan i

e e the e em e ff FEW y ars aft r s ttl nt of a airs in Chios,

e e m e e G noa , hith rto , for any y ars , unc asingly

e e e e harass d by civil troubl s and for ign warfar ,

e to e e m o e ee ee m e b gan br ath r fr ly, and to s k ans for enfo rcing her authority o ver the noble fam ily o f

m re e o o Ro ccab ru n a Gri aldi , who int nch d at M nac and e e the et o f e m e o e o m nac d saf y th ir oth r c untry, G n a m e c th e . e e e e its lf Ass bl d in Coun il , rich st nobl s and

o m m n e e e the e e o f e c m m o c o rs d cid d , in int r st th ir o n

e to arm ee o f e -n e em e e saf ty , a fl t tw nty in trir s at th ir private c ost ( the public treasury O f G e n o a was em pty)

e m e e o f and aft r furnishing it with any ngin s war, and

he ec e m m e to the c mm to m o t n ssary ar a nt, hand o and Si n

V i n o so e m an . the m e m e g , a brav and popular At sa ti

e e e en c e I n ib ert o r th r had arriv d in G oa , a rtain g ,

m e D elfin i fiv e e e n w ho e H u b rt , with V n tia ships, gav out that his m ission was the relief o f a regim ent h e had ’ c o f m stati o ned fo r the prote ti o n Our Savi o ur s to b .

e o e e e e n o t e Lat r, h w v r, it app ar d , that this was his r al

o ec m o e the adv en bj t, but that, v d by knightly spirit Of

e en e e o m e e e tur th pr val nt, his s what xtravagant id a was the c o nquest O f the l esser c o untri es of the th en e nfeebled

2 0

2 2 CHIOS

the e e the e e e to his and notables, dir ct d m ss ng r to return m e him e e e ast r, and tell that th y want d no assistanc , but

e e e e the m e e requ st d him to l av island i m diat ly, and that he had better m ake his charitabl e offers to peo ple in he 1 e ee o f t e . n d charity , but not to Gre ks This answ r o f the e e e o f e e was worthy anci nt h ro s Gre c , but hardly

e the e e o f . judicious, having r gard to r sourc s Chios

V i n oso e e e m en the o g , nrag d , land d his foll wing day and , e e e h is e e m e the having r ct d ngines and und r in d walls ,

e e e . th e e d liv r d his assault But Chians, fighting brav ly,

o o f 0 m n e e e repulsed him with a l ss 5 0 e . Aft r th ir failur

e e the e e e e e e to the e o of h r , G no s turn d th ir att ntion int ri r

the o e em e e island , and having, in f ur days, mad th s lv s

m e the em o e e to the ast rs of r aining four small f rts, r turn d the ee e c o e attack of city but, s ing that th y uld not tak it e l the c by assault, th y built up a wa l higher than ity wall , e o f o o f e e m the and by m ans r ws pil s , driv n in fro m C . e the o f the hurch of St I sidor , down to outh harbour , e e ee e e surround d it with wat r . The Gr ks, b ing clos d in

o n e e o e e o o all sid s , wer now no l ng r abl to btain f od ,

ee n o e o f e e e e o n and , s ing prosp ct r lief, surr nd r d the 1 th e em e the e m 3 of S pt b r, upon following t r s (a ) That they should receive all the rights Of

e e e e G no s citiz nship . b o th e o m e o f o f ( ) Taxati n , app int nt ficers, and the m o f the b e ad inistration island, to in the o f the e hands R public . (c) The suprem e authority to reside in the 2 m e E p ror . V i n o so e su fli c ien t e g , having l ft a garrison , sail d with ee e e e e fourt n ships to conqu r Mityl n and Phoca a, but

o n the e e o f e e was, account Of d s rtions his disob di nt and

1 . ese o e e eno C Var , St ria d lla R pub . di G va . 2 h e o nn Nic e . o 4 0 Can a uz 6 1 . . 8 . t c 8 . p Gr g r , p , p . Murat ri , A ali ’ ” d I li a vol 2 ta 1 9 . , . VIII , p . CHIOS 2 3

e e e to o . The mutinous soldi ry , oblig d to r turn Chi s

” so ldiery now com m enced to pillage the prop erties o f the

V i n oso o e o f Chians . g , anxi us to suppr ss a spirit

e e e e the e o f lawl ssn ss, SO pr gnant with dang r in cas a

e e m e m o n wly acquir d country, ad procla ati n that, if any

e to e o n e e e he b e man w re st al but grap b rry, should

o e e e n e c o . fl gg d lik a slav u abl to ntrol his passions All ,

e the e e e o f e e e o e f aring justic and s v rity th ir l ad r, b yed . ’ O V i n o so s so n c o o nly g , in a Spirit of hildish opp siti n , n o t ee e e e o n o t b e e m e s ing why a G no s sh uld p r itt d to do ,

o c o b e e m e for in Chi s, that whi h w uld p r issibl a Chian to e o c u t c o f e e an d do in G n a, a bun h rip grap s ,

ee e to m n the e proc d d walk about a o g soldi ry, picking and 1 h e As so o n c m e the e o f eating t e berri s . as this a to ars

e he e e n to e to the e o f his fath r, at onc , r fusi g list n pray rs e o e e ee s o e e so n to b e o both G n s and Gr k , rd r d his b und , an d o m c e the o n ec e n Sl wly ar h d through t w , r ivi g a

o e e c e . e e o str k at a h st p And a cri r walk d in fr nt, calling ou t This is the punishm ent O f those w h o steal from a

e e e . eo e e fri ndly p opl Mor v r, not satisfi d with this

o f ce the o o f the the mark j usti , and vindicati n law in

e o w n so n h e o e 500 b e p rson of his , app int d ducats to

e e e to e d ow ries f fo r appli d , aft r his d ath , provid poor

o f o em e fo r the o e e Chian girls , by way at n nt r bb ri s that e e m e had taken place . H aving thus s ttl d att rs in the he e fo r en o e e O n the island, sail d G a, wh r his arrival , in

e n o f N o em e h e e v e m b ginni g v b r, r cei d a triu phant

ec n r eptio .

The n e o f the n o f V i n o so e ws taki g Chios, by g , caus d

ec o m n e o f o an insurr ti n in Byzantiu . A n Sav y, who was ruling the E mpire during the infan cy o f the m e e o to e to em the E peror John V , s nt nv ys G noa d and

e of the o the en e c n e r turn island fr m S at , in a corda c with

1 “ “ o e e Re . en o 2 3 . e o e F gli tta , D lla p di G va, p . S rra , St ria d lla

n c vol . . 307 . a ti a Liguria , II , p 24 CHIOS th e treati es and so l em n engagem ents entered into with

E e f m e e the m p ror o Byzantiu . The S nate craftily r plied the m e o o n e m that E p r r was ly d anding what was just ,

th e n o t e e the o r but that island was b ing h ld by will ,

o f the e a e c e n es o f wish S n t that rtain obl had , their own

e an d e o w n e en e en ee e initiativ at th ir xp s , s t a fl t and tak n th e i sla n d ; that th ey were unabl e to assert th eir

m m e e e c e at e e e e authority i diat ly, x pt gr at xp ns , and e m c e a o e o aft r u h pr p rati n , and that th y would , in g od

m e n e e a the o b e e n e the ti , u d rtak th t island sh uld r tur d to

m e A n d e e s e the m e o e E p ror . to furth r r as ur E p r r, th y

e to him o H erm in iu s An taro e s nt , Jac b and Pin li as

m a The m e o e e e o n a b ssadors . E p r r, how v r, insist d up a

e e fo r the e O f the o r o fix d dat r turn island , up n a rec ogniti o n o f his right to retake it by force without f e e the m e e c o . br a h tr aty Aft r much wrangling E p ror, ac tuate d by the kn o wledge o f his inability to ac c omplish

n ee the o o n e m anythi g by force , agr d to f ll wi g t r s

1 The o e o f the s to o the c ( ) c nqu rors i land h ld ity,

ec e e e e n r iving its r v nu , but payi g

fl rin s h m e The e o a year to t e E p ror . I mp rial e he c standard to flo at ov r t ity . (2 ) The co nsec ratio n o f the Arc hbish o p to b e vested

h c n e The I m in t e Chur h in C o stantin o pl . p erial H o use to b e laud ed in the c hurches

o n as e e the o e of Saturdays b for , and ff ring

e o n e e th e e e pray rs th ir b half by pri sts, wh n

fi c ia n to b e ee e m e Of ti g , fr ly p r itt d .

3 The em e o f the s the o ( ) r aind r i land , f rts and

v e an d the ee the illag s, Gr ks living in city,

b e n e th e o f the m e to u d r jurisdiction E p ror, w ho sh o uld sen d an eparch fro m C o n stanti

n l e t e e e him 0 p o r pr s nt . (4) The wh ol e island to b e return ed at the en d o f

n te years . (5) Disputes b etween Greek and Greek to b e tri ed CHIOS 2 5

h o f e e e b e by t e Greek Archbish p . Di f r nc s ee ee or ee tw n Gr k and Latin , Latin and Gr k, b e e e e e e the tw o to nt rtain d, and d cid d , by 1 o e o n c o g v rn rs, acti g onj intly . e e e m e to the O f Th s t r s which , having r gard position the m e e e e en e e o e E p ror, w r honourabl ough , w r p nly o o e V i n o so the e en o e e co e pp s d by g , and oth r G s nqu rors, e e e the e e o c instigat d th r to by S nat , which , th ugh it publi ly disavowed the expediti o n in order to d eceive the Em

eror ee e o ec e o e of p , as it succ d d in d ing, had s r tly appr v d m . e n o s o the m e it Things b i g in this p iti n , i p rial a bas sad o rs em e e Z v os the still r aining on in G noa, a c rtain y , e o f the w h o fl ed c e o n most pow rful Chians, had to Pho a a the o f e c o o e the m e taking th ir untry, wr t to E p ror, asking

o en e for e e e the e f rgiv ss having surr nd r d city , and b gging him to n o n e o m e m not aba d n the isla d , but to s nd s s all

n ce th b e e o e e The assista to enable e island to r c v r d .

m e o o mm e e e e e E p r r c nd d him for his z al , but ord r d him to postp o n e acti o n until th e return o f the am bassado rs

o e e n o to o m m e e h o s fr m G noa, consid ri g it disl yal c nc til ities whilst his am bassado rs were still n egotiati n g fo r

e e Z v o s o fo r e p ac . But y , with ut waiting assistanc , having

e e m n ee he w as e e to o coll ct d as a y Gr ks as abl , sail d Chi s, an d o n e e the e e e e e e , having j i d battl with G no s , d f at d

em m e e e th , killing any and wounding th ir g n ral , and shut

em the o SO e e o e e th up in t wn . I t happ n d , h w v r, that at m m e tw o e e e e th e m m this o nt, G no s ships, und r co and of

e Petril i e e o o n e to Andr a , w r sailing past Chi s th ir way o e o f th e e e o f his m o Constantin pl e . H aring si g co patri ts

Z v o s Petril i e o c e e e by y , land d his f r s , and w nt to th ir

e e n e Z v o s assistanc . A s co d battl was fought, in which y , c o e to o ec though again vi t rious, fighting brav ly, but r k

e c o an d e . l ssly, was stru k by an arr w kill d Upon this the

Pho caen s w h o c m n e him e e e , had a co pa i d , r turn d to th ir

1 - Can tacuz B z s . . 748 750 . , y . Hi t , pp 2 6 CHIOS

e e country . Thus the G n o se remained masters o f the

e e o o to e the island , and w r now in a p siti n disr gard lim itatio n s sought to be imp o sed o n their sovereignty by

the Emp ero r .

n ot m e e e the e e But any y ars had pass d , wh n V n tians,

the m c e e em of e o e e ee e i pla abl n ies the G n s , s ing that th ir rivals m ono polised nearly the wh o l e o f the c om m erce o f

the e Sea o n e o o e Euxin , having Col i s in Chi s, and in th r

e e e ec e e em plac s b yond Constantinopl , d id d to strik at th 1 o e o e e thr ugh th ir C loni s and s nt Nicolas Pisani , with

e to e e e o . The e e e tw nty ships, b si g Chi s G no s , who ,

n o w ee ee o m e o e having long b n fr fr all int rnal tr ubl ,

e m m e the e o f e e e wer at this o nt at z nith th ir pow r, s nt Paganini Doria with sixty-fo ur ships to atta ck the Vene the t e e e e e . e tian b si g rs I n bat l that nsu d , Pisani was so badly beaten that it was with diffi culty that he reached f e e the the e o e . e e the hav n Eubo a B for wint r was ov r, e e e e the e G no s , having fought a naval battl with unit d

e e an d e e e ten ee V n tian Catalan fl ets, r inforc d by Gr k m e e e e e em the o f ships , co pl t ly d f at d th with loss thirty

ix e e e e e the s . ee ships Aft r this d f at of the V n tians, Gr ks , e e n so m e fo e e e b ing unabl to withsta d for idabl a , w r compelled to acc ept a m ost dishon o uring treaty (May 6th e o f the c n e o , by virtu which o qu r rs acquired

m o o o f o m m e e fo r e o o e a nop ly c rc , and th ir c l ny in P ra ? the exclusive right o f trading in the Euxin e Sea

1 the s m e me 1 352 or e e e n en emen At a ti , , a littl arli r , a aval gag t oo ce e een th e en e n s an d en oese i n c th e e t k pla b tw V tia G , whi h latt r , n s s o e m e c n se n e the comm n out of fo urt ee hip l ad d with r ha di , u d r a d of co s Ma n eri os ten th e o e o e n s e to os. Ni la g , l t , th r f ur g tti g af ly Chi Th e en o e n o of hi os Phili o o i n e en e c e th G v r r C , pp D ria , r v g , atta k d “ h e n e n n s an d oo oe en o n e t e s. s . o . t k Eub a , th w d by V tia (Hi t , C t m E p . F 2 l di n n s v ol m o . 62 C an tacuz 667 . Ra . . , p . p , A ali Mu ul , X , p , m on s d es ré ub l enn es d u mo n an d n o e . 383 . s . . e t , p Si di , Hi t p itali y ” - 2 a e v ol . . 3 1 8 3 0 . g , IV, pp C H A P T E R I V .

A 1 3 2—1 1 4 . D 5 4 . .

I n stituti on of th e Maon a— Th e J usti n ian is a cquire th e sovereign ty ofth e i slan d— Po litical system ofth e J ustin ian is —Barbarou s m ethods of pun ishm en t— Con spiracy of th e Chian s agai n st th e J u stinian is— So vereign ty ofth e J u sti n ian is ac kn owledged by J oh n Palaeologus— Fresh disturban c es i n o — o se ah an e s c s Chi s Pr lytism by M om ed H re iar h .

the e V i n o so the o e o f th e N r turn of g , wn rs ships appli ed to the Republi c fo r a refu n d o f th e expen ses

o f the e e o Th e e c n ot e xp diti n . R publi b ing in a

o n to m ee e e c m the o o n n em e p sitio t th s lai s, f ll wi g arra g nt

o m e sa the o e o b e was c to , that is to y That wn rs Sh uld 1 su m o f c om e m e e o the paid a s udi , at s ti b f re e a o th e e twe t - n e e e xpir ti n of n xt n y ni y ars , and that th y

o c a m en b e n o t m e ec m e sh uld, if su h p y t punctually ad , b o e e h n o f th e ntitl d to t e usufru c t and administrati o island ,

ec e e to c o e m e o f the e subj t how v r, an a kn wl dg nt suz rainty o f the e e to e v e the c R public , and an und rtaking obs r ivic

a n m e e o o f Oblig tio s i pli d by such r lati nship . This body c e o e e e the m e o f o e e o m the r dit rs r c iv d na Ma na, ith r fr “ ” ” ee on os s e e n n e e Gr k word m , ingl , as d sig ati g s v ral

e o o m o e e o n e e o o r o the p rs ns f r ing t g th r singl b dy, fr m “ ” e o e e o m on a the c c o o f G n s w rd , Signifying onjun ti n m n fo r the e o of o e m m o to a y, r alisati n a purp s co n all . The num erous fam ilies o f whi c h this Maona was

1 l V n s o n to n of eec e v o . e . cco s . Tra . N t But a rdi g Fi lay Hi t Gr , , 71 an d o e e s the su m w as en o e e es an the . s p , th r writ r , G livr , d e m 2 0 e s t r , y ar . 2 8 CHIOS

m e ee to e m e e e co pos d , agr d stablish the s lv s into a singl

s o o o r firm e the e o f H ostel o the a s ciati n , , und r titl f ? ? usti n ia n is (Al bergo d egl i fa sti n i a n i ) Th ey were l ed to d o so th e n e e o f the e , by arn ss r lationships subsisting

e ee e e m e o mm e e e b tw n th s fa ili s , and by c on int r st . Lat r, m o e m e e e e o c m e any th r fa ili s, l aving th ir nativ c untry, a the e e m e o the the to island , and w r ad itt d int Maona . I n m e m e the e e fo r en the e anti , dat fix d paym t by R public n e the e e e e e the havi g laps d , and tr asury b ing still d pl t d ,

c e e to the c e o c ce the island was d d r dit rs, in a cordan with ? e m the c m c The u stin ian is e e t r s Of o pa t J had , how v r, m e e t e c e o r by this ti , partly by purchas , par ly by inh ritan

e m e n e m o o f e ce oth r lawful a s, Obtain d a on poly influ n in the f f . e the o island Such b ing position a fairs , all the J u stin ian i fam ili es living in G enoa (with the exc epti o n of tw o the e U n hetti o e o , N gri and g ) ab ut a hundr d s uls in e e em e e to As e e e e all , transf rr d th s lv s Chios . th y w r v ry

e an d m e c e the e m e o f w althy, uch appr iat d b autiful cli at the n e em e e isla d , th y built th s lv s luxurious mansions , o e the o o u t e e the b th insid t wn and , and nrich d country t m c o e e o o f wi h any fa t ri s , and oth r instituti ns public

e e o f e e m e e e m e o b e m e b n fit, ( th s or d tail d nti n will ad e n m m e e o . so e o n o t e o e o lat r ) But , that th y sh uld b c c pl t ly e n e m e m o e c o e e e stra g d fro th ir th r untry, th y paid fr qu nt

to en o n o t visits G a, and only took part in its public

1 ese u sti ni an is e e cco n to som e the esc en n s of Th J w r , a rdi g , d da t h h n e A D t e m e o s ni n en ib erI u s scen e t e o . . E p r r Ju ti a . Wh T a d d thr ( 72 0 e e o e s c e n e n o co an d e o u sti n ian i ) thr br th r , all d A g li , Mar , P tr J , e e e e e him an d fl e d the s to en ce th e secon to w r xp ll d by , , fir t V i , d en o an d th e to o en ce The u stin ian is i n en c e m G a, third Fl r . J V i ulti

e as e o n e e of th e e i n o s A . D . pli d , but th y all but di d plagu Chi (

n en in th e e e on to os Sab ell icu s s . all havi g tak part xp diti Chi ( , H i t en e th e o e e n e so the m s o n ot V t . P p Al xa d r , that fa ily h uld ecom e e i n c e the m on co s u stin ian i e m ss on to b xt t, gav k Ni la J p r i i i o n Th e c o n e o s of os e e h s esc en n s. marry . qu r r Chi w r d da t N thi g n m s e i s n o n of th e on e w ho fl ed to o en c e . e o furth r k w Fl r ( Hi r y u , s of Hi t . 2 n s o e For m e e e esc on of the on Tra . N t . a or d tail d d ripti Ma a , ’ ” - he e i f e e ol 70 80 . t e s e e e to n s s . o e c v . . r ad r r f rr d Fi dlay Hi t Gr , V, pp

30 CHIOS

300 m en -at- the e e the arms for d f nce of island . The

o o f e was o o f the e the o C urt Justic in fr nt fort, n ar harb ur, and was c all ed Dika i ota to most The prison for offend ers in the c o untry was called Skl a via ” Sl a veri es ) and p o ssibly the village owes its n am e to

The e e m e that fact . laws w r ost harsh , and bor with

ec e e o n the Pa roeki e e n o t o sp ial s v rity , who w r nly liable to unlim ited forced lab o ur at the hands of th e ’ u stin ian is to o e ee o J , but also had pr vid thr days w rk in ’ e e m e e o n e e each y ar for th ir no arch , b sid s day s b ating 1 he r e e e e e e o f em whe n t part idg s w r b ing hunt d . Non th m ight l eave the island without the express consent o f the

u stin ian is e ec o to J , whos obj t it was, not nly know who e the o e e e e o l ft island , but als to pr v nt its rev nu fr m m o e e e e m e di minishing . A hu rous r f r nc to this is ad by ? e o e o f the H i r nymus, in his d scription island Many

Pa rocki he e c e e to e c e , says, wh n aught s cr tly trying s ap ,

to the e e e e he sought avoid cons qu nc s , by d nying that t y

e e the e i n o e e w r Chians so Judg , rd r to arriv at a satis

e to e em e the factory conclusion , us d ord r th to utt r word “ ” fra el u o f e the e e g (a kind br ad) , but as Chians w r “ ” e e e e ra n el a e u nabl to pronounc it oth rwis than f g , th y

o e e e . N o c e m e c e o f o o st od d t ct d itiz n ight s ll an arti l f d,

ce e e the o e at a pri high r than that fix d by auth riti s , and e e to e e w o e unto anyon who dar d transgr ss . Th ir punish “ e e e i e o u t th e so -c e Pil l a r o m nts, which w r carr d at all d f ” m tice e e an d e e e e 7 , w r most barbarous ; hardly cr dibl , w r they n o t vou c hed fo r by th e great enco m iast o f the 3 is e m m e u stin ian i u stin ian . e J , H i rony us (hi s lf a J ) Th y o e red-ho t o the o e e the c w uld driv a ir n into f r h ad Of vi tim,

r ff o e o r the o mm o e m o f m e o cut o his n s , , c n st for punish nt,

’ 1 w he m n n e of n n the s The Pa roekz e e Thi s as t a r hu ti g bird . w r e en e th e e e en sen t to surroun d a hill fr qu t d by partridg s. Th y th s o e o an d th e s o to th e o n i n e h ut d l udly, bird w uld fall gr u d th ir

fright . 2 3 usti niani escr on d e l I sl e d e c o . . H . J , D ipti S i Ibid CHIOS 3 1

beat him unmercifully with a h eavy whip . And if the m an b eing so b eaten Should from his pain fo rget to o the m e o f he e e n o r c o unt out l ud nu b r blows was r c ivi g,

e m e h e e e h e o e mak a istak , was b at n again , until c unt d

o ec fo r e c o he e e e h e c rr tly, and a h bl w that had r c iv d had furth er to pay a coin equivalent to ten d en aria Of the m e th en Chian on y . Su c h a d espoti c system of G o vernm ent could not but b e repugnant to the Greeks an d although the J u stin ian is seem ed to b e willing to go s o m e way towards Grae cising em e e ee o G ee e th s lv s , using Gr k w rds and giving r k titl s to

e of e e e e the f e o th ir ficials, th y ntir ly fail d in gaining a f cti n m e h the ee . e e c o to t e e e ee m Of Gr ks Th s , ac ust d gr at r fr do

e e o e e the em e o n o t ec o e th y had nj y d und r p r rs, could r ncil

em e e e c o o m c e to th s lv s to this x lusi n fr publi lif , and this

o e em o f o e m e e ee m e n v l syst g v rn nt, and b gan s king a ans m The e o o f o f es cap e fro its tyranny . M tr p litan o the

ee the o e m ffe e m Gr ks, inviting b ld st, and ost disa ct d a ong o f e e th em to the Church St . G org of the Ca ta ra ct (afterwards called of the B etrayer fo rm ed a conspiracy

to the u stin ian is e . to e e kill all J , on East r Sunday As wh th r th e M etropolitan was induced to form the conspiracy

of ee o f o m o r e e the e o f out f lings patri tis , wh th r it was f ar e e e o f see e the b ing d priv d his , and its r venue by Latin 1 o e e e n m w e are n ot Bish p (as sugg st d by H i ro y us) , in

o to e e th e e e a p o siti n d cid . Whilst pr parations w re being fo r the o f m e o f th e o made day action , so conspirat rs, ec m c e e- e e e the to th b o ing cons i nc strick n , b tray d plot e

u stin ian is o w e e J (acc rding to an Old tradition , ho v r, it was divulged by a girl anxi o us to save the life o f h er

u stin ian i e The o e e e the J lov r) . c nspirators b ing arr st d in e the e e e e e gard n of Church, w r tri d , convict d, and hang d m the The e e e e e fro city walls . b tray rs w r r warded with

o f the e f the o ee a portion prop rty o conspirat rs, and fr d

1 “ ’ . usti niani esc on d e s e d e Sc o . H J , D ripti l i l i 3 2 CHIOS

e h from liability to forc d labour . T e rest of the co n ’ o o e c o n c e e o o spirat rs pr p rty was fis at d . The M tr p litan , the m e m e i n the c e pri ov r conspira y, was banish d , and , to

v o e e e o e e e e c e a id futur troubl , the G n s r fus d to ac pt a cc e o se to e e e o e su ss r, only con nting r c iv a sub rdinat ,

e D ika ios e ec e em e e e e call d l t d by th s lv s, and subs qu ntly

o m e the o o e The co n c nfir d by Patriarch in C nstantin pl . fisc ated property becam e the c ause o f great dissension

m o n u stin ian is w e e e e see a g the J , as shall h r aft r . A n unsu c cessful c o nspiracy always strengthens the

n e o m h ha ds of thos against wh it is directed . T e

u sti n ian is ee the e e e o o o f the m e J , s ing d sp rat c nditi n E pir , o n e o o f t o em fo r and that no th ught r ubling th , had l o ng c o n sid ered it unn ec essary to acknowl edge its au th o

e o e e o m e e e the rity . Wh n , h w v r , s y ars lat r (during

e e e n e e e a n d r ign of Manu l I I) , Byzantium b i g b si g d , in

n e o f e c e the e e e da g r b ing aptur d by t rribl Bay zid , was

e m o the e o e e e e th e sav d by Ti ur, G n s b gan to f ar that

m e o c c e o e o m e E p r r and his su ss rs, b c ing pow rful again , m e e the c o e o f e o ight nt rtain nqu st Chios . B ing anxi us to e the to b e e m e to e ee r tain island , and p r itt d trad fr ly o f the m e e e to the E m e o with all parts E pir , th y s nt p r r,

o ee e e e ce e o o . O J hn V , thr xp ri n d n g tiat rs, J livari , P . in ian i to e ec F o rn eti . u st o c e e , and P J , r sp tfully adv at th ir c m to th e o e e o f the to ask lai s v r ignty island , and for a

e e e e o e e n to o e r n wal of fri ndly r lati ns , th y und rtaki g pr vid all the assistance i n th eir p ower to wards the defenc e of

m The m e o e e in fl the e . e u E pir E p r r, absorb d by pl asur , en ced rath er by the fear o f fresh tro ubl e than by a feeling o f gratitude towards th e G en o ese for the assist an c e th ey had give n him in his struggl e for the thron e e e e em e with Cantacuz n , gav th a gold n bulla, by which

e e the to e e c ce o h grant d island th m and th ir su ss rs, l upon an im m ediate paym ent o f hyperpem

1 th e his o n e on m s oes n ot e us he he hese But t ria , Hi r y u , d t ll w t r t CHIOS 3 3 and a furth er yearly payment o f 500 to his Protovestia H e o e em the o ec e rius . als grant d th right to coin g ld pi s A D e e e e m e o ( . . Th s rights w r confir d ab ut fifty ’ e e A D 1 4 1 2 o so n y ars lat r ( . . ) by J hn s and successor,

Manu el I I . e e A D 1 3 1 e e e m e to Ab o ut thirty y ars lat r ( . . 9 ) fr sh v nts ca th e e e e e e disturb p ac Of Chios . Bay zid (I ld rim , thund r ” n e e the e c e e the bolt ) havi g asc nd d thron , and onqu r d t he ?E ean ee e e e o t . Gr ks in Asia, turn d his y s g N ot

e n the of em o e satisfi d with starvi g islands L n s, L sbos and o o the e o f o o m he Chi s, by f rbidding xport c rn fr Asia , sen t sixty ships and d evastated all the villages o f the last

e o n e o e ec o e m e m nti d island , nly just th n r v ring fro th ir

e c o e - o e e e ow n ce d stru ti n , ighty f ur y ars b for , by his an stors 1 e e 1 4 0 8 en e the Turks . A littl lat r (in ) G oa was its lf e e th e c e o o c c o n the tak n by Charl s VI , and Vi r y B u i ault , e m e o f e c o e m e in ce e stablish nt Fr n h g v rn nt that pla , s nt a

m to o o e the u stin ian is regi ent Chi s for its pr t ction . But J an d o e e em e e o the e c B rgh s , wishing to rid th s lv s fr m Fr n h ” s c o f S Ge r h o e o e e eto t. o e eto t e y k , r , and with ri s Z g , Z ” eo l e e o f th e o an d e p p , got poss ssion f rt tr asury, and ? e to e em e e n H e the e b gan rul th s lv s agai aring n ws,

o c e e e the Mao n en ses B uci ault n xt y ar s nt six ships against ,

n o I n the m e m e he im u der Conrad D ria . anti also priso n ed all the relatives in Genoa o f th o se revo lting in o o n i 4th e 1 40 9 m e m e Chios . D ria arriving Jun , , ad hi s lf m s e of th e e o the o a t r villag s within f ur days, but t wn

m e se e e to e e o e e ar d it lf, and pr par d r sist . R alising, h w v r,

‘ that th e bl o o d about to b e sh ed wo uld b e that o f fellow c o m e the u stin ian is su rren d ered to untry n , J Doria, who , en e e ff the e having prud tly s ttl d a airs in island , sail d away

h er era e e o or s e o n es Th e s e on es e e e to yp p w r g ld ilv r . ilv r w r qual o - n c of our m e an d the o e e o om e ab ut a half fra ti , g ld w r w rth fr ight en n cs to t fra .

1 mm e o d el m m n vo l 2 e o s 4 8 . O . . Ha r , St ria I p r a , II , p 2 e o o e e e eno om . 29 . Ub rt F gli tta , D lla R pub . di G va . (R a), p D 34 CH IOS

? m e o t e e the e o e e e o e in triu ph to G n a A li tl lat r G n s r v lt d ,

o e the e o m e o the u stin ian is and dr v Fr nch fr G n a, and J e e the e e t o f the m the r gain d sov r ign y island . Al ost at

m e m m e the e o f om e e e sa o nt, during r ign Mah t I , th r o rigi n ated a remarkable religious movem e nt am ongst the

m n c o m Otto a s . A short a c unt of this ovem ent w e co n e e e the e e o sid r n c ssary, as Chians w r drawn int it . There flourished in 1 4 1 3 a l earn ed teac h er O f laws

e eo o c e B ed red in Sima n a v l u b . and gr at th l gian , all d g m an e m o e m c m e to This , b ing uch h nour d by Ti our, a o o n the o o f the e o o m Chi s , invitati n Gov rn r, wh , as it

ee o w him e m he ccee e had b n Sh n to in a dr a , su d d in ? c v e to o m m e n m H e e c e on rting M ha da is liv d at N i a a ,

in e c o m m o e he e but, ord r to ac plish his a biti us d signs , l ft

e e c e Peril itzia M u sta ha s cr tly, and finding a Turk, all d p , selected him as his represen tativ e and ap o stl e Of his n ew

e e e n ew e e c e e o e t aching . Th s h r siar hs w r j in d by a

’ ew c e Kem a li hou d b zm o m e m J , all d , who , acc pani d by any e e e to m e e e The d rvish s, w nt about trying ak pros lyt s . — d o ctrin es of this h eresy were : equality n o private o e t — c m m o o e s o f e e pr p r y o n wn r hip all things, xc pt

o m e n as e e the e o f w n . But havi g th ir obj ct conqu st all

e e o to the ee to Asia and Europ , th y s ught draw Gr ks

a em e o e e w ho o w rds th by d claring all th s irr ligious, Sh uld

the n e e e n o r o e the say , that Christians ith r kn w w rshipp d

e e e e e o e to th e c e tru God . Mustapha r p at dly s nt ap stl s hi f

e c c e o f the s o n to a o e l siastics i land , h pi g g in foll w rs m Tw o o f e e m e e e e m o n s e . a g t th th s ss ng rs, with bar

ee an d e o n e o m e e e e em f t , w aring nly gar nt , pr s nt d th

e e to e e e sce w h o e the s lv s a c rtain ag d Cr tan a tic , liv d at “ o n s e o f Tu rl oti : We are ce c e M a t ry , and said as ti s lik

e w e o the m e G o d a s o o w e thys lf, w rship sa th u d st , and

c m e ee e the sea o to th by night, having cross d without

1 en m 2 e to o e e e . o . o . 9 . Ub r F gli tta, D lla R pub di G va (R a), p 2 n We fol low the accoun t give by Ducas. O HIOS 3 5

e o u r ee The e e e e e w tting f t Cr tan , b li ving th m , b gan him self to think and talk in an insensate fashion but so impressi o nable is human nature that he sec ured num erous o e e m e the e m e foll w rs, and b ca caus of any disturbanc s in

o o e the e o f e Chi s . F rtunat ly tim ly arrival Murad , s nt by e m e to the e e his fath r Maho d I , put a stop activity Of th s ? e e s e e e e a h r siarch , and p ac r ign d ag in

“ 1 D B l Ra i l m n v ol c s s . m ol d n n s u a , y . Hi t p ( A a i Mu ul a i , . IX , s s s e es s s es and th e re- e p . ay that thi h r y till urviv , that app ar n ce of s is s e a Mu tapha till await d . C H A P T E R V .

A D 1 4 1 4—1 4 3 . . 5 .

Th e J u sti n ianis acc orded man y privi leges by Mahom ed I — The Ve n etian s besiege Chios Wealth of the J u stin ian is — — Reso ur c es of th e i slan d Co i ns of th e J u stinian is Chian s om s n e the u sti n ian is cu t u d r J .

u stin ian is the o o ee o f H E J , noting vict ri us car r the e e e e to e him m s o fi rc Timour, hast n d s nd a ba sad rs

e e so he e n o t b e e and pr s nts, that should at l ast th ir

m To c a e e e n e e n e y . su h a st t had this f arl ss co qu ror e e the o n e to m r duc d Turks, that if, his r turn Sa arcand 1 d u e to o f cee e to ( lack ships to pro d w stward , and

e o f n e o th e ee r ports disturba c s in that t wn) , Gr ks had

e e o f the e e e c o o o f the tak n advantag d sp rat nditi n Turks,

the O o m o c e n e e tt an dynasty w uld rtai ly n v r, with its

e e e e ee e to ec o e the c o scatt r d forc s, hav b n abl r nqu r un

i m e m n e t . e ce e tri s had lost At this ti , Maho t I had as d d

e f r h h the o e . o t e e e thr n Fortunat ly Christians, prov d H m m e e e . e n o t ec e hi s lf th ir loyal fri nd only b a , and

em e o f e m e o n e r ain d , a faithful ally th ir E p r r, Ma u l I I ,

e em m o o o f s o o but gav th any pr fs his kindly di p siti n .

n m h e o c e Thus, whilst stayi g in S yrna , was appr a h d by the Christian Princ e s o f the n eighb o uring islands and

f m e e the e o o . e c countri s Asia Min r Th y a , attract d by e o f th e o e o f ec kindlin ss his disposition , with h p s uring

en i e D o u n eid o e his fri dsh p , and assistanc against j , wh s pirati cal d epredations were n ow b ec om ing into l erabl e to

1 B c e c s z . s . 36. Mi ha l Du a , y H i t , p .

3 8 CHIOS

e o e e the e o e e e e n th ir vict ri s ov r G n s , d cid d to i flict still

e e e o e en em e n e gr at r injuri s up n th ir i s , by attacki g th ir o sse o the ZE ean e e e e e p ssi ns in g , wh r th y w ll kn w that

the e e e o e e e o u t islands w r but w akly f rtifi d . Th y fitt d

e -e e an d m c e e tw nty ight ships, larg s all , with in r dibl

o u t e e e e e e e rapidity, and giving that th y w r sailing ls wh r ,

o c ee e to o e e e e N o em e pr d d Chi s . Th y arriv d th r in v b r,

o n 00 e Scaram ou chia Pab esi e with ly 7 soldi rs . was th ir e e e o e o m e g n ral , and Andr a M c nig H igh Ad iral . B ing

e e th e M ao n en ses e e e e e e tak n by surpris , l ct d as th ir g n ral

e o the so n o f e n o o o n the Rafa l , L o ard M ntald , o ly at very m ome nt that the Ve n etians were la n ding th eir

o c e h r c The e t e e o fo . f r s, and consid ring b st p int atta k

n ew e e o m e o the e g n ral l st no ti in garris ning tow rs, and providing m en and weap o ns fo r the d efe n ce of the The e n the e e walls . third day aft r landi g, V n tians l evelled a p o rti o n o f the wall by m eans o f vari o us

o ec e the o e o e em e e pr j til s, and Opp s d f rc s found th s lv s e c n e the e x hangi g arro ws and o th r m issil es in op n .

e e n d to th e o m ei Darkn ss put an c bat, victory b ng still

the e O n e n o e e m e m e e in scal . ight, h w v r , so s all v ss ls

o f the e e n e e e the o m e V n tians, havi g nt r d harb ur u p r c eiv ed so m e the o f th e tw o o e , alar d guards t w rs at the m the c e s o f tw o e harbour outh , and r w larg ships,

o e m e c e en e to b e s e l ad d with r handis , that happ d in id th e o o c e the e e harb ur, that b th guards and r w, latt r aft r

e s o e o o e e blowing up th ir Ship with gunp wd r, t k r fug

e the n to e n m e a e insid walls . This additio th ir u b r g v

m e the the e e e c o e to . n urag nt Chians But V n tians,

c a in th e tw o o e s e n c o m m o f ptur g t w r , and g tti g and th e a o n ow e the o m the sea h rb ur, approach d town fr ,

“ e sc en n of th e n u stin ian is e n e s o e n o e d da t Chia J ) , titl d i t ria d lla bil ” m s n n en o c e s to e een en Fa iglia Giu ti ia i di G va, whi h app ar hav b writt o 1 700 as th e e s s h e w as esen in os w en w as ab ut , writ r ay pr t Chi h it

a en the en e n s i n 1 694 v l ac e s s e e of os i n th e t k by V tia , p thi i g Chi e 1 1 6 y ar 4 . CHIOS 39

e e c the e to whilst still thr at ning atta k from land sid ,

f th e u tin ian is o d e th e divert the attenti o n o J s . I n r r e e the the e e n e b tt r to attack town , V n tia s rigg d up o m o n e e the c platf r s th ir ships, high r than ity walls, and fro m these discharged such a shower o f m issil es o n to the e e e m e m o e fo r d f nd rs, that it ad it i p ssibl th em to prevent c lim bing ladders b ei n g plac ed agai n st h Th v e o o ee the mm e e t e . e wall bra M ntald , s ing i diat e e e th e e b e o en e c om dang r, dir ct d gat s to p d , and m an d ed m en to e the e e the e his tak V n tians in r ar,

e o e e e e and cut d own the ladd rs . H is rd rs w r carri d o u t c e Scaram ou c hia n o t o e su c ssfully, but , l sing hop , o e e m en to e m e the o e to rd r d his und r in walls, in rd r

e e further harass the defenders . Whilst sup rint nding

e e e o h e e m o o n e The e e th s Op rati ns, f ll rtally w u d d? V n

n s n ot l o c o e c e c o e the e e tia , sing nfid n , ntinu d Si g with

e s s e e o e ee e p r i t nc , and w uld hav succ d d, had not a

e e-m e m e m n o Gr l l o c rtain nobl ind d youth , na d Da ia y , h eari n g in Constantinopl e o f what was happening in

o m e me m e e e e Chi s, ar d so s all v ss ls, with about s v nty

o m en c o m e the e o f y ung , and to h lp Chios, sailing in

th e e ee e e m c right through e V n tian fl t . This v nt u h

e the o f the e e e ec m n o e rais d spirits b si g d , who , b o i g b ld r, m e e the e e the e ad daily sorti s against V n tians, until latt r,

o f e the e giving up all hope r ducing town , sail d away o n the 1 4 n e e th Of Ja uary, l aving two larg Ships, and a ? e m e o f o e o e n n e gr at nu b r w und d , in Rh d s I n this i sta c

“ “ 1 e o n m s in his s o of os s s : s the Hi r y u , H i t ry Chi , ay Whil t o e ss w as e n es e e th e en e n en e in o e to m o c f rtr b i g b i g d , V tia g ral, rd r k th e u stin ian is sat o n to b e s e o os e th e m n e of the J , d w hav d pp it ai gat The o n . es e e in o e to en e s n s e him t w b i g d , rd r av g thi i ult , kill d with an o on th e of St n on o Th e u sti n ian is in c om arr w day “ A t i . J , m em o on of th e e en se to esen th e c c of n rati v t, u d pr t hur h that Sai t , e e e red e e c oss c th e o e n o v ry y ar, with a v lv t flag with a r , whi h G v r r an d n om c s c e e e i n e s e o n the o n of an ar h arri d th r , gr at tat , p i t ” arrow.

2 o e e l omin e 6 e c c . 5 . F gli tta, d g i u i hiari d lla Liguria, p R publi a en o o f th e s m e o 4 di G va, a auth r, p . 3 . 40 O HIOS the e e e n o t em e e o G no s did r ain passiv sp ctat rs , but

e five o . e e the s nt ships t th assistanc of island ; but, o e e m e e e c th e alth ugh th s ad all hast to r a h island , th ey did n o t succ eed in arriving th ere until the 2 5th o f a m e the e e e M rch , by which ti V n tians had alr ady d eparted .

e e e e e the u stin ian is A littl lat r, aft r things had s ttl d , J re the o c n built walls at a c st of s udi , havi g e o ee the e c o o r pr vi usly agr d with R publi , that sh uld it , o e e m e e o e the e o any th r Stat , at any ti , tak v r island , G n a b e to e em n o t the o n Should bound r pay th , only rigi al scudi contributed in 1 346 for the c o nquest o f

s the o f e e the Chio , but also cost r pairing and r building

: to c . e s walls that is say, s udi in all Th y al o

c e e o f m o n the o n m pla d th ir coat ar s fort, and any

e of the e e o f b e ee oth r parts town , s v ral which may s n e e e e the th r to this day . Th y surround d harbour, in 1 440 o e e en e e , with walls , and in rd r to pr v t its b ing chok d

the e o the Kal o l tu s an d the up by dirt wash d d wn by p y ,

e o e o u t the sea ee oth r t rr nts that ran into , dug a d p tank to e e e e o n th e o int rc pt it . Th y built tow rs all hills al ng the c o e e a c e i e o ast, wh r w t h rs , by light ng fir s , sh uld warn

h e the c o f e e e o t c ity Of approa h Ships . Th y rais d r d ubt 1 e a s o n ec o c e m e o f abl w ll , high and pr ipitous r ks n ar so the l e o e i n e to o ec the in hab i vil ag s, and t w rs oth rs , pr t t ? tants fro m pirati c al attacks Th ey erected fin e m arbl e 3 e m n c e c e o e m e e palac s, and ag ifi nt hurch s, f und d onast ri s,

o e en sch ols, a shipyard , a pap r factory, built spl did 4 e c o e o o e e e aqu du ts, pr vid d h spitals and h us s for l p rs , and

1 an d H arm oli a n h n n ese e e o sso . O t e s ow Th w r at V li , ly rui m n e 1 839 . r ai ,

2 Th e a es of ese are i n th e es of Sid erou n ta l rg t th villag , Pyrgi , d N én ita an .

3 m n o n h Th e n es o f ese e e : St. o c s e t e o St fi t th w r D i i , i id f rt, . d St n n o n c sc o on n n os on n an . o . Fra i , Mad a di tra D a, A t i 4 ese e c s s e s an d on e of em is e en n ow in u se . Th aqu du t till xi t, th v CHIOS 4 1

o m e ee of e o w n o f . f r d a fl t th ir , consisting thirty ships

e e e c o b e m et m en Such xp nditur uld only by rich , and o e o e e f e the u stin ian is th s p ss ss d o great revenu s . That J

e e to the e n e o f o mm e c e o f the w r , owing gr at ss the c r e m e is e e Chal co c o n island , nor ously w althy, t stifi d to by d l as w ho e o f o e e y , sp aks it with w nd r , and attribut s it to e m o f m c e o e c . the nor us concours r hants And in fa t, merchan ts finding in Chios a p opulati o n o f o e o en e fo r the inhabitants, and a spot b th saf , and c nv i nt e o f e e to e e e e transf r th ir war s Asia Minor, congr gat d th r ,

o m o f th e o e e e o e the m e o f the fr all parts w rld , v n b f r ti s 1 u stin ian is th e c c m o o f m e c n e e e J , and a u ulati n r ha dis th r was so great that Chi o s had b e co me alm o st the s o l e ? plac e fo r trading i n th o s e parts G o o ds were landed o n

e o f n e o n m e o e a bridg pla ks , r sting arbl supp rts , purpos ly

ce c o e to the o e o f the o o n c pla d l s harb ur gat f rt, ac ount o f e n e to the m o e O n e m a e its n ar ss Custo H us . y judg o f the e o f th e m e c n e e m e w alth Chian r ha ts, v n at that ti ,

o m the o c e e the e n fr f llowing in id nt . Wh n Fr ch and

n n m e e e 1 e Hu garia ar i s w re d feated by Bayezid . n ar

o o m o e en e e as e N ic p lis any n tabl g rals, as w ll th ir

m m n - - e i n e o c c e e e o e . Co a d r chi f B u i ault, w r tak n pris n rs

Th e o f c e e o e to o e King Fran , Charl s VI . , in rd r pr pitiat the e him m e m se Sultan , s nt any valuabl gifts, and pro i d

n f him ducats as ra so m o r th e priso n ers . But ’ e n ot the n o o n e Bay zid , trusting ki g s w rd , was ly satisfi d

en o the e e o of e the wh , thr ugh int rv nti n a bank r in Paris ,

n o e th e o e f m e c ki g had btain d c ns nt o a Chian r hant, 3 o o m e Pel e rin i e th e to Barth l w g , r siding in island , stand ec s urity . I n o rder that the reader m ay form so m e idea o f the e o n o m o th e n w e set o u t e e c ic p sition Of isla d , h r a rough

1 Can tacuz B z . s . 2 3 . , y Hi t , p . 9 2 Sab el li c u s s 61 . . en e . ec . e . 5 , Hi t V t d ad , III , lib r IX , p 3 c s d es o s . . s es v ol . V . 2 83 . 5 Mi haud , Hi t Cr i ad , . , p Daru , Hi t ”

Re . d e en se v l o . . 1 08 . p V i , II , p 4 2 CHIOS

m m o f e e e o o e su ary its y arly r c ipts , and utg ings, as giv n by H i eronymus .

RECE I PTS .

Collected from the p eo pl e by the twelve N o m c the e ar hs, and Gov rnor, go ld e n ducats eac h Three hundred cases o f gu m m asti c (o f 1 32 0 e c 0 lbs . a h) at 1 0 du cats the case From the Custom s

The ec e m m e o n e m e r ipts fro Custo s alon , had at ti (before the increase o f the Turki sh p o wer) reach ed the annual su m o f golden du cats

OUTGO I NGS .

Paid to the Governor and N o marchs Capitati o n Tax paid to the Sultan (to wards the en d o f the G enoese o c cupati o n )

m e o f n e e o n o n Pay nt i t r st War Loans, and c ost o f rebuilding walls

Ye c o f e e to the arly ost pr s nts Sultan , his

the m e e e h e Pashas , H igh Ad iral (wh n v r an c h o red off Chi o s) and exp en ses of m s o e o f Of A ba sad rs , salari s Public ficials

Th e surplus o f receipts ov er o utgo ings was share d by th e M ao n en ses the o o n o f the o o , in pr p rtio c ntributi ns m e em the c o e o f th e 1 34 6 ad by th for nqu st island in .

1 Th e M aon en se s en e e w as s e n n c e of m s c , wh th r a up rabu da a ti , e e e t h e o e e e pr f rr d o burn it rath er than allow t pri ce t fall . L tt r m em o n n om 1 5 1 v ol e e s 7 . rabili di M . Giu ti ia i ( R a , , I , p . (L tt ra su l s ce Ma ti ) . CHIOS 4 3

e o e the o cc of o the u stin ian is th e B f r upation Chi s by J , c o n u se e e o f c o e o e o f th e n n e i s in w r , urs , th s Byza ti

m e e the M ao n en ses e o e o E pir , but wh n had tak n p ss ssi n ,

e s c c o o f e n e . O th y tru k ins gold , silv r and bro z n o n e e o f the o c o the o o sid c in was a ross, and r und it f ll w ? ing l etters i n Latin : CO N RADU S RE X RO MAN O RU M O n the reverse were the arm s o f th e Ju stin ian is (whi c h they

ece e o m m n m e o o f n fo r had r iv d fr Sigis u d , E p r r Hu gary,

e c e e e e to sa o e o f ee s rvi s r nd r d) ; that is y, a f rtr ss thr o e m o e e c e e o u t t w rs , sur unt d by a larg bla k agl with e o e em an d o spr ad wings, cr wn d with a diad ; r und it

e e the o V T the n o f th e fo r w r w rds CI I AS CHII , and i itials th e m n L azu ru s u sti n ian i e e o e o e . I ti b i g G v rn r, .g , L . . ( J ) ,

I V in c en i stin ian i he a e o f s n . V . t o u t . ( J ) and d t its triki g 2 c c o n to Th evetu s the n o the m e A rdi g , Chia s , pri r to ti o f the u stin ian is o e o O o n e e o f J , had an th r c in . n sid it ’ was the upp er half o f a drago n s b o dy and the h ead o f a

e e e e o n T O o n b autiful girl , l tt r d r u d MONE A MACRI HIO ; the o e fin el -e e c e o f c o the an th r a y x ut d portrait Dra , husb d 3 o f E u m o r hia e o f Scl erio n The u stin ian i s p , daught r . J

o c e c ec se e e o m m n e als stru k V netian du ats , b au th s c a d d a

em m o n c c n o f the o f e o an d pr iu a ou t purity th ir g ld ,

ec se n o t e n c en e b au scudi , b i g urr t in thos parts, all

1 e o e 1 . 33 . S rra St ria d lla Liguria , p 2 e o s n d e c o 1 2 2 . . esc on . Hi r Ju ti , D ripti S i , p . 3 “ This E u m orp hia w as the fam ou s Kori (girl) from whom the e of Ko c o m s on e of th e s n s of the e c as bridg ri , whi h f r pa aqu du t , m e so the o e of Ko n e th e V arv asi e e e e n . al t w r ri , ar riv r , d riv th ir a s i s th e s o of E um or hia o u s e on m s c Thi t ry p t ld by Hi r y u , whi h , o oss se on som e o o en on w e c on s e to th ugh p ibly ba d up f rg tt traditi , id r b e o n m We on o n ec se ly a yth . have arrived at this c clusi partly b au of th e o of th e n c en s an d n m es ec se e on m s ddity i id t a , partly b au Hi r y u oes n ot m en on th e so ce om c h e e es hi s s o an d d ti ur fr whi h d riv t ry , s ec se n o o e o m en n s n e e s h e la tly b au th r auth r tio it . A hu dr d y ar ( s s e o e th e Tro an War Scl erion K n of Chios w i sh ed to c on s ay ) b f r j , , i g , ult th e o c e of D e to n o th e e n d - of his e o b e ra l lphi , k w what lif w uld but as h e w as afraid that his daughter (w h o w as veryyou n g an d very b eau an d as s o s co K n of m en A a etu s n tiful , had uit r Dra , i g Ar ia, g p , Tyra t Of o s an d A n asten ion n ce of s s m et c e off h e D ri , , Pri Tar u , ight g arri d ), shut her up in a tower an d plac ed a guard to keep watch over h er 44 O HIOS ac c o unt s had to b e liquidated by co nversi o n into Ve n e

n c a e o m e the m tia du ts . A larg pr fit was ad by Chian int

a in this w y.

e e e e th e m e o f the u stin ian is m n Th r xist d , in ti J , a y o m o s o f c w e o ee to e d e cust s in Chi , whi h pr c d giv a

c i o n o t o o n c c o o f e ec a to s r pti n , nly a unt th ir p uli rity, but e n abl e the read er to realise the state o f slavery in which

h e ee s o n t c e e e en . Gr k , b th laity and l rgy , w r th livi g e e e e se e o o f e e Furth r , b caus th y rv as illustrati ns an v r exi stent strain o f ec centri c ity in the c h arac ter o f the

n an d ec e m o f em e Chia s, b aus any th survive, in th ir

n c e o m e e o to the e e a i nt f r , v n d wn pr s nt day . ’ O the e th e e N ew Ye n gr at holidays of y ar, ar s Day,

e m an d the c e Of East r Sunday, Christ as Epiphany, pala the go vernor was dec o rated with bran c h es o f myrtl e and

n e The e f he e f th c e . o o t e o e ora g h us s Gr ks, both l rgy an d e e s m a ec o e m o f laity, w r i il rly d rat d , and as a ark respect to the J u stin ian is th ey als o hu n g o u t fro m th eir

o e the m f e f th n The h us s ar s o G n oa and o e Mao a .

o e o t en e the e e o m c e ro G v rn r, a t d d by tw lv n ar hs, th n p ceed ed o m th e e to the c e o m fr palac chur h in gr at p p , - o e the f c ece e ro d e e . foll w d by all o fi ials, pr d d by a b ar r e e e e e e to the e e o u t Aft r v sp rs th y r turn d palac , and w nt

hi e n n n s os sen m ss o s n s . co m c u til r tur Dra ar hi g agai t Chi , t a ba ad r n f i E u r hia to Sc l e rio n aski g or th e han d o f h s daughter m o p . But h er t e e n the en m of th e o e s o s n s e e h e fa h r , f ari g ity th r uit r , a w r d that n en e o n to ask th e n o n of th e c e an d e e co i t d d g i g Opi i Ora l , b gg d Dra hi n n D co o hi s m an d sat o n to s e . e await r tur Th ra br ught ar y , d w by i i e w o th e o n as the n n s e e n h s o . th e o t t w , i habita t w r fav ur But th r o s so o e m es to c D c o Th e n s e suit r al br ught th ir ar i atta k ra . Chia , f ar i n th e es c o n of e o n sen m essen e s to th e K n an d g d tru ti th ir t w , t g r i g, e e him to set his e ee o m th e o e an d l et h er b gg d daught r fr fr t w r , th e s o f hi e e en e Scl erion o em to eco n se m arry uitor s pr f r c . t ld th r g i

E u m o r hi a as e e en an d to m h er to on e of th e s o s. p th ir Qu , arry uit r

I n s sh e w as m e to D co w ho ec m e K n of os. thi way arri d ra , b a i g Chi Sc l erion s hi mse i n th e em e of o o e e to s en the hut lf up T pl Ap ll , th r p d f hi e an d e e e o n m s s e n e es o s e . r t lif , di d th r Hi r y u add , that Al xa d r th e e com n to o s s e th e om of Scl erion i n th e Gr at , i g Chi , vi it d t b em e of o o an d e e th e es to esen him the T pl Ap ll , b gg d Pri t pr t with m s of Scl erion an d ese e e en to him I ar , th w r giv

4 6 CHIOS

c e o m e e o e e pala , acc pani d by larg cr wds of hurrying p opl . 1 The butchers (w ho were under this o bligation) th en e e n o the o f app ar d , draggi g al ng trunk a large tree and o e c e The ee f ur fi r bulls . tr trunk was laid down in front o f the c e o e e l et o o e pala wind ws , but the bulls w r l s ,

e m an d o e o m the c o w spr ading alar c nst rnati n a ongst r d , m e e e e e e who ad th ir scap as b st th y could . At a given

n a the n set fire to the o f sig l tru k was , and to s und o the guns o f the o f the the o o o f fort, and ships in harb ur, f ur the n o m c the o e o e o f em o m h ar hs and G v rn r, ach th fr t e to the o e . e e wind w , thr w a phial on blazing wood Th s

to m e e o e c m the phials, pursuant so all g rical r ligious usto , fish erm e n standing ro und the blazing l og tri ed to catc h

i n e n e . e e em o e th ir ts Aft r this c r ony a laudat ry pray r,

o e the ec e the e e appr priat to day, was r it d aloud, and Tw lv ,

o m e the c e e e e ac c pani d by Pala Guards, r turn d to th ir

o m e e e the a e e to b e h s , and r ward d l tter (if it happ n d ” i m e e e Christmassi n s Chr st as Day) with what w r call d g . All that night it w as the custo m fo r fri ends and relati o ns ’ e c e e to e e e em to visit a h oth r s hous s , and s r nad th with

n The o drum s an d si n gi g . f llowing day the Twelve again

m n e the o e o to e e to acc o pa i d G v rn r church , but r turn d

n e e c to o w n o e as o di , a h his h us , it was th ught unlucky e e e to di n e o u t that day . Aft r dinn r th y again escorted

o e o to e e e o ee e to the G v rn r v sp rs , and , lat r, again pr c d d

e o o f the e . e o the squar in fr nt palac Thith r, sl wly walk

the o f m e m e the ee e ing to sound tru p ts, ca Gr k cl rgy and

n e en se an d to on th e ev e of s m s th e ir ow xp , fix it up Chri t a Day . al so c om e e to e e o s n th e c on es They were p ll d w ar y ll w hat , u til qu t n e e m s n n os th e s e e e e o . of Chi by Turk , wh th y w r fr d fr thi i dig ity But th e J ews were always loo ked upon as r epugnan t b eings (as i s e e So e w as th e e for em still th e c ase) by the p opl . gr at hatr d th that th e J u sti n ian is had forbidd en th em to l eave their houses from Thurs day in H oly Wee k un til aft er Easter Sun day to prev en t th eir b ein g o ec es th e m ob n o s in s to en e th e c torn t pi by , a xi u thi way av g Cru i “ ’ n of O o " e m o n e sa The e s e fixi o ur Savi ur W ll ight y, fath r hav ’ ”

n so es an d the c en s ee are set o n e e . eate ur grap , hildr t th dg 1 It w as also the duty of the butchers to presen t the authoriti es s with calves on the gr eat H oly Day . CHIOS 4 7

? e ee The o m e e- e o n e e n o tabl Gr ks f r r, bar head d and b nd d

ee e o e the m c e ou t : Ma n ea rs to kn b f r no ar hs, call d y y ” ou O ma sters " the e o n o f e y , but latt r, account th ir ce the c e e em m m servi s to ountry, w re x pt fro this hu ilia o m o f e ee m ting f r salutation , as w ll as fr fro all liability

The ew e e o e e to to fo rced labour . J s w r als comp ll d come fo rward and bow their h eads ; but fearing ill -usage at the of the o m en e e e hands y ung , who p lt d th m with

em o n e e e em e e m c o e l s , tri d to Sh lt r th s lv s as u h as p ssibl

n m the ee The by slipping in a d ingling with Gr ks . three ” ” e of the Casa d el l e Sorti o e o f o the k ys , H us L ts ( buildi n g in which the el ecti o n o f the ambassado rs fo r C o nstantinople to o k plac e by l o t) were th en carri ed in

O e e e o n e e the o ce . c pr ssion f th s k ys, was k pt by han c el l o r e the o the the , anoth r by Latin bish p , and third by

e o f . o the o m o n pri sts that church It was als cust , the l st o f m e e o May, to hang yrtl branch s and vari us kinds o f o e o m the n o to e fl w rs fr wi d ws, and burn th m in a big f o n n he ev e o . bo fire o t St J hn the Baptist .

The e e o o f m Chians w r always f nd usic and dancing, and used fr o m the oldest tim es to gather togeth er o n the

n o f the e Sha ra m a n ou the Pal aeokastro n ba ks str am g by ,

e em e e e e e and div rt th s lv s d c ntly and innoc ntly . With regard to the custo m s o f the Chians o f the present day

e e e w e will speak els wh r .

1 ’ . u stin ian i esc on d e s e d e os oo 1 H J , D ripti l i l Chi , b k VI , pp . 7 ui i n l e n s mm 77 . es eux s vo e t s e o es ec s es e s Apr g til h gr , l qu l p o ur e m e avoi en t c e e e d e n e se o e en c es e c mon e l ur érit privil g tr uv r t éré i , ’ n n e o n en e d homma e y p i t r dr g . P C H A T E R V I .

— A . D . 1 4 53 1 477 .

— — Fall of Co n stan tin ople Th e Chians sen d assistan ce The J ustin iani s submit to the Sultan — Th e Turkish flee t at Chi os — — Mahom et d eclar eswar agai n st th e Chian s The J ustinian is — ask the P o pe for h elp The Papal fl eet fails i n r o usin g the n s to e o — The u sti nian is e e en o Chia r v lt J h lp d by G a .

L RE ADY w as the Byza n tin e Empire rapidly n earing

th n f The th e bri k o annihilation . city of e great Con stantin e was in daily danger o f falling int o the

f h e m the m hands o t e t rribl e Mah o et . I n vain did E pero r

n n n e o m o e o e e m Co sta ti XI , fr his t tt ring thr n , s nd a bassa d o rs to the Sultan asking fo r a ren ewal o f an c i ent fri end ship i n vain did he i m pl o re the Western Monarc hs to c o m e an d e him e e o m em th e m s sav , v n pr ising th sub i sion ? o f the o rthodo x c hurc h to the P o p e Th eir o w n p o liti c al

e en c e e e e o e fo r the ee diff r s , th ir gr at r ligi us hatr d Gr ks,

the o e e m e o f a o m e o n e and v rwh l ing pow r M h t, had and

e e to tie e e e e all s rv d th ir hands , and blunt th ir p rc ption .

c c m o m e t o the ee o f At this riti al n , nly Latins and Gr ks o e to the s a c e o f m o Chi s hurri d assi t n Byzantiu , alth ugh

ee n o t e o w n e e e . e n e ind d at th ir xp ns By th ir dari g, th y

c c ee e in o m n e far o e th e o f su d d acc plishi g a f at , ab v flight

e an n ee n c e e e e c e fo r po tic f cy, i d d , i r dibl w r it not vou h d

1 Th e e e o e th e o f on s n n o e e e e in y ar b f r fall C ta ti pl , th r had arriv d os th e n s o e Ru th en i sen the o e c o s to Chi Cardi al I id r , t by P p Ni h la V an d e ec th e n on of th e tw o c c es H e w as e ec e e try ff t u i hur h . w ll r iv d th e Maon en ses an d oo hi m eon o th e n an d o by , t k with L ard Chia ab ut ” t es e n n s c c o fif y W t r Chia Sa ra S i , p . 4 8 CHIOS 4 9

o the e e e e by hist ry . Whilst Turks w r b si ging Con

tantin o l e the C e e the e o o f s p , hians, th n und r gov rn rship

ce Catan eo e f — to Mauri , load d up our according Gibbon

fiv e— e ee e e the Ships , that had alr ady b n chart r d by

m e o o o il e e E p r r, with fl ur, corn , , and win , and furth r

m a e m e o f m o e e e o e o e b rk d a nu b r st xc ll nt s ldi rs and sail rs . A stro n g n orth wind h eld th em up in the harb our o f

s fo r e m The m e Chi o a consid rabl e ti e . wind having co

o e e o the e e o the r und , th y sail d thr ugh H ll spont int Pro o e e ee e p ntis , but found th r , thr hundr d Turkish ships

n Th n n o c e e o e . e o t bl ki g th ir furth r pr gr ss Christia s,

s an e o n e e e o n the n with t ding, sail d lik agl s wi g, whilst the s o e o f E o e the o f B zan h r s Asia and ur p , and walls y

m e e c o e e ec o to see the tiu , w r v r d with sp tat rs awaiting e th e e . e e e r sult Twic th y r puls d barbarians, killing

n es m e o m e o n e e e c o u tl s nu b rs . Mah t hors back xh o rt d

ol d e e e o o m e e his s i rs , alt rnat ly sh uting pr is s and thr ats , strai n i n g with exc item ent as h e fo ll owed the m ovem ents o f the c o m t e en n o e o the e ba ants, v spurri g his h rs int wat r, as th o ugh to threaten the wild sea itself " But all in vain l Twelve th ousand Turkish c o rpses (if Fra n zi is to

b e e e e e o n the e o f the B o s h o ro u s b li v d) float d wav s p , the

O o m an e o f o en the o c i tt lin ships was br k , ir n ha n was

o e e an d the n e m l w r d , Chia ships, saf ly and triu phantly, ? sailed up the G o lden H o rn But thi s assistanc e was to o small to avert that s o rrow

th e 2 9th 1 4 53 c e e n o t o ful day, of May , whi h witn ss d, nly the c o n versi o n o f th e capital into an arena for the display

the e o f the o e o the Of b stial fury c nqu ring Turk , but als

en d o f th e e E m e So e e e e the Byzantin pir . t rrifi d w r

u stin ian is o n e n o f th e o f o e J h ari g fall Constantin pl that,

e to e the so e e n the e e f aring los v r ig ty Of island , th y s nt

m ss o to o m e o e o n o f a ba ad rs Mah t, who , in c nsid rati a

“ “ 1 B l c s . s . Sab ellic u s en e ec on Du a , y Hi t , V t . d ad . Gibb , ” “ ec n e an d of the om n m e e o e D li Fall R a E pir . S rra, St ria d lla ” Liguria . 50 CHIOS

ea e o f e e e e y rly tribut ducats, cons nt d to l av them ? in the enj o ym ent o f th eir form er privileges Owing to

the the u stin ian is o m e th e o e favour shown to J , s of th r

the t m o e e e islands in vicini y, Sa s, Psara? I caria , w r l ft e e unto uch d . But as th ir inhabitants were exposed to

m o o f es the u stin ian is er al st daily incursions pirat , J p su ad ed em e e e o m e o m e e th to l av th ir h s, and c and liv in

. w as e e e m e e e e Chios Thus it that th s islands b ca d s rt d . th e e c e o f o to But p a Chios did not last long, wing the

e e e action of the Rhodians . Th s had s nt ambassadors m e e o e and rich gifts to Maho t, th n living in Adrian pl , e to m e e se king ak a tr aty with him . But as Mahomet

e e em e r quir d th to pay tribut , as was done by Chios, L s the e e e e l e e bos , and oth r islands, th y r fus d, al ging that th e Pope had n o t only o rd ered th em to refuse to pay e to e e o e e to e c o tribut strang rs in r ligi n , but v n th ir

e . e m e ec e r ligionist Christians Enrag d, Maho t d lar d war

n em e e ee 1 30 agai st th and , having pr par d a fl t of ships, mza o e Cha m . The e app int d Ad iral latt r, having first e off e ece e o m anchor d L sbos, r iv d many gifts fr Ducas (the histo rian) o n b ehalf o f the G enoes e Duke o f the lu si e o n G ate . e e he island , , and sail d to Chi s Arrivi g th r ,

c o o e the c o f o e dropp ed an h r pposit Chur h St . I sid r . But the e e him o e Chians r fus d both gifts and hon urs , b ing

n n the w h o for indig a t with Sultan , was again asking

e o f su m he e paym nt a of ducats, which had b fore

1 c s B z . s . Du a , y Hi t

2 s s n of s w as es se th e n c en s on cco n Thi i la d P ara d pi d by a i t , a u t si e an d nf so o o c e an e c e en of its small z u ruitful il , alth ugh it pr du d x ll t n th e n n s of s n s n c n s n e o e wi e . But i habita t thi i ig ifi a t i la d hav gl rifi d m s H ow e n o t n ur e o s o of . o en i o it by xpl it w rthy Sala i ft did th y , m es e e the s sea or n e s s o e o e an d ti , d f at Turk at , bur th ir hip , b th b f r after th e d estruc ti on of our i slan d ? N ot a littl e does Gree ce ow e to s an d th e Psarian s for the s cc ess ofthe of n e en en ce P ara , , u War I d p d d th e n m es of th e e ess co n s an d co s an a f arl Papa Ni li , Ca ari , Ni la os ol o e e h ose of m n o e s e on s n ce een Ap t i , t g th r wit th a y th r , hav l g i b e i n mmo ch c e s on th e e o c e s of ee grav d , i rtal ara t r , h r i tabl t Gr k i s h tory . CH IOS 5 1

em e o n e o f Dra erio G d and d , b half Francesco p of alata , as d u e to the latter for the purchase o f alum by the ’ Chamza e the m the island . r ad Sultan s co mands to e e th e of the su m Chians . Th se ord red payment in

e o o f e e . qu sti n , on pain havi ng their island d stroy d But Th e h e e e e e e . t Chians, r s nting, r fus d to ob y Turkish m e e e the Ad iral , not b ing abl to injur harbour, as it was e e e 2 0 n o r to the d f nd d by ships, in a position attack fort, o n ac co unt of the protection it was affo rded by a d o ubl e m o ee e e at and a strong garrison , only succ d d in d vastating

e H e e e e the s om e gardens and vin yards . th n sugg st d to Chians that th ey sh o uld send two o f their m ost pro m in ent

e the m e o e e D ra erio citiz ns to talk att r v r p rsonally with p , n f he The e who was o n board o e o t ships . Chians s nt tw o m en o n e o n e the e o l d o n e o f , a young , oth r an , both

m f ri c u stin ian i e e e o the fa ily o Cy o J . But as th y w r g ing o e e e to e e e al ng, susp cting a trap , th y tri d r turn , but w r

e en e b the w ho e e e e the pr v t d y Turks, w r scatt r d about in ’ e e m gard ns, and on s tting foot on board the Ad iral s ship , o e e c e o were at once thrown int chains . Aft r this tr a h r us act Cham za sail ed to Rhodes but n ot being able to d o

n e e o n o f the o f e e e anythi g th r , account strength its d f nc s, e o H e e e e the w nt back to Chi s . again s nds mess ng rs to n e e em n ot f Chia s, and p rsuad s th (it is di ficult to persuade

e are the e e e e th e thos that w ak r) to s nd nvoys to Sultan , m o e C ric o to o the e o f the a ng th m y , g into qu stion e m e e e e e disput d clai . But whilst th y w r g tting r ady to e ee e e the o e o start, an unfor s n incid nt thr w wh l city int m m o o . e e e the e c tion Som drunk n Turks, disob ying ord rs o f the m m o e O n e o f e Ad iral not to land , swa ash r . th m , m c o n c e the e . li bing to a hurch , b gan throwing til s down

o the e e e the Up n this, nrag d Latins and Greeks attack d

e e n em Turks with kniv s and bludg ons and, followi g th as

e e e e o e e so e th y w r g tting on b ard th ir ship , th y ov r

e e o n the e e w ight d it sid , that it capsiz d and sank, taking

o The e o f the d wn both Christians and Turks . authoriti s E 2 52 CHIOS island app eas ed Cham za by giving him d o ubl e the value

e e m e e o f the ship and its cont nts . But wh n Maho t h ard

fthe o f he e m e e ml o sinking his ship , b ca furious, s nt Cha a

to o e o o f m e away a distant g v rn rship , by way punish nt, o rdere d war to b e rel entl e ssly pressed against the Chi ans 1 4th 1 4 5 5 to D ra erio ( August, ) and , turning p , said “ I will take o ver th e c oll ec ti o n o f thy d ebt of

e c - o o m e o fo r ducats, but will xa t it two f ld as c p nsati n the f ” 1 drowning o my Turks .

The u stin ian is c the e e J , anti ipating vils that would b fall em o e 1 4 th 1 4 5 5 e e to the o e th , wr t ( August , ) a l tt r P p c e m e ce Callixtus I I I , in whi h th y i plor d his assistan , and begged him to d ec lare a c ru sade against the en em i es o f

he en d f the e e e the o . t o Cr ss At l tt r, th y said that, if

e e em e e e the th ir pray rs r ain d unansw r d , calling upon

em e e to e e o m e e Supr Judg witn ss th ir aband n nt , th y ? o fo r e to e e Th e w uld fight th ir faith , up th ir last br ath

o e o f e o e e re o so e tw o an d 500 D g G n a , P t r F g , s nt ships

m en to e s e e o o o th ir a sistanc , as w ll as c rn , and a g d supply o f o ther muniti o n s o f war But the

u stin ia n is ee o n o n e e the e e e J s ing, sid , t rribl diss nsions e een e n o o o o f c o n th e b tw G a and Alf ns King Si ily,

o e o m e a c o e e n o the th r, that Mah t, h ving nqu r d E s and

e o o f o m o ce n ighb uring islands Thas s and Sa thra , was

e n to m c the pr pari g ar h against Chios in spring, again

e him m o e the c o e s nt a bassad rs, to try and div rt now l s m m o c o . o e e e the appr a hing st r Mah t, b ing satisfi d with

m e o f c fo r the e pay nt du ats sunk n Ship , and a

e florin s e his m n em tribut of , turn d ar s agai st L nos, he o o o e the o f o which t ok, and p stp n d conquest Chi s and ? e o to o m e e m e e e o e m o L sb s s futur ti N xt y ar, s m nths

1 B z i s c s . Du a , y H t 2 ” c c o . 49 . Sa ra S i , p “ 3 sm on s d es re i en n e mo n - e v l h . . s d u e a o . Si di , i t p ital y g , X , - 67 72 . pp . 4 c s B z s . Du a , y . Hi t

54 CHIOS

e o f o e e o for th ir work fortificati n , again s nt nv ys to

e o e . The e e e e G n a , praying for h lp G no s , who had th n just l o st their ri c h c o lony o f Kaffa on the Tauric e o n e e e o e o e e Ch rs s f aring to l s Chios als , ord r d o o f c e e the u stin ian is f ur ships (two whi h b long d to J , and the o e tw o to e n c e o f th r N gri and Spi ola , rich itiz ns

e o a to o to the e o . ee e e G n ) g h lp of Chi s Thr y ars lat r, to o e e e o o o e o o f to , th y s nt Franc sc S fia , Pr f ss r Law, ask the PO e fo r c c e p , Sixtus I V , pe uniary assistan , and 1 received s c udi That the sovereign ty o f th e s o e e e e en o w as i land was c nsid r d a valuabl ass t to G a , m ee e e m the shown so e sixt n y ars later . H aring fro

G e o ese the e e e n , in Galata , that Turks w r pr paring a o m e ee o e the e e f r idabl fl t to c nqu r island , th y call d a

o c c e e to arm fiv e e c un il , in whi h it was d cid d larg ships, to en m e n o to o to e the s d , in additi n sail rs , and giv

m m n to o m u sti n ian i o rn eti o m co a d Th as J F . But Th as, o o n e an d e e e e e arriving in Chi s , f u d qui t p ac r igning th r ,

e e the e e b caus Turks , alt ring th ir plans , had again deferre d their exp editi o n against Chi o s to a m o re

o e o c c o n as w e e e e see . fav urabl asi , shall h r aft r

m e o e en e m e At this ti it is p ssibl that, th s rving as a si pl o o e o m m a e set o o sail r, Christ ph r C lu bus y hav his f t in ? Chi o s

m en on e e en e e e e th e m e to th e o e ti arli r) . Ev tually th y r f rr d att r P p , Sixtus IV w h o d ec id ed (1 473) that th e Maon en ses sh o uld retain ossess o n of th e o e the s o e e n n p i pr p rty, but pay Bi h p a p rp tual a ual su m of 400 c s an d e s n e su m of 1 00 c s for th e du at , a furth r i gl du at , s c r estoratio n of th e Epi copal Chur h . 1 e s 2 6 etc . 3 . 3 . o . c c o . 5 Sa ra S i , p S rra , I t ria, , p “ ’ 2 m n e d e l hist e o e d u m o e e c . d H u b ldt , xa ritiqu la gé graphi ”

i n th e n e s e esse 1 1 th 1 839 . n o e c on n en . uv au ti t , w pap r Pr April ,

C H A P T E R V I I .

— A . D . 1 477 1 566.

— — Position ofEurop e Chio s taken by Piali Pasha Con dition — of th e J u stin ian i s after th e c aptur e of Chios Martyrdo m of th e e een n en ight Lati childr .

U RO PE m e n e o e e the e a whil , th ugh t rrifi d by pr para ti o n s of Mahom et for the invasi o n o f G erm an yand

a eem e c e o f e o e o m o u t It ly, s d in apabl b ing r us d fr f e e c o f a state o l thargic ins nsibility . Mu h as Pius I I and

c ce o m to e th e s n his su ss r, Paul I I , ight try incit Chri tia s

the O m e e o o e m n e against tto ans, th ir xh rtati ns r ai d fruit

e n ee e o m e e o f the l ss and u h d d . Mah t, taking advantag

e e o o f o e v n o e e E e g n ral inacti n Eur p , ha i g c nqu r d ubo a ,

I an l i carri ed his v ic to r es into Cr o a and Cro atia . At last

c ee e om e o f the n Sixtus I V su c d d in uniting s Christia s,

e ee n e e e and s nt fift n Ships u d r Cardinal Carafa . Th s ,

o th e e e N e o ee c e e o j ining V n tian and ap litan fl ts, arri d t rr r

o an d m e the sea-c o into I nia Pa phylia, as w ll as all ast ? o n o f th e E m e the n t w s Turkish pir But Christia s ,

' n e o f n e o f theSe v ictories o i st ad taking adva tag , th ugh

m o m m e ce e n m o em e e to s all , c n d quarr lli g a ng th s lv s such an extent th at even the P o p e him self c eased to think of ” he o t . Th e e e e e e b th e e H ly War V n tians, d s rt d y r st, n o t being by them selves al o n e i n a p ositi o n to c arry o n

th e e the s m e e c e e e the struggl with Turk , ad p a . M anwhil

o e o f m e i c e n The e o e e p w r Maho t was n r asi g daily . G n s ,

w e e ee o f the e e e as hav s n , had l st Ka fa, V n tians all th ir

1 c d e - s . s o s es v ol . . 394 430 . Mi haud , Hi t Cr i ad , V, pp 5 5 56 CHIOS

e the ?E ean ee e O the territori s in g and Gr c . f all countries c on e e th e e e e e e n o w e o qu r d by Crusad rs, th r w r l ft nly m e s o e . o e e Cypru and Rh d s Whilst Mah t, having d vastat d

n a m e e e o e O o re H u g ry, and co pl t ly d str y d trant , was p

n c e e e e e n e pari g to infli t v n s v r r i juri s upon Italy, his

e e an en d to e e eme an d s e sudd n d ath put th s sch s , av d

m mm n e m o e o e . e o m e Eur p fr i in nt da g r Lat r, fr ti to

m e e e e es e ti , both Pop Al xand r IV and Pius I I I , and p

c ial l eo e to o e the o e y L n V , tri d r us Christians int und r

a n n e the s n e n e t ki g a o th er crusad . But Chri tia Stat s tur d

a ar o N o t e e m d eaf e to th eir exh rtations . only w r any o f em o c e e e the th fully cupi d with int rnal troubl , but

c o e o f m e the c m o n o f the dis v ry A rica , and cir u navigati

a e re - c e the m n s o f o o f C p , had p oc upi d i d all with th ughts

’ e sc e n em e e m furth r di ov ri es and aggra dis nt . S li s suc

e o e es o n e o e m ad van c ss r, that f arl s c qu r r Sul i an I , taking

e o f e en e o n the o f the s tag this indiff r c part Chri tians ,

e e e e o e the e e o f the s iz d B lgrad and Rh d s , h adquart rs

n s o f o the e e n e an d c c ee e K ight St . J hn in M dit rra an , su d d ’ i n c arryi n g his bann ers up to the ve ry walls o f Au stria s h l f c en e . w as t e c o the apital , Vi na its lf But such po i y

s c e o f e o so m an the Chri tian prin s that p ri d , and y

e e s e m e a e n o e and e em int r st and n iti s th t gr ss d divid d th ,

th e e n ee c o em o m o H en that th thr nt p rary narchs , ry VI I I ,

n c e n o t o e e to n e Fra is I and Charl s V , nly r fus d u it in

m n the O o m e en e em e e hu bli g tt an , but v alli d th s lv s with that p o w er in th eir wars with eac h o th er I I t is kn own

to s o the s ee e o n hi t ry that Turki h fl t und r Barbarossa, j i ing

th e en c ee se e a e e e N e Fr h fl t at Mar ill s , ssist d in b si ging ic

A N n e e s e A D 1 2 th e en . D 5 5 ( . i y ar lat r ( . . ) Fr ch

ee o f e - o s e the n ce o f em fl t tw nty f ur ship , und r Pri Lux

an d the a o n d e e e e m o n burg B r la Gard , sp nt ight ths in

th e o o f o n the o f the S . harb ur Chi s, awaiti g arrival ultan

e m n o t e e n o to Sul i an , satisfi d with his laur ls , was a xi us

es o the e m o f c d tr y th n fa ous island Malta, whi h was a

o o f e e for n o ec harb ur r fug Christia ships . With this bj t CHIOS 57

e h e e D ra o u ti b e in Vi w, appoint d Mustapha and g to

e e n e e g n rals , and Piali Pasha (a Hungaria by d sc nt, but

e e em o f h n b m H e d adly n y t e Christia s) to e ad iral .

m e m e n H e e e hi s lf again arch d agai st ungary, but di d th r , b efo re the n ews o f the failure o f the si ege could have e e him r ach d .

e o e e fo r the e e o f ee Piali , b f r l aving si g Malta , had b n o e e e to e o s o rd r d, aft r taking that island , tak Chi als ’ (Sul eiman s ambiti o us pride c o uld n o t bro ok the Sight o f its pro sp erity in foreign han ds) and to s end al l the

o m e u in ian i n an n n most pr in nt J st s to C o st ti opl e in c hai s .

Th e S c e r e the u stin ian is ultan was parti ularly n ag d with J , b ecause they gave asylum to the Christian priso n ers o f e e to the a o ec e the Turks who scap d isl nd , and als b aus

e e co e o en e e o o th y k pt up a rr sp nd c with G n a . Ab ut

i es c m e to o e e e the u stin ian is fug tiv a Chi s v ry y ar, and J

e f c o e ec a to had appoint d an o fi ial , wh s sp i l duty it was

e e e em ee em an d o o of e e to r c iv th , f d th , , as pp rtunity f r d, place them o n board o f Christian ships fo r transp o rt to o e c Eur p . This haritabl e c o ndu c t c o uld n ot b e c o n cealed m h o t e . The u stin ian is o eve e fr Turks J had, h w r, hith rto

ee e m e o f to a e e the n e o f th e b n abl , by ans gifts, pp as a g r n ow he m em Turks . But t failure to take Malta ad e th

u e e n m m . to e ee q it intractabl Piali , burni g r d his ilitary

e i e e c e n H o ee ee pr st g , r a h s Chios duri g ly W k with thr

’ e him s e the u stin ian is hundr d ships, having with as pri on r J

m a o to o n e Th e u stin ian is e e a b ssad r C nstanti opl . J hast n d to sen e e o to m n e d tw lv env ys Piali with a y gifts, but th y are m m e e m e e e a re i diat ly ad prison ers . Th n did th y pp c iate th e valu e o f the advi c e give n th em by V i n cen tio J u stin ian i o n his d eparture fro m Co n stantin o pl e fo r

’ n H Fra ce . e had warn ed th em o f the Sultan s i n tenti o n

n h s t e n . o o n m e P en e the agai t isla d With ut l si g ti , iali t rs o n the 1 7 o f 1 5 66 e ec the harbour th April , , and , n gl ting

a e the n e m e o f usu l salut to fort, la ds with a larg nu b r e m ec e e the soldi rs (a ost unusual thing, b aus , as a rul , H igh 5 8 CHIOS

m e e o r he Ad iral ith r did not land at all , , if did , only took a very sm all numb er of m e n with him) with th eir weap o ns

o ce e e e c o e so n o t e c n al d und r th ir l th s , as to arous ? c o cee to the c e c o l suspi ion , and pr ds pala Having l ec ted the M ao n en ses e e he m e em o ee th r , ad th a l ng sp ch ,

c he e e e Fi rstl e e e e e in whi h r proach d th m y, b caus th y w r in secret c o m municati o n with the King o f Spai n and

n ot o e em the Malta, and had nly warn d th of Turkish

e o n em a f e pr parati s against th , but had lso a ford d assist

c e the e e Secon dl ec e e e an during si g . y, b aus th y had giv n asylum to Christian priso n ers o f the Turks escapi n g from

Thi rd l e e e a c o e to e . th t untry, as w ll as pirat s y, b caus th y

e e the e o f the m e o e e e b tray d int ntions Subli P rt , f rr ting th em o u t by m ea n s o f their am bassad o r in Constanti

n O l e fou rthl ec e e n o t e p ; and y, b aus th y had paid th ir e n c c o e n e e tribut pu tually . Having dis urs d upo th s

m e an d e e e e es h e o cee e att rs , pr f rr d furth r charg , pr d d to read to a thunder-stri cke n audi en c e the c o mmands o f

the e e e e e e e e to the Sultan . Th s w r : Absolut ob di nc

e s o f e o r th e o e c o o f the ord r his s rvant Piali , t tal d stru ti n

n an d th e m s e isla d ; , whilst ad iral was till r ading, his

o e e m a e the e s ldi rs , to furth r inti id t bystand rs, gradually

n n ee The allo wed th eir c o ceal ed weapo s to b e s n . Mao n en ses repli ed That they had always entertain ed the

ea e e ec fo r the o e o f the o e the gr t st r sp t p w r P rt , and that c harges brought against th em w ere the slan ders o f their ’ e e m e e en e o e Pial i s n i s . Th y th ndeav ur d to satisfy insati able app etite by th e pro m ise of large sum s o f ? m o n e h e e ear e eo y But , turning a d af to th ir pit us

e e th e n of the u stin ian is om app als, sw pt away sta dard J fr

‘ the a th e ee o m o f o w lls, and with it fr d Chi s

e e ec a e the c e Aft r this , having d s r t d hurch s and

1 L eu n l av n n i 6 ius em e A n al u m ur i a u . c T c c r m . 35 , Suppl t , p 2 e on e m en an d om en con e some sellin e Ev ry , w , tribut d , , g th ir ec o s s on es o e s e s e e an d o e s e o en pr i u t , th r th ir ilv r plat , th r th ir g ld n ec c es kla .

60 CHIOS

o o e to o e the e e o f t e C nstantin pl , lo k aft r int r sts h ir c o w h o e o e c o e o e untry , nj y d su h c nsid rati n , that h was o ften m ore h o n o ured than the m inisters o f the great Christia n States n o r did the Turks n eglect to render to the J u stin ian is (at l east i n fo rm ) su c h m arks o fc o n sidera ? o n o c c o m e e e ti as asi n ight invit Thus, wh n Bay zid c o e e o o e e o n e N au actu s m nqu r d C r n , M th , and p , a ong

e he e e e to the n o e oth rs, s nt l tt rs Chia s ann uncing th se

c o e . e e ec o m e e e vi t ri s Wh n th y had b w althy, th y so em e e th e o so e the o f b llish d t wn , and rais d standard

n e e the ee livi g , sharing this b n fit with Gr ks , that 2 B el l o n iu s w h o w as e o 1 546-1 54 ( trav lling ab ut in 9) says, that i n n o part o f Turkey h ad h e fo und a place m o re

ee e to e o e agr abl liv in than Chi s . But wh n Piali had

o e e the the Mao n en ses we e e c nqu r d island , re disp rs d ,

o e e e e o m e e e g ing h r and th r . S with th ir wiv s and

c e e e e o e o o e hildr n w r tak n pris n rs to C nstantin pl , and fro m th ere se nt to Kaffa ; so m e fled to th eir m o ther

o e c o r o m e o r o r to the c untry , oth rs to Si ily R , Italy,

e fo r the e o f o mm e ce O e the I ndi s , sak c r . th rs , by

m e n o f e m the e o e o f the pay t larg su s to d str y r island ,

e e o e em e e O f e e e e th e w r all w d to r ain th r . th s w r

m e U n hetti Recan ell i o rn eti fa ili s g , , F , Garibaldi , and

o e o f m c e m e e e e o th rs , who a rtain nu b r s l ct d Voliss as

e e e c e o e c the m an d o c th ir r sid n th rs su h as Gri aldi R ca,

th e f Katarrakti e fo r e o . villag s Pyrgi , and Fortunat ly

th e u stin ian is e e e n em e m e J , th ir d adly y Sul i an was d ad, an d w e e e m e o e ee ee e , as hav alr ady nti n d , had b n succ d d

Se m The n ew e e the n by li I I . Sultan , f aring l st isla d

o e m e o m e e e e e e o e o sh uld b co c pl t ly d s rt d , gav rd rs (thr ugh

the m e o o f V i n cen tio u stin ian i e m diati n J , th n a bassador of Charl e s I X in C o nsta n ti n o pl e) that all the J u stin ian is w h o ee n e to ff e e e ee had b n ba ish d Ka a , wh r th y had b n

1 m sm n v l 1 m e o d el m e o O o . . 30 . Ha r, St ria i p r a , VII , p ” 2 ll i r m ar s n e 1 0 B e on us Pl u i tc . . 7. , , i gular, , p CHIOS 61

fo ee e o e b e set ee living r thr y ars as pris n rs, should fr

e n o e t he u stin ian is R turning to Co stantin pl , J

e m to d o em e e em e prayed S li th justic , and r turn th th ir c o c ee e m c untry, whi h had b n unjustly tak n , inas u h as his e e e e ce pred ecesso rs had always rec o gnised th ir ind p nd n .

e m e e e the m e to the o the S li r f rr d att r Mufti , but, alth ugh

e e e o e o o n e e em latt r xpr ssed a fav urabl pini n , a sw r d th

o c c m o s e for him to c ea aut rati ally, that it was i p s ibl r te a prec ed ent o f re linquishi n g a c ountry that h e had take n

m So e en e ec s to the by ar s . th y had to b d th ir n k o e e e e c o e e e e Turkish y k , but r c iv d nsid rabl privil g s, as well as abso lute liberty in the exercise o f th eir religi ous

e e e e e e m e e o e rit s . This latt r privil g th y, in gr at asur , w d to the prayers addressed to Selim by the Chian Bish o p

m o eo s u stin ian i V i c en tio u stin ian i Ti th J , and by J Gari o m en o en the o e the m e o f baldi , wh G a had s t to P rt in na ? th e Chian J u stin ian is B efo re t h e J u stin ian is w ere taken as priso n ers to

eo o th e o e e e -o n e o th e Th d sia , Sultan rd r d tw nty b ys ,

es so m e to b e e c e e bright t and hand st , k pt in his pala , und r

ka n d th e e o o f S er s . e e o o f o m sup rvisi n Pa ha Th s b ys , wh th e n am es o f o nly fo urteen h ave b ee n preserved? w ere

n e o f a e th e m ab out te y ars g . At first Turks pro ise d them great h o n o urs and rewards if th ey w o uld ren o un c e

e ee e e th e c c ee e th ir faith , but s ing lat r that, lik Ma ab s, th y

e e e to d ie e n en e s s e pr f rr d rath r tha d y J su Chri t, th y c c m c e em o c e an d o n em in m n ir u is d th by f r , t rturi g th a y

o em to o e o e e n a o f ways , t ld th h ld up th ir f r fing r as a sig l

m n e e o n H a . o to e e n o sub issio But th s , l ki g up v , nly

1 “ c c o . 1 2 . o n e o o e d u e n s s Sa ra S i , p T ur f rt ( V yag L va t ay th e e c e on of e es th e n s en o e so m that , with x pti b lfri , Lati j y d uch e n e th e s in th e e e c se of e e on os lib rty u d r Turk , x r i th ir r ligi , that Chi w as c e th e s e om e all d by Turk , Littl R . 2 ese e e z— n o n o o om e s e c es Th w r A t i , Barth l w, Brutu , H r ul , Hip ol tu s o n o n e s sc th e s sc th e secon p y , J h , C r liu , Paul , Pa al fir t , Pa al d , “ e c o an d n c s . ustinian i o os Rapha l , S ipi , Philip Fra i (M J , La gl ri a m orte d ei 2 1 fan ciulli 62 CHIOS

e e the e e e e e clasp d th ir hands tight r, until th y r c iv d the ? o o e of o m B o ssiu s e e gl ri us d ath martyrd r lat s, that the

e e o n e o f e e o m u n m erc i Turks, having b at n th s b ys ost

e to e e e e e fully, tri d s parat his fing rs by forc , but this th y

e e e to d o e e he e n o r e w r unabl , n ith r whilst was aliv , aft r Al l atiu s e e . e e e h is d ath , ref rring to this story, xpr ss s his ? o m ee the e to ast nish ent Thr only of boys, unabl face th e e c o f e e tortur s on ac ount th ir youth , turn d Turks , but

e e to o e e e e e e e th s , , shortly aft r scap d to I taly, wh r th y di d

Catholics .

1 s H i o l mi e on e o er so t. Hi t ria y R ligi . Part III , lib r XXV .

Al l atiu s d e E cc . O cc en . e t O en e e . consen s o on . id t ri t , p rp t . C l

A ri in 1 643 . 985 . g pp , , p 2 s n eed n ot s se the e e n e se i n m e c n e But thi urpri r ad r u v r d di i , s c en n c n s of the m sc es are n o n common b ecau e su h vi ol t co tra tio u l t u . ” l i u u m Mira u s mort or . 4 0 See Garman os d e c 3 . , , p C P H A T E R V I I I .

n a en Emin en t m en of th e fiftee th n d sixteenth c turies.

AV I N G related th e rise and fall o f the power o f the

u stin ian is o n ow ou r e e J in Chi s , it is duty to r nd r e o f o e o em a tribut honour to th s am ngst th who ,

f e m e m e the o e e . in various walks lif , ost distinguish d th s lv s

We ee e e o e e e m e e cc o proc d , th r f r , to giv a v ry inco pl t a unt o f th eir lives (history n o t affo rding m aterial fo r a full er) e c o o o e o w e e taking th m in hr n l gical ord r, as cl sely as hav e em been abl e to plac th .

D U STI N I AN I . 1 400 . Co m AN REO LO J Born in Chios, p o sed a p o em describing the brave resistance by the J u stin ian is to the unexp ec ted attack o f the Ve n etians in 1 43 1 ?

L U STI N I AN I . o o f e e 1 4 2 H D 5 . e EONAR O J Bish p Mityl n , was the first to d escribe the taking o f Constantinopl e h the . H e e t e e by Turks wrot d scription in Chios,

e e - e e thee e l 6th 1 4 53 s v nty nin days aft r v nt, August, .

f e e : H is a C The e o tori . P titl this v ry rar work is .

’ m r a Tu rco E x u n a ta . N u re be 1 544? p g g,

U STI N I AN I e o n the e of the J OHN J . Fought brav ly Sid Greeks during th e si ege o f Constantinople by the 3 m a 4 e e h e e o fe Turks . B ing wound d , di d sh rtly af r .

l l M u stinian i c o u v ol 6 3 . . J , S ritt ri Lig ri , . I , p . ” 2 n ec n e e m m o tc . Ro . E . v ol . . 54 . Gibb , D li , p XIII , p 3 n e n e et Rom v l 1 02 o c c o . . . c Gibb , D li , . , . XIII , p Sa ra ” Cruciu s Tur r ia n n 1 48 co aec Pol s o s . . 0 c o . . . . . S i , p g , Hi t C ta , p 4 ” ch d s . d es o s es vol . . 337 d e e no e . Mi au , Hi t Cr i ad , V, p ( v ra bilitat ) 63 64 CHIOS

D U STI N I AN I . o 1 02 ANSAL O J Born in Chi s 5 . Studi ed

i n en e e e m law Padua, was s t as G no s A bassador to

the m e o e . e 1 6 E p r r Charl s V Di d in Genoa 59 .

U STI N I AN I . o o f o e TIMOTHEUS J Bish p Chi s . Was s nt to C o nstantinopl e to interc ede fo r th e J u stin ian is ? m o e e e e the o f o 1 566 i pris n d th r aft r taking Chi s, S I N I AN I 1 1 D U T . o e e ALEXAN ER J B rn 5 5 . Studi d medicin ? ‘m 1 3 and wrote m edi c al treatises ‘

U STI N I AN o n 1 1 m E N TI O I . 5 e V I N C J B r 9 . Was ad Cardinal

0 e 1 5 82 . in 1 5 7 . Di d in

U STI N I AN I e o c e e e ANGELO J . Th ol gi al writ r, di d in G noa

i n 1 599 .

STI N I AN I e e V I NCE N TI O J U . A v ry influ ntial p ers o nage in o s o e e e he w as c ce C n tantin pl , wh r su ssful in Obtaining th e release o f the J u stin ia n is impriso n ed th ere after f o 1 n o e 5 0 . the taki g Chi s . Di d 7 I f h Y U STI N I AN . So n o t e e H IERON MUS J abov . Born in 44 e the f o 1 5 . o o Chi s Wr t history Chios, first in

ee e in n an d i n e Gr k, th n Italia Latin , and lastly Fr nch ,

c n e e 1 60 6 in whi h la guag it was first print d in Paris , .

f m n U STI N I AN I . o o o c M ICHAEL J Auth r a y w rks , in luding L a gl oriosa m orte d ei 1 8 fa n ci u l l i Gi usti n i a n i Pa trizi ° d Si n ri d i Sci 1 8 A vel l i n o 1 6 6 n ovesi ei o o . Ge g , , 5

I AN I c m e c f U STI N . e o o o ANTONIO J B a Ar hbish p Nax s .

U STI N I AN I o n 1 5 54 1 86 BENE D ETO J . B r . Cardinal 5 . 1 6 f STI N I AN I 5 . o O erette GEORGE JU . Born 9 Author p

u a i Spi rit l . 1 0 L ZE L U S o e 5 . eo o JACOB PA O O G . Fl urish d 7 Th l gical

e e e e fo r o the o . writ r . P rs cut d unorth doxy by P pe

U STI N I AN I o 1 0 e FRANCESCO J . B rn in Chios 57 . Wrot ? em e e n o e o f c em m ath atical tr atis s, n whi h r ain

1 n n u tini an i Moreri n c o . e s . , Gra d Di ti (u d r J ) 2 i i m e c s n e n en D e scr t s . 1 6. Va d rli d , p di i , p 3 ” s n n c o . 4 1 . M . Giu ti ia i , S ritt ri Liguri , p 4 ” c o u . 26. S ritt ri Lig ri , p CHIOS 65

S I N I AN I e o e . e J OSEPH J U T . Th ol gical writ r Flourish d in

8 e 1 658 . 1 5 5 . Di d

ASTR L E NARD o e . e J OHN M O O O . A w nd rful gunner Kill d

he e the e o f M 1 566 t Turkish Command r at si ge alta, , ow n with a sh o t directed by his hand .

L AL L ATI U S em e EON . This in nt man was not only the o e e o f the n o o n e m st l arn d all Chian Lati s, but als m o f the XV I I th e o f the m ost fa o us auth rs o c ntury .

H e o o 1 5 86 o f G raeco - was b rn in Chi s in , Latin

e e to the a e o f . par nts, and w nt Calabria at g nine

e e e the e o o f the e e Th r , und r prot cti n pow rful Spin li 660 m he e e v e e c . 1 fa ily, r c i d his first t a hing I n he e to m e e e om e e e w nt Ro , wh r , having c pl t d his studi s

e o e e s h e a in Th ology, Philos phy and L tt r , was p

m n o m n to o e h e o e to . p int d a y p sts Co i g Chi s lat r ,

n o t e e e to o m e e was satisfi d , and r turn d R and studi d

m c e 1 62 2 h e e the o e e o edi in . I n was s nt by P p Gr g ry

to e e e em o e to o m e the re H id lb rg, to r v R library p

o h e th e E ec o o f e sente d t t Po pe by l t r Bavaria . Lat r

h e e m e to o no e n b ca librarian vari us bl s , and fi ally, 1 661 e to th e o o f in , was appoint d p st librarian to th e c H e e 1 669 Vati an Library . di d in Chios in , in

83 rd e e n e him e en n o f his y ar , l avi g b hind d sc da ts

o the ee an d n H e th e m b th Gr k Lati faiths . was ortal fo e o f the O o o c H e o m o rth d x Chur h . was a v lu in us e The m o m o o f o c o o f writ r . st i p rtant his w rks nsist

c c e e e he atta ks upon that Chur h . B for his d ath ? fo unded a sc h o ol in Chios T f VELAS E S . Auth o r o an exc ell ent treatise o n the pro

n u n c iatio n o f the ee , e c h e Gr k languag , by whi h pro ves the co rrectn ess o f the pro nun c iati o n n ow in

u se m o n the ee D e l i tera ru m Graeca ru m a g Gr ks .

ron u n ti a ti on e. Rom ce 1 75 1 a nd Pra ue 1 770 . p , , g ,

1 s sc oo i s s 1 840 i n e s en ce an d i s n e the m n e Thi h l till [ ] xi t , u d r a ag “ m en of th e n s w ho c the e c oo few n t Lati all it Gr at S h l . A Lati c en are t e e is i n e o e n on hildr aught th r , but it d pl rabl co diti . P C H A T E R I X .

A O 66— 6 . . 1 5 1 57 .

— Th e Floren ti n es attac k Chi os Privileges e nj oyed by th e — Chian s un der the Turks Emin en t orthodox Chian s ( 1 500

AV I NG now referred to the m ore particularly

e m en m the n w e distinguish d a ong Latin Chia s,

e to o u r e b e em em e e r turn narrativ . I t will r b r d

e the e o f the the how, aft r captur island by Piali , Jus tin ian is e e ed e e o f th e o e w r allow to r tain poss ssion f rtr ss.

e the o e e c w e are n ow But aft r Fl r ntin invasion , whi h o to e e e e e e e the o f ab ut r lat , th y w r d priv d by Turks not o em em e m e o e e nly this last bl of th ir for r s v r ignty, but also

e e em e o f o ee of v ry r aining shr d auth rity . I nd d , but for the m ediati o n o f the Fre n ch Am bassad o r in C o n stanti

n o l e e e e C c e e ee e p , Br v s , all th ir hur h s would hav b n pull d

e o e c c e o o n th down and all th ir pr p rty onfis at d . F ll wi g e

e m e set the n o f the o en n e xa pl by K ights Malta, Fl r ti s

e ee to ee the sea e o f e had s nt a fl t k p cl ar Turkish pirat s,

an d e e the e o f f c the nsur saf ty Christian tra fi . But t m o f . e o o o ee Knights St St fan , wh this duty had b n

c o n e e de e o e e fid d by F rdinand M dici , gr ssly abus d th ir

e e e e trust, and s iz d Christian ships, all ging that th ir

h o e o f e o e c argoes were t e pr p rty Turks . Th y als visit d

n e o e e n an d n o t tow s in Turk y s l ly inhabit d by Christia s,

e e em e o e th e a o nly plund r d th , but also xp s d inh bitants to

e - e th e the w ho o gr at ill usag at hands of Turks, th ught that

e o n the e m e th ey had invited the invad rs . F ll owi g xa pl of

e e o f o e V ir in iu s O n e o f B rassan o th s and th rs, g rsi i , Duk , 66

68 CHIOS

this invasi o n w as the cause o f m u c h trouble to the

e e e ec e o f e the Christians , as th y w r susp t d having invit d

o e e E e e w ho Fl r ntin s . v n thos had assisted the Turks

d id n o t c m e e e e e e e e e o m e e o pl t ly scap , b caus th y w r c p ll d ,

in n c e l e e e 1 00 buyi g ba k th ir p und r d prop rty, to pay

c fo r o o ten The du ats a thing that was nly w rth . Chris tian s sent two o f th eir m o st prom in e nt Citizens to pray

the m e c the n e e e mm e e for r y of Sulta , but th y w r i diat ly

e o e the m Tsikal m an hand d v r to high ad iral , Pasha, a

o fo r e c . o m to o Tsikal not rious his f ro ity C ing Chi s , e e e m e o f e o c o m kill d and hang d a larg nu b r p rs ns , and p el l ed the greater number o f the Cath o lic Chians to

e e the a e t e e e n o l av isl nd , s lling h ir hous s for n xt to thing . H e ann o u n ced that the obj ect o f his great sev erity was

set e c the to Christians against Christians , and to t a h ’ s e e e e e the o m Frank that, wh n v r th y attack d Sultan s d i

o n e o b e n m o n the ni s , th y w uld inflicti g ore injury

s n o n the em e e e Chri tia s than Turks th s lv s . Having tak n

e o n o f th e o he e e e e poss ssi f rt str ngth n d it, and l ft a

m n garriso n of e in it . L et us n ow exam in e the p o siti o n of the Greeks in

o s e to e c o e the Chi , with r gard th ir ivilisati n and l arning,

e e e e e e m e o f e - e pri vil g s th y nj oy d, and th ir od s lf gov rn

m e nt . Fro m the m o m ent wh en the Turks had b ec o m e

e m e o f the e o e undisput d ast rs island , th y sh w d a dis ? p o sitio n to treat it with particular favour The in

ec e e m e e o m the habitants r iv d any privil g s fr Sultan ,

o e e fo r the c o n c e o f e t alth ugh th s , tinuan th ir validi y, required the c o nfirm ati o n o f eac h n ew o c cupant o f the

e e e e en e ec ee thro n . Th y w r giv p rf t fr dom to build and 2 c o nsec rate churc h es (but with o ut be lfries) to carry the

“ “ 1 i n s n o e l 5 : F or n e e s tc . vo . . 3 Cha dl r , Trav l A ia Mi r , , I , p e con c e the of n e and tun e will seem to hav urr d with partiality atur , ” o e s n to hav e disti n gui shed thi s as a fav urit i la d . 2 “ “ n s ustini an i D e e a o e . 1 0 ce o L eo ardu J , v r N bilitat , p ( Ex pt CHIOS 69

e o the ee Cross and I cons in proc ssi n through str ts, and ce e e e e to to celebrate all th eir religi o us servi s . Th r w r

n h o The e e b e n o m osques except i side t e f rt . Turks w r

e to m e c e e ce e m an o forbidd n ak onv rts, x pt wh n a sp n tan eo u sl y c am e fo rward and expressed a wish to ren o un c e so the e e c e o f the his Christianity, and did in pr s n

n e e e e e m o n to Christia auth o rities . Th y w r giv n p r issi “ o e the o fiv e d e u ta ti ee ee g v rn island thr ugh p , thr Gr k

tw o e ec o e e o f and Latins, whos d isi ns in r sp ct all Chris tian differences were not to b e subj ec t to app eal to the

o c c e o e e e to b e ee o l al Turkish o urts . Th ir h us s w r fr fr m

e e e e o to the o n an d tax s . Th y w r nly pay Capitati Tax

e e e to e e piastres Tree Tax . Th y w r dr ss as th y

e e an d m e e o n o e c . e pl as d , ight w ar spurs wh n h rs ba k Th y further o btain ed the privilege o f n o t payin g any duty o n g o o ds arrivi n g fro m Tc h esm é (th e c o ast o f Asia Min o r o pp o site) if th ey c ould prove that duty had already b een paid the re and the c o m m erc e o f th e island w as to pass duty free through all th e Custo m H ous es o f the Blac k ? Sea

e e e e e the em e Aid d by th s privil g s, Chians, rging fro m the fog o f barbarism th en en vel o ping all the

en s a e ee o n e to e o c l v d Gr ks , s o b gan acquir b th ivilisation

e N o e c c es m e and w alth . doubt th ir su s was in so

m e e d u e the e en c e m o em so m n asur to pr s a ng th , for a y

e s o f th e m o e c e e o e e b ut the m ac o y ar , r ivilis d G n s ain f t r

o f the e e o o f the ee u n o e e l vati n Gr ks was, d ubt dly, th ir

c e the C e se o f the e industry , as rtainly as hi f cau d grada

o o f th e e o e c e e e th e ti n Latins was th ir ind l n . Wh r as

ee e e c e e a e c o m m e e Gr ks w r always a tiv ly ng g d in rc ,

' am an aru m em n C . 2 1 ss u 1 e es ecs . 3 . s . s r d p Vill ai , E ai hi t tat Gr , p O n ly the in habitan ts of th e Masti c district s wer e allowed to have es belfri . 1 All th ese privileges wer e set ou t i n a d ecree ( Hatti) b earin g th e ’ n s s n m n s o m o e Sulta ig a ual . Thi d cu en t (writte n 1 4 5 years b ef r ) w as m n o e s ese e in the n m en es of , with a y th r , pr rv d Public Mu i t Ch t o s to th e e of th e e es n h n Chi up dat lat d tructio of t e isla d . 70 CHIOS

o e e the L w h o trading with c untri s n ar and far? atins,

e e n a e to o e e c e w ho w r u bl f rg t th ir an i nt nobility, and

e e n e e o o f n e w r v r br ught up to habits industry, ev r e c en e to o e e e e e e cond s d d w rk, and w r n v r abl to ris

m e The n to o o . o n o t e e e fr p v rty Chia s, , had n gl ct d to

o n o the e o f the e c e f u d a sch ol for t aching sci n s, as far ? c the 1 5 th e e e m e ba k as c ntury Th nc any, aft r having

o o e e th e o e e to th r ughly pr par d gr und, pass d ov r Italy, an d e e the 1 6 e e the e th r , in th c ntury, attain d high st

o f e e e to o e m e the standard cultur . Th r , , th y i bib d kn o wl edge brought over to Euro pe som e fifty years e e e n e n e e arli r by l ar d Byzanti fugitiv s . We will now m entio n the nam es o f Chians remarkabl e fo r e e o r e e e are few th ir l arning oth r qualiti s . Th y in

m e c m e to th e e e n f c e to e nu b r o par d W st r s, but su fi i nt l ad

to m a e e e m e ee e n o t e us i gin that th r ust hav b n oth rs , l ss

o o f m w e o e e n o t the e w rthy, who sh uld hav h ard , had sol

c o c e n o f the e o f e o m n r Latin writ rs Chios, H i r ny us,

c e u stin ian i an d eo n Al l atiu s ee the l o rifica Mi ha l J , L , b n g

the m en o f e a e e e tion Of th ir own f ith . About th s th y

o e s e e se e e e e m e o the wr t p cial tr ati s , wh r as wh n th y nti n

o e s o n e an d e e e m th r , it is ly incid ntally, g n rally in t r s o f disparagem en t l ? D e e c e c e I SI ORUS . Gr at c l siasti al lawy r

c M essm a JO HANNES . Taught Eu lid in . 5 N E I L S f e O . e o o o o M tr p litan Rh d s . 6 N I SI O TI s o e N ICOLAOS . A p t .

S PH I AN 7 O O e e c o o e . MICHAEL . L arn d S h lar and P t

“ “ 1 B el l n iu Pl m ar e c 0 e esc on o s uri t . 1 3 . , , . , p Dapp r , d ripti il s et 2 e c . 2 4 , , p . .

2 Cru si u s Tu rc o raec ia 1 5 3 . , g , p . 3 D u can e i n o s Atakta v ol 2 43 . g , C rai , , . V , p . 4 Cru siu s Turc o raec ia 2 . 5 5 . , g , p

5 l l a i i n 4 A 87 . t us d e cc es. O c c d . e O e t etc . . , E l atqu ri , , p 6 i H od u s d e G raecis ill u strib us 32 4 . , , p . 7 - . . 309 3 1 1 . Ibid , pp CHIOS 71

G K RE SI S e P e . o f EORGE O O . Learn d hilosoph r Author ? many theological and philolo gical works

f e K resi Y PRO TO SYN GE L O S. P o e o o s GREGOR upil G org , with whom he c o llab o rated in the preparation o f ’ ? so m e of the latter s works

ffe m e D . e AN REAS Su r d artyrdom in Constantinopl , ? m o APOLLONIUS . A fa ous doct r

L I ARI DI S 5 PAI SI S G . e o n e O Writ r Th ology . 6 YRI L L S P e C O . . ri st and Abbot ? L G E RAKI e e o f e e KA O . T ach r the Gr ek languag

KAMPANAS e f eo P o . CHRISTO HER . Stud nt Th logy

PR T SYN GE L S Le e i n ee GEORGE O O O . arn d Gr k and H oly ? S c ripture

D MAV RO CO RDATO So n o f the Pan tel i ALEXAN ER . Chian ,

M av ro c ord ato o f the o n e-e e L ox an d ra , and y d , 9 daughter o f Scarlato of C o nstantinople ; was born

o 1 637 . e m e e in Chi s, in Studi d dicin in various e e e e o n C ircu Italian Univ rsiti s . Wrot a tr atise the lati o n o f th e bl o od Later he went to o e e e h e e C nstantinopl . H r practis d as a doctor and e e H e o e G ee o l ctur r . sp k r k, Slav nian , Latin , I talian ,

“ 1 e e n e e ril l - Morer s c o es d C o c 5 . . 70 8 L ttr A d t y Lu ar , pp y, ”

c on n e s 1 744 vol . . 488 . De e s cc es. Di ti air , Pari , , III , p r bu E l ” “ m a i n Graecoru . 3 n d 335 . . d e cc es. O cc d . O e , p Allat , E l ri t ” “ e e . c on sen sion e . 9 7 . n er etu ité d e foi p rp t , p 9 Ar auld , p p la , l 2 “ v o 3 an d v l e e s . . V . 8 o . 2 os c e . . 7. c s I , p , V, p M l ti , E l Hi t , v ol . . 488. I I I , p “ ” 2 n er e ui v l mon t té d e foi o . . 388 . Ar auld , p p la , IV, p Si ,

s o e c e d e n c e etc . . 45 . Hi t ir ritiqu la Créa , , p 3 “ “ . d e cc es i n H dius d e . O cc d . O e . 80 o . 9 . Allat , E l ri t , p , ” Graeci s il l ustrib us 1 0 -1 1 , pp . 7 7 .

4 d e e . cc s. O c id n 1 0 4 c O e . 7 . Allat , E l . ri t . , p 5 e e os cc es. s . v ol . . 472 . M l ti , E l Hi t , III , p 6 c s o ec e c 602 . Fabri iu , Bibli th a Gra a, p . ” 7 s o e d e c o oo C I Hi t ir S i , b k II , hap . . 8 e e os cc es. s . vol 4 1 8 . M l ti , E l Hi t , . III , p . 9 mi ’ l n e s o e d e l E m ire O om n vo . . 1 92 . Ca t r , Hi t ir p tt a , II , p 72 CH I o s

e c e he Fr n h , Turkish , P rsian and Arabic . Later was app o inted Chi ef Drago m an Falling

o he m e e re into disfav ur was dis iss d , but b ing instated (in 1 68 5) he s erved the Otto man Empire fo r m e n 1 1 9 H e ee e any y ars , dyi g in 7 . was succ d d

i n so n N o his post by his ic las .

M N N m G I DO I O S . o c e e I NATIUS A nk . Mu h appr ciat d by

the w h o e e e e e Sultan , fr qu ntly mploy d him in s ttling ? disputes am o n g his subj ects

C H O N I ATE S J OHN .

C O RE SI J OHN O .

D M I N D N I LEONAR O O O .

PAPAL As GEORGE .

PAPAL AS PAN TE L I .

H E M D R S L E STARI S R O O O O .

DEMETRIUS PAPANOS .

D AN REAS EPIPHANIOS .

SG U TAS Tw o e e c O . . broth rs , l arned do tors

1 d u n l 2 o n e o o e e v o . . 1 . T ur f rt , V yag L va t , II , p 2 i e t 0 . All at u s d e cc es. c . . 99 , E l , p

74 CH I os

th e e e e o f the L Al l atiu s v nomous n my Greeks, eon , try to prove that th ere did exist a bond o f fri endship between th e ee e th e ee e Latins and Gr ks , t lling us that Gr ks int r th e L e e e e C c married with atins, that th y att nd d th ir hur hes to e the e e h ar H oly Word , and that th y confid d their i e em the o f e o ch ldr n to th , for fashioning th ir m ral and

c r e e e fo r spiritual haracte s, th reby showing th ir r spect the “ ” h f f m e a e t e o . 1 h e f ith h ld by Pontif Ro saw, says, M o u stin ian i ffi the N ea o e L arc J o ciating in M n , in atin , the e e e o f the e o f G ee e in pr s nc whol the r k cl rgy, and e t e e e o e e e b e the s o aft r h y had at n t g th r, th y egg d Bi h p to recomm end th e M one to the Pop e Why t e n o t b ee em e to e did h y , eing Gr ks, address th selv s th ir “ ow n B e h e e e e Patriarch ecaus , continu s , th y w re ” 1 a f l i f h m n ff fraid o th e ma edict on o t e Supre e Po ti . That th e Latins did som etim es Officiate in the N ea e m e o f th e t e G ee e Mon , and in so o h r r k church s , is testifi ed to by oth er writers? but it w as n o doubt d u e to the em o f the L as e s o Supr acy atins , both r gard s cial positio n and ecclesiasti cal power o f which they o ften mad e abuse o r perhaps it is attributable to som e c ustom e e w as e e o n th n pr vailing , but which lat r discontinu d , n of its e i e e ce the accou t p rnic ous cons qu n s, and disputes t W m m f it gave rise o . e also ad it that a certain a ount o inte rmarriage did take place be tween the Greeks and o to the o f e es Latins, d wn end last c ntury ; but th e

i e o e e c e e e e . marr ag s , th ugh quit unr stri t d , w r rar It is also a fact that th e Latins and Greeks used the same ? e n o t the eo cal ndar, the Julian , and G rgian But that

e o e e th e N ea M o n é th e e ec e they r c mm nd d to Pop , b aus e e e o f l th y w r afraid his spiritua anathema, and not

1 l a - Al tius d e c c es. en e 1 0 . cc . n . etc 59 O O . . 979 , E l id t ri t , , pp 2 “ ” “ c c o . 1 88 . e e e al esc o o di na . Sa ra S i , p L tt r V v Maria , F ustin iani e m em o l e l 1 e e ustini an i v o . 52 . J (l tt r rabi M . J ) , . I , p “ ourn efort o e d u e n 1 1 4 . T , V yag L va t , p . 3 “ - n v 4 3 . e o e h s e i e e t ol . . 3 t . c . 3 3 5 Sai t Sauv ur , V yag i t. l tt r , , I , pp CHIOS 75

e h e e e ee o f o c o ec b ecaus t y w r in n d his p liti al pr t tion , 1 B l l n i u s an d n e c an o e e e . o e o no o p ssibly b li v Alth ugh ,

o e e e c e o f the e s n e s o f th r writ rs, xpli itly sp ak st adfa t s

the O o n e an d o e rthod x Chia s to th ir faith , alth ugh , wh n

n e e o i n 1 5 79 o n tem a Calvi ist, r sid nt in Chi s ? at pting

to e c o c es o n o e c e e t a h his d trin , ly narr wly s ap d b ing

o e e th e eo e l n o t n e t rn to pi c s by p pl , and a though a si gl

o n e o f th e eo e o f eec e o e e l ow e p pl s Gr , h w v r th y had ee o o e e e e e ee b n br ught by p v rty and slav ry, v r gav h d to

e e o o e n et All atiu s has th e e o n e to h t r d x t achi g, y ffr t ry “ m aintai n that N o on e i n his sen ses can beli eve that

the ee ee en e fo r th e o m Gr ks f l any abhorr c Lati n d g a,

e e e e e c e to o m e to b e edu b caus th y s nd th ir hildr n R , “ ” c ated b e the tru e tea chi n e , and taught g, and wh n 3 ar e We d o n o t th ey return th ey e h o n our d by all . d eny that am o n g th e Greeks w h o w ere edu cated at the eo o c o e e o f a o m e 1 5 57 Th l gi al C ll g St . Athan sius in R in , th ere w ere som e who b ecam e c o n v erts from th e Greek to the c an d m n e e o m e e e Latin Chur h , that a o g th s s w r ? n e e e e few m e e e n ot Chia s But th s w r in nu b r, and w r

e n e e e e e e h ld in ho our on th ir r turn , but w r d spis d by

o c e o f e C an d e all , as unw rthy hildr n th ir hurch th ir

o e e c e e c e f the c untry . Furth r viden of this abhorr n o Greeks fo r th e Cath o li c do gm a is not o n ly affo rd ed by th e o t c e to traditi nal antipa hy whi h surviv s this day,

1 “ eo sua e reli i oni s o se n es s n B ell oni us P ococke Ad g b rva t u t ( ) . , esc on of th e s v ol 0 t . 1 . A D ripti Ea t , . II , par ii, p 2 All ati u s d e c e id e c s O cc . tc . 1 0 . 59 . , E l , p . 3 “ E t i n san iun t omn in o qui Graeco s ip sos o m n es a Lati n orum d octrin i s ab horrere eos o o s m V ati ni an o o se i , qui di plu qua pr qu imin an tur o i cr . Qu t di e c ernim us eosd em Graecos fil i os suos Romam e t i n l s n o m o n c s n on s n e sum tu m e e n m u t a ia Lati ru pr vi ia i p itt r , ta tu litteri s imb uan tur et d oc tri n am v eram n o s e erd o ti , hauria t ; qui p t a p c e m Graeciam e e s m m o s n i n aestimati o n e tia r v r i, axi a apud mn es u t . eon All ati u s ( L , ibid . , p . 4 m on ese e e Kar O h ll os a o o os T al d os A g th w r y p y , P pad p ul , yp , Kal ekas K d on as Pan tol eon L i aridi s c e N euri di s an d , y , g , Mi ha l , a e few o e i n v ry th r Ch a s. 76 CHIOS

the o o e e the e e but by f ll wing incid nt . Wh n J suits, s nt to o o e n e e m m C nstantin pl by Cardi al Bandini , w r su arily ej ec ted fro m that t o wn (tha n ks to the sl eepl ess vigilance

the e o f em e of Patriarch Cyrillus) , thos th that w nt to Nax o s fo und th em selves in sym pathy with the l o cal e e s o e w ho e to s n o t o e l ad r , whilst th s w nt Chio , nly fail d

e e e e m e o e in gaining pros lyt s , but w r ad pris n rs , and 1 only suc ceeded i n m aking th eir escape to Italy with

f c o b e o e e e the di fi ulty . And how c uld it th rwis , wh n

e o f the L so c o e e e o e hatr d atins l ud d th ir r as n , that th y wen t about saying that the plagu e spared th eir co

e o o e off s r ligionists in Chi s, and nly carri d Turk and 2 Sc hismati c s l

L n e to o an othef e The n a guag , , was barri r . Lati s, in

e n ee o m e o o c e sp aki g Gr k, not nly utilat d it, but pr n un d it e in a m a n n er peculiar to Latins in all parts o f Turk y . A

e o n e e e o o n e o o m m o languag in xpr ssi n and in s und, c n to eo e the e e e e e o f e e o f e p pl s , is gr at st pr s rvativ a s ns th ir ? o m m o n o e e w e c o m e the c n ati nality Furth r, wh n par

e c th e ee e n o e w alth and politi al p ower which Gr ks j y d ,

e the c es the ov e e aft r Turkish onqu t, with p rty and d gra

o n o f the o c s c an o e d o e dati Cath li , any n ubt that nvy, c o m m o n to m n in c c c m n c e anki d su h ir u sta s, was not a furthe r barri er to an y feeli n gs o f real affecti o n and si n cere fri endship What I have said is further c o rro b o rat ed by the religi o us

mm o o c o o ac o o m m e to m e co ti ns whi h t k pl e in Chi s fr ti ti , and later by the quarre l between th e Latins and Greeks

1 - 2 0 1 2 36. e e d e e m . s n ec o es c A st. L ttr a d t Cyrill Lu ar ( , pp “ “ e e i os cc es s v ol 44 mm e o d el . . . 7 . M l t , E l Hi t , II I , p . H a r , St ria ” o m n l 1 m e os o v o . 60 . V . i p r a , X II , p 2 ed l 1 c s o e 8 . V e c e v o . . Guy , yag littérair la Gre , II , p Paul Lu a , ”

o e n s c e s vo l 2 9 . . . 9 V yag da la Gre (Pari , I , p “ 3 Th e e n e e s es s e n of o s s s : c e n l ar d V la t , p aki g Chi , ay that a rtai ee s o co m n to os c on em n e th e n es s n o t Gr k Bi h p , i g Chi , d d Lati pri t , ec se e c n o e e an d e e e the o e ec se e b au th y a k wl dg d r v r d P p , but b au th y ” “ n o t er o m e se ces i n ee o e e did p f r th ir rvi Gr k . (Guy, V yag littérair ” d e la c e Gre , p . CHIOS 77

f e t c c e O n e o f fo r th e possessi o n o c r ain hur h s . th ese 1 c o mm oti o ns o cc urred in Chi o s in about 1 600 o n the

e e o f the e e o f e arrival th r l arn d Patriarch Al xandra, Meleti o s (th e writer o f so m e adm irabl e l etters c on cern ing — — the Mysteries directed aga i n st the Latins as well as of others addressed to d evo ut Greeks a n d Russians in Chios

M en o m e Al l atiu s o and Po land) . and w n (says ) y ung

o l d ee an d n o c e e to th e and , Gr ks Lati s , all fl k d to list n

e o e ce o f the c . H e c o f e the n l qu n Patriar h s f d at Lati s,

th e o o f the o e an d en e s e and at auth rity P p , his list r b gan

m m o the n he o e to ur ur (no d ubt Lati s) , but , waxing b ld r

e o m m o e m o e C e e an m an t and b c ing r i passi n d , hall ng d y o

im th e ee Al l a argu e with h . At last Gr ks (it is still tiu s

e n an d the n to s o the o m m o o sp aki g) Lati s , put a t p to c ti n , — o rdered him to l eave the isla n d at o n ce as a disturber — o e him e e to e o f its peac e and f rbad v r r turn . Th ey also to e e e bribed the Turks hast n his d partur . We will give an a c c o unt o f the dispute as to th e p o s o o f ce C e e e m sessi n rtain hurch s, aft r having first xa in e d th e ec cl esiasti c al p o sition o f the rival Greek and Latin

e church s .

We e e o e hav alr ady said that, at first, Chi s was und r a

Me o o c o e the c o f o o e tr p litan h s n by Patriar h C nstantin pl ,

e c c c o e e h e en but that, wh n his onspira y was dis v r d , was s t

the u stin ian is w ho e e to ece e away by J , r fus d r iv a s ec o nd “ e o o e of c c e D iha i M trop litan , but all w d an fi ial all d os to

e e a n d o e the o o r sid in the island watch v r rthod x flock .

e e the e o f the M ao n en ses n But lat r, wh n pow r was o the

e M etro ol itan sw ere o n e th e a c wan , p again app i t d by P triar h , gen erally in ac c o rdance with th e Choi c e o f the l eadi n g ? citizens o f Chi o s Th e influ en ce (whi c h still survi v es) o f the c m e C e c Chians, in Chur h att rs, is l arly indi ated in a l etter which th ey wro te to the Patriarc h M etrophan es

1 “ l atiu s D e cc es. O ccid . en e Al . tc O . . 995 . e e os , E l ri t , , p M l ti , l 424 cc es. s . vo . . . E l Hi t , V, p 2 os eo . v ol . 2 1 n e e i h . 4 ed M l t G grap , III , p ( . A . Gazi . ) 78 CH IOS

e e e b e This l tt r, in which th y g him to send em e o o th a M trop litan , b th virtuous and wo rthy o f

e e the o o f e e m sh ph rding s uls Christians, is couch d in t r s

n ot o n e m m al o o f o e e ly of b co ing hu ility , but s p lit ind

n c en e e c pen d e e . And wh v r abuses oc urred they resorted

th e c e e e as b e e e to Patriar h for th ir r dr ss , may gath r d from

e e e to him the o o f the Nea o e a l tt r, writt n by M nks M n .

e e c n o t ee o m m set o u t This l tt r , whi h is fr fr barbaris s, is ” 2 ru iu s Tu rco ra eci The C s a . G ee C e by , in his g r k l rgy

fin e C c e m e o f e e the had hur h s, so which th y shar d with

s the e e em e e Latin ; that is to say, that s rvic s in th w r

m e m e o c e the ee e m e so ti s c ndu t d by Gr ks, and som ti s by

The e o o f the ee e o the Latins . M tr polis Gr k M tr politan

o the c o f m e the was , riginally, Chur h Ca pana , lat r Church

th A l taria m f . e o e e O St N icolas , in p district, for rly call d

he c B asil ikari e e ee t Chur h of , b caus it had b n built by o n e o f the e E m e o o e m e o e e Byzantin p r rs , wh s na , h w v r , had been l o st . The date o f the appo intm ent of the first Western

n o o e Bish o p of Chi o s is u kn wn . I t is pr babl that he c am e th ere im m ediately after the taking of C o nstantin o pl e

he n . n o ce e e to o m by t Lati s I n nt I I I , in his l tt r Th as

o n e er c o o e M o r si i , first W st n Patriar h of C nstantin pl , bids h im the e e e e e e e n ee to , in countri s wh r th r w r o ly Gr ks,

ee the c o e e e e e e e app o int Gr ks , but in untri s wh r th r w r

ee an d n to e em the b oth Gr ks Latins , Lati s , and giv th ? prefere n ce over Greeks As o n the taking o f C o n stan

l e the n o e n o the o f the ti n op by Fra ks , Chi s f ll i t hands

n e n m o o e e e V e tia s, it is st pr babl that th y s nt a Bishop

e e c en e e o o f the th r , and Canta uz , in his d scripti n taking

o n o n 1 32 8 e e o f Chi s by A dr icus in , says, that th r was a

n e e e e w h o e e e o c o m Lati pr lat th r , had r c iv d his Bish pri fr

e o o n e e e the m e th e P o p . H ist ry has ly pr s rv d na s and dates o f th e fo ll owing

1 “ Cru si u s Turco raecia oo . 2 85 . , g , b k III , p 2 3 oo . 303 . . s n n c c o . 1 2 . Ibid . , b k III , p M Giu ti ia i , Sa ra S i , p CHIOS 79

MANFRED O GIOVANNI B API TI O CARLO GIUSTINIANI TOMASO PAL AV I CCI N I LEONARD O PAL AV I CCI N I ANTONIO PAL AV I CCI N I LU DOVICO ANTONIO Date unknown GIROLAMO GIROLAMO CAMOGLI 1 469 GIUSTINIANI PAOLO MONEGLIA 1 499 BENED ETTO GIUSTINIANI 1 502 GIOVANNI V I GE RI O 1 5 34 PAOLO FIESCO 1 5 5 0 TIMOTEO GIUSTINIANI 1 5 64 BENED ETTO GARETTO 1 579 GIROLAMO GIUSTINIANI 1 597 MARCO GIUSTINIANI 1 60 3 ANDREA SOFFIANO 1 64 1

The Western Bish o p o f Chios had his M etrop o lis e the o H e e e e e e o f 2 00 insid f rt . r c iv d a y arly stip nd

o m o m e e e o ffic iate ten o r scudi fr R , and was ntitl d to in ? twelve o f th e Greek c hurch es Both h e and th e Greek ’ e o o e e the e m o e M tr p litan r quir d Sultan s p r issi n , call d

B era t e e e e o m e e . e , to ntitl th m to p rf r th ir duti s Aft r the n o o e the e e taki g of C nstantin pl by the Turks, W st rn

e o m o o f e e e the e cl rgy l st st th ir influ nc , and littl that rem ain ed was c o m pl etely effaced as the c o nsequ en ce o f

e e the ee We e th ir quarr ls with Gr ks . will now giv an f he e e l ed e ac c ount o t v nts that to this r sult .

“ 1 s n n e e e m emo e e e al es o M . Giu ti ia i (L tt r rabil ) L tt ra V cov di ”

r n vol . . 52 2 . Ma ia a , I , p 80 CHIOS

The et o f o N eo cho ris M ropolitan Chi s, Ignatius , an — intelligent and enterprising m an although ac cused o f — avarice and pride by his e n em i es had made it his arm to c om pl etely d estro y all p ower o f the Westerns in the

o e e h e e e e e to the island . With this bj ct in vi w , r pr s nt d Turks that they o ught to keep a carefu l watch o ver m en \ e e o C o se e o n th e e o e e who w r b th in l r lati ship with G n s , an d w h o kept up a corresp o ndence with all th e e n em ies

f th e m e o e e e o m e o E pir . H is h p was to ith r c p l the

e to m the e c o r c e West rns sub it to East rn Chur h , aus the

c o e e e m o m c o nfis ati n of th ir prop rty , and th ir dis issal fr o e to e o he h s . e e t e the i land I n rd r furth r his bj ct, invit d

- e o o f es m an e e e c o Op rati n a pri t , an able , and w ll v rs d in e the o e the Turkish languag , and l cal laws . This pri st,

h e e e s o n c o o f m for t abov r a ons , and ac unt his inti acy

the n e ee e Pa a with Turkish dig itari s , was j ringly call d p

ta ha the s. e e e M u s p by Latin At this j unctur , an v nt in

e n e e en e th e e o o itself quit i d p nd t, furnish d M tr p litan with

n Th the m eans o fac co mplishi g his obj ec t . e Greek c l ergy

m e e to o m e c o e were at that ti in d bt s Turkish fun ti nari s . This debt N eo cho ris prom i sed to pay if the Turks wo uld bring ab o ut the amalgam ati o n o f the revenu es o f the two Th e m o e o n e e fo r the m e . e c hurc h s Turks , r c c rn d pay nt

f h e m o e em the c e o f the c em e o t n y owing th than justi s h ,

u se o f e e ce e e c o m ade th ir influ n , and hand d N o h ri a d ecree o f the Sultan to th e fo llowing effec t ( 1 ) That th e Latin Bishop should n o l o nger exerc ise an c t o e the y judi ial authori y v r Latins , and that the sam e should b e transferre d to the M etro

p o litan .

2 n o m e o e e n o ( ) That arriag sh uld tak plac , and religi o us cerem o ny b e he ld with o ut the ’ o o e M etro p litan s c ns nt . (3) That m o st o f the Churc h es th en in the hands o f th e Latins should b e handed over to the

Greeks .

82 CHIOS h e o rd ered the Latins to b e arrested o n a c harge o f high

Soffian o e the e n e e o . o tr as n , h aring n ws his way, hurri d

o n e to e e o , but was oblig d trav l by sid r ads to avoid fall

i n o the the . o o we e g int hands of Turks As s on , h v r , as

he r e o e he o e him e e had ar iv d in Adrian pl , and th s with w r

n o o . e em e e ee throw int pris n Aft r r aining th r fift n days, th ey were rel eased o n the interc essi o n o f the English and

m e e 0 11 h o f the V en etian A bassadors . This s v rity t e part Kai m akan was d u e to his wish to exto rt a h eavy pri ce fo r

e e e se an d fo r c e to e e n th ir r l a , his ons nt th ir trial b i g

the o n A n d h rem oved to rdi ary c o urt . in this e was

c e e e h e ot c o m em suc ssful , b caus g s udi fr th , and besid es rec eived a su m o f m o re fro m the Greeks in exc han ge for a prom ise to d ec ide the matter o f the C e e m e o c e . hur h s in th ir favour Lat r, wishing to ak a sh w

o f m he e fo r e o the i partiality, fix d a day an nquiry int

O the o f N e c ho ris i n the m e . o att r n arrival that day, ,

e e e o f the e e e e e n pr s nc all judg s , pr f rr d his charg s agai st

n e n Th e the o o e e e e ce . Lati s, whilst th y pp s d th ir d f

Kai m akan e the e e o f the o e e , und r influ nc d ubl brib , o e m e o f the c e to the n o n the all tt d so hurch s Lati s , but,

e e o f en o f e e e em e the all g d gr und of insu fici cy vid nc , r itt d dec i si o n o f the remai n der o f the questi o n to the Pasha the m e m e h e e the and Cadi of Chios . At sa ti hand d

ee ec e me e the e Gr ks a s r t judg nt, ord ring authoriti s in Chi o s to hand over to th em all the c hurch es o f the Latins which had been in the p o ssession o f the latter fo r

e the le ss than sixty y ars . I n this way, although Latins had

ec e c m e m e the ee exp t d to o back and triu ph ov r Gr ks , o t e o f the c e e e e th ey l st six y church s , which hi f w r th ir

e o th e c o e e of the e s M tr polis , Chur h and C ll g J suit and

c e e e . m m e n Capu in s , as w ll as oth rs Fro this ti o wards

o e o f the L e ec e e o th e the p w r atins st adily d r as d, and up n term ination o f the Ven etian o c cupati o n in 1 69 5 (whic h w e are ab out to relate) they becam e entirely d ependen t ee the upon the mercy of the Greeks . I nd d it was with CHIOS 83

e e f 1 700 e ee e gr at st di ficulty that, in , th y succ d d in buying o ff m e e ee o e the ee c an I p rial D cr btain d by Gr ks, whi h ordered the com plete aboliti o n o f th eir religion fro m the ? islan d I nto what an abyss o f unreaso ning fanaticism are nations plunged wh en th ey fo rget the mo st intri n sic

i c e o f o at the pr n ipl s Christianity, and nly look outward fo rm o f religi o n I o the e m e 1 665 e e e e e Ab ut sam ti , , th r w r furth r dis tu rb an ces in Chi o s caused by great abuses on the part

f he e e e e o m o e the o t Pasha . But th s w r c p und d for by ? paym ent o f 1 600 piastres

A n d n ow e m en o n the en m , aft r ti ni g that Fr ch ad iral Du ch esn e burnt a Trip o litan fleet in the very harbour of 3 Chi o s w e pro ceed to an accou n t o f the Ven etian e e o n xp diti .

1 “ l - c s o e n s ce v o . . 2 99 300 . Paul Lu a , V yag da la Gre I , pp “ n o e n s o of e ec e vol 2 3 : s. . . . 9 Tra N t Fi lay, Hi t ry Gr , V, p But th e Chiots c an n ot b e exp e cte d to have b een fr ee from th e so cial o s f th e a e in e e e o s s n c e w as en err r o g whic h th y liv d . R ligi u i rity th too c lo sely un ited with bigo try for any Gr ee ks to have l earn ed that n w as e I n e o s o n e e th e toleratio a Christian virtu . r ligi u big try ith r O o o n or th e o cs e e to o e ee s an d e m rth d x Cath li yi ld d th r Gr k , th ir utual an im osity w as r ep eatedly shown i n violen t an d un just proc e edin gs o s on e n o e th e c s o w as c e s e t ward a th r . But fa t that thi big try h ri h d an d e o e n n e e en ce m s n ot b e o e oo e aggravat d by f r ig i t rf r u t v rl k d . Th e Gree k clergy were co n tin ually alarm ed by the attempts of the Fr en ch ambassador at Co n stan tinople to ext en d th e authority of th e o cs an n f r e th e d to o o m s e o o e e e s. Cath li , btai th a up ri rity v r Gr k ’ ” 2 mm e m e sm no v l 2 60 o e o O o . . . Ha r , St ria d ll I p r a , XXI , p 3 " l 2 o e e d e ece vo . . 35 . Guy, V yag littérair la Gr , III , p P C H A T E R XI .

A 6 — 6 . D 1 94 1 9 5 . .

The en e n s ac ios— n c on e e th e s n V tia att k Ch Havi g qu r d i la d , — th ey o ppr ess the Gre e ks Th ey are driven out of the islan d he s by t Turk .

FTER the brilliant vi ctori es o f M o rosini in the

e o n e e e e P l pon s and at Ath ns, and his d ath at

N the e e e o e o o auplia, V n tian R public app int d Ant ni

e to the o o f c o mm n e -in - e m e Z no p st a d r chi f , and ad Petro Q u erin i and Caro l o Pisani c o mm issi o n ers of the

ee . e o o e e c o e o en e fl t Th y als app int d H nri St n n g ral , and,

i him m o e m en o e e him supply ng with n y, and ships, rd r d

e e e m to go and j o in Z n o . Wh n th y had all et they

e o n o f ec e o e o f call d a c u cil war, to d id up n th ir plan

m o m e e e fo r o o n e c o e ca paign . S w r c ns lidati g th ir vi t ri s

he e o o e e o e fo r e t o o . in P l p nn s , th rs an attack up n Eub a Others again were fo r directing th eir o p erati o ns against

o n e o n the e o f o o n an d Chi s , layi g str ss str ngth its p siti its

e o n o u t its o o e e the w alth , and p inti g that l ss w uld d priv

s s o f s e e o f e e e Turki h hips a af hav n r fug . As a furth r indu cem e nt th ey sp oke o f the h atred o f the i n habitan ts fo r the an d o f e o n n to b e ee o m Turks, th ir l gi g fr d fr

m e e n o n e e n o n e . o th Whilst th s co sultati s w r still g i g , th e o c o f o o o n e Cath li s Chi s, thinking that an pp rtu m o m en t had arrived fo r the rec o very o f the sovereignty o f th e n e e to the ee e s o isla d, sugg st d Gr ks that th y h uld j o in in an i n vitati o n to th e Ven etians to c o m e and

m the ee o e ee e e e . lib rat th But Gr ks, f r s ing that such a 84

CHIOS 8 5 sch em e would b e c ertain to bring misfortune on the i e e n o m e the m H o e sland , s cr tly i f r d Turkish ad iral , uss in

s the e o f the c te n him to o Pa ha, of d signs Catholi s, lli g , ,

e e m the that th y pref rred to re ain faithful to Turks . This treac h ero us ac t o f the Greeks co m p ell ed the Cath o l ics to e s e to the e e n s nd a ship in all ha t V n tia s, saying

a O e ee e e w o e n o th t ur plans hav b n b tray d , and u t us if you d o n o t c om e h ere i n tim e to save us Th ereup o n the e e em i 400 o e V n tians, bark ng infantry and h rs

‘ m en f f i d 6 4 e e o r Ch o s o n the 3 r 1 9 . , start d August , Th y o eac e o e e o n the th o f e em e nly r h d it, h w v r, 7 S pt b r, havi n g bee n h eld up i n Andro s by c ontinu o us . bad

e e Th e c o m m n e o f , Chi o s Sil achd ar H a w ath r . a d r , ssan

N s w h o n the o w 800 m en a a m e asa , was guardi g f rt ith , l r d

the o c o f the e e ee en to o n tan at appr a h V n tian fl t, s t C s ti n o l e to fo r ee e Th e en e n n e p ask sp dy h lp . V tia s la d d ,

n e a e E en o n th e 8th o f e em e an d u d r C p St . l i , S pt b r, shut the Turks up in the fo rt whil st th e Greeks s o ught refuge

th e m n e o e en n e o in o u tains . Z n th n s t Na i and Grad nig

n with so m e ships to c ruise ro u n d the ( E n u ssae isla ds .

e v n c e o m a e e in Th y, ha i g has d f ur s ll Turkish v ss ls sail g by

Tc h esme c e em o e e 1 50 o f e c e . , aptur d th , t g th r with th ir r w

O n the n o n o f the e e the ee w h o i vitati V n tians , Gr ks had

fl ed to the m o n c m e o n an d v e ei s s untai s a d w , ga th r a si t

c in m ot an e any ways to the b esi egers o f the fo rt . B h th e Greek an d Latin bish o ps an d all the l eading m en c am e an d m ad e th eir subm issi o n to the c om m an d er-in

c ie . H e e s n e se n e to him ece e h f , r ali i g th ir u ful ss , r iv d

em m o s o e n em th e e c th t fav urably, t lli g th that R publi f m i th e o o e e e o ec o . e e w uld a f rd th v ry pr t ti n M anwh l ,

n e n c o n e e o m a m en o f the o Ve tia s nti u d th ir b b rd t f rt, and

em o is e e o f its a e n e ec e d l h d a gr at part w lls . Th th y d id d

to sen o n n i to o c the a o an d d C tari and Priuli bl k h rb ur, prev ent an y assistan c e rea c hi n g th e Turks in that direc

o . I n o e to e e em t u t o ec ti n rd r nabl th o carry o this bj t , it was n ecessary fo r th em to first c apture a sm all fo rt that 86 CHIOS

h m e ee e commanded t e harbour outh . This th y succ d d in

o e ee o f the B e d ing, and also captur d thr ships y of

o e c c m e to o e the c mm Rh d s , whi h had o Chi s, und r o and o f the m o Matsam am a e o e the o f the fa us , just b f r arrival

en e i ee . L e e o ea e n m e V t an fl t at r, Z n h ring that a larg u b r o f e e Tc hesme c o m e the Turks w re coll cting at , to to

e e o f o the ee e r li f Chi s , and that Turkish fl t was pr paring to the e e o e em e sail through H ll sp nt, s nt and d and d the

e e o f the . n n e c e surr nd r fort Hassa , having co sult d a rtain

e e e o as e e he o Mufti , r siding in xil in Chi s , to wh th r c uld ,

n e the m c e o e c a itu u d r circu stan s, with hon ur cons nt to p

e e e e an af m e e ee lat , r c iv d fir ativ answ r, and agr d to surrender o n the fo ll owing c onditions ( 1 ) That the garriso n b e at lib erty to l eave the fort o n the third day after the signing o f the

c n e e m apitulatio , taking with th m all th ir ar s

an d m o uniti ns .

2 o o e e ( ) That all M rish slav s, J ws and Christian

e e e o e r n gad s , and Christian pris n rs, should

e e e be giv n th ir lib rty . 3 the o e e ( ) That Turks sh uld giv up all th ir ships,

m n n o f b e c o e e guns , and u itio s war, and nv y d by the Ven etians to any point o n th e o ppo f m m e e e c a o Tc hes e e . sit o st , th y ight s l ct

O the 1 8 o f o m e e c n th, Turks, wh w r apable

o f e m o e e m the b aring ar s, cr ss d ov r to Asia . A ong prin

’ c i al e e Ko u sai m the o f o p Turks w r Pasha , Mufti C nstanti

n o l e e an d M atsam am a e e n e p , B kir Pasha, . S v n hu dr d

e e set e The c o n to 2 00 e . o Christians w r fr vi t rs, in additi

o e s e Kal er i tw o n o f . s ldi r kill d, lost g and K ights Malta Th e o e o f the e e m e e ec e l ss s Turks w r uch gr at r, b aus ,

es es 500 m en e o e e e b id having kill d and w und d , th y l ft

2 1 2 m o em o f o e e guns, st Of th br nz ? and a larg quantity

“ ’ 1 o n n d I tali a l 1 s he on v o . . 3 8 s Murat ri ( A ali , IX , p ) ay that t y ly o n 1 00 n s of on e f u d gu br z .

88 CHIOS

o e the e e Rou zin i e e c nqu st of island , th y s nt th r with a

e m o o f m o n o f ec e e o to larg a unt uniti s war, and dir t d Z n

e n th e c m e o o . n et str gth n f rtifi ati ns Ronzini , havi g with

e e e e en ea to the o e o f t rribl w ath r, w t n r losing wh l his s c e e e ec o an d o hips , whi h w r driv n in all dir ti ns, nly just s cc ee e e c O n o The e e n u d d in r a hing tra t . S nat , thinki g that the exp editio n w o uld n o w arrive too late to b e o f

e i e ec e Ro u zin i to en c e m him fo r s rv c , r all d V i , and bla ing the e m o e him o n his H e c cee e d lay, i pris n d arrival . su d d ,

o e e e n e n m e an d c e h w v r, in xo rati g hi s lf was a quitt d . Whilst the fo rt o f Chi o s was being handed o ver to the

en e n s the ee c o n o f o f V tia , Turkish Fl t, nsisti g fifty ships

io e e M ezzo m o rto e var us siz s , und r H assan , was sight d in th e s n c e e n e o f a o di ta . Z o had rec ived warning its ppr ach

o m o n w h o een c n the ( E n u ssae fr C tarini , had b ruisi g about m m h m e e e o u t to ee t e . Islands , and i diat ly sail d t Turks

o n e e him to e o c e Priuli and C ntari i pr ss d strik at n , and ,

n n e o f the e n em e e m e e taki g adva tag y b ing b cal d, d al

em n o e e to m e th a crushi g bl w . But Z no , unabl ak up

m n o so m c m e i n o c o o f his i d , l st u h ti h lding uncils war

th e n o o fi c e s M ezz o m o rto e to with ju i r f r , that was abl sail

an d e f m e e c the o o . away r a h harb ur S yrna in saf ty Z no ,

a n c o m e to ec o e o ff h vi g at last a d isi n , start d in pursuit,

w as h e em o n but unabl e to c atc h up t e n y . C ntari i was a n xi o us to atta ck th e Turkish fleet in the harb o ur o f

m n en o o n o t e m m o e c S yr a, but Z w uld p r it it, r parti ularly

ec e the en c c n o b aus Fr h , Dut h and E glish C nsuls had

e ese e him a e e e e m n m e n r pr nt d to th t, as th r w r a y rcha t

e o n to e c o n m en i n the o e ships b l ngi g th ir u try harb ur, th ir respec tive sovereign s w o uld b e m u c h o ffended if an y

c e e m e o n e o en o e e atta k w r ad up it . Z n th rd r d his ships

ac to o s I n w a o n ec o h e b k Chi . this y, thr ugh i d isi n , m i ssed an excepti o n al o pp o rtunity o f c o mpletely destroy

th e ee c m o th e o ing Turkish fl t , whi h was al st in h llow of his n o n e m sa e c ffe ce to ha d , and , as ight y, gav su h O n

m e e fo r the n e e o f h er she Da Fortun , gl ct gift, that CHIOS 89

revenged h erself by th enc efo rth siding with his en emi es "

So n - e e e the e o n pa ic strick n w r Turks that, aft r anch ri g, feari n g that the Ven etians wo uld set fire to their ships (whi c h the C o unt San fel ic e had offered to ac c o mplish)

e e e e em e e e th y d s rt d th , and land d th ir guns, and turn d m th e o n their ships . When the Sultan Achm et h eard o f the surrend er o f

the o o f o h e was so en e h e e o e f rt Chi s, rag d , that gav rd rs

fo r the e o the a a fo r th e d capitati n of C pit n Pasha, and

ec o o f o e m fo r the re-c o e o f coll ti n f rc s fro all parts, nqu st

the s H e o o e e the e e eece i land . als rd r d S raski r of Gr to e the e o o e e so to c o m e the e e invad P l p nn s , as p l V n tians

to e e o e an d ec e M ezzom o rto to m e divid th ir f rc s, dir t d ak

m e m s e o f o s c e an d to hi s lf a t r Chi as qui kly as possibl , d estro y all the Cath o li c s th ere wh o m h e sh o uld c o n sider to have been parti cularly guilty o f havi n g en c o uraged th e

en e an e e o the o m m e -in - e e V ti s . Th r up n C and r Chi f, Miss

ro l u as M ezzom orto e o u t g P ha, Mustapha Pasha and sail d l o f the e e n - o o n e c o f c H ll spo t with forty f ur ships , a h whi h

e e e e 500 o e an d o n the 700 . th r w r sail rs and soldi rs , flagship

O e Sm e e o e fo r e n th ir arrival in yrna , th y gav rd rs furth r

o o to em e Tc hesmé o m o e c e th e tr ps ass bl at , fr th r pla s in

The n n f n East . Ve etian s being i form ed o what was taki g ’ ce e c c m e o u t to m ee the en em pla , by a Fr n h ship , a t y s

ee e o i n en ee n fl t, but wait d f rty days vain . Th s i g that

n e m n e n wi t r had c o e o n th ey retur ed to Chi o s . L avi g three ships at different p o i n ts o f the ( E n u ssae to keep

c e o o n o e e for c n o n th e wat h , th y t k furth r st ps arryi g war,

e em e v e e e e o n the but gav th s l s up to pl asur . Sudd nly 8th e 1 695 o m e e e off F bruary, , s Turkish ships app ar d

e Si eio n Th e en e n e n e e e e Cap g . V tia s, b ing u pr par d , w r

’ n o t e to o u t to sea ten c o abl put until o l ck at night, befo re whi c h h our M ezzo m o rto h ad already starte d a

e offth e CE n u ssae e c en a em e en e battl . A t rrifi g g nt su d? in

1 All the i n habitan ts of th e i slan d had gon e on to the roofs of their o ses to c s on s n s e h u wat h thi ag i i g truggl . 90 CHIOS

c the e e o m en the whi h V n tians l st , and Turks as m n o e m e o f e e a y, and ab ut an qual nu b r ships w r burnt

r n m he e o n o e o e o e e e . o t e d str y d ith r sid A ng l ad rs, both

e e e e B ra adin o sid s , th r f ll H assan Pasha , Priuli , g and Pisam an e o . e e c m Ev ntually, aft r a o bat which last d

the e e th e l oth e the o n e until v ning of F bruary, c t nding

ee e e e e e n e e fl ts dr w apart, without ith r sid b i g ntitl d to m c The e to the c o o f clai a vi tory . Turks withdr w ast

to e e e o e e c e o e the Asia, l av th ir w und d and f t h fr sh s ldi rs ,

e e the ( E n u ssae e e e ten e V n tians to , wh nc , aft r days , th y e to m ee the e em O n the 1 9th o e again sail d out t n y . an th r e em e o e c e fiv e o ngag nt t ok plac , whi h last d h urs, and in whi c h the l eading part was taken by the brave Co n tarini . e o e e e o n o e the Aft r c nsid rabl loss s b th sid s, Turks with

e to the e th e e e to o . e e dr w ast, and V n tians Chi s Th r e o o e o f e e e Z n c nvok d a council war to consid r wh th r,

e the o e e e e em aft r l ss s th y had sustain d , th y ought to r ain o r o the u erin i e e for aband n island . Q and Pisani w r

the e o e e e leaving island , but St non and M c nigo r fus d to adm it that m atters were hop el ess en o ugh to justify the

o m e o f e m e aband n nt so valuabl an island , aintain d that

e e e to e e th y w r still in a position d f nd it, and finally

ec e e e the o e e e o e d lar d that, v n if th rs l ft, th y pr pos d

em n n e e the w h o r ai i g to d f nd island with Justin Riva ,

o f e o o e e een e was th ir pini n . Aft r both sid s had b h ard , the e the e o m e w as qu stion was put to vot , and aband n nt ec th f th e e e e o . e e e o d id d up n So gr at was f ar V n tians, e e th e e e 2 1 st e that th y l ft n xt night, F bruary , l aving 1 e em o n o n the e e b hind th f rty can ons walls, and s v ral

m a e e e o th e o . s ll v ss ls , load d with muniti ns, in harb ur

e o m e e e e o e e to Th y f und ti , how v r, b f r l aving strip all f e The the Greek church es o the ir most valuabl e plat .

1 m n 1 h e em en f th e o Th ese gun s still r e ai ( 840) on t battl ts o f rt . e are on of sm o e an d e c o -of- m s an d the Th y l g, but all b r , b ar a at ar m e f th e n e an d th e f e n e e are n o o e o m c . a f u d r , dat th ir a ufa tur Th y n n i n a very dilapidated co diti o .

92 CHIOS

e e o c casion Chi o s was valu d at purses . Th reupon th e n m e e ese o to the a Chia s ad r pr ntati ns Sult n , and

em n him o f e o m e e m e fo r r indi g th ir f r r fid lity, laid all bla

e e o n th e e e e e what had happ n d Latins . B ing b fri nd d by th e en n e o e n e o e th wly app int d Gra d Vizi r, H uss in Pasha, an d the e e o m e e M av ro cor pow rful Chi f Drag an , Al xand r

o e c cee e o n the m e o f o n 500 dat , th y su d d, pay nt ly purses,

e e e to em the n A c hm et in g tting r stor d th , by Sulta , all the e e e ee e e m priv il g s th y had b n grant d by Sul i an , in the e 1 66 M ezzo m o rto e M isco r l i y ar 5 . l aving o to guard

e e to o s o e an d e e ece e Chios , r turn d C n tantin pl , th r r iv d e o m m e f he e gr at c ndati o n or t succ ss o f his exp editi o n .

O the e th e en e e e m n e n oth r hand , V tian S nat , s arti g und r the n o f e e m o n e e o i dignity d f at, i pris d Z n , Pisani and

u erin i o n e o f e ec e e m Q , a charg having n gl t d th ir ilitary

n in i s he e . e o u er e o t duty Z and Q di d in pri n , within n xt

e s e to c o c two y ars , but Pi ani was abl justify his ndu t, and ? Obtain his ac quittal Su c h was the p ro fitl ess e nding o f an exp editi o n in

c the e o n o f e e e an e c e o n whi h ind cisi th ir l ad r, at x pti ally

o e m o m e n n o t o n e the sea o e o f the fav urabl t , ly sav d p w r

o m c e n a o n o c e the o Turk fr rtain an ihil ti , but als aus d l ss to Ve n i c e o f o n e o f h er m o st valuabl e c onquests in the ? ZE gean Sea

1 I have take n this d etaile d acc o un t o f th e Ven etian exp edition “ om th e K n n o e n s o of . o s e d e c fr hi t ry C tari i , i t ria d lla gu rra pri ipi co e c on ro il co n n o 1 683 s n o c e en e ll gati t Tur dall a , i alla pa (V zia , v ol 4 2 -4 w ho w as an e e- n ess of ese e en s . . 3 83 II , pp , y wit th v t , an d o o i n th e n en em en t k part aval gag t . 2 S o m e historian s say that th e Turki sh fl eet w as b eaten in this ” n m en n o e en e e c V e o o c . IV gag t , but Sa di St ria ivil ta, b k XI I , hap ) “ ’ says that th e Ven etian s lo st th e battle scon fitta l armata ven eta ” n e es es if c o o s s o the en e n s e aval . B id , vi t ri u , why h uld V tia hav aban d on ed th e isla n d so hurriedly ? C H A P T E R X I I .

1 6 —1 2 0 A D 8 . . . 9 5

Emin en t S ch olars an d Divin es of th e seven teen th an d en c en es eighte th turi .

w e e e e c e c o c e F xc pt two disqui ting in id nts whi h curr d ,

the o n e 1 71 8 the o e in 1 70 o in and th r 7 , Chi s rem ain ed in p eace from th e tim e o f the expulsi o n o f the Ven etians up to th e o utbreak o f the Greek War o f

n e Th e o f e e c en o e o u t o f I n dep e nde c . first th s in id ts ar s the o o o n f e e the D e u ta ti to the pp siti O f r d by p Pasha, wh en he attem pted to Violate a l o cal c usto m whi c h had

f v e e o o so e the sancti o n o pri il g . This Opp siti n ang re d the Pasha that he sent the D ej mta ti to C o n stan ti n opl e in

an d e o e c e ee e chains, th y w uld hav rtainly b n put to d ath

’ th ere but fo r th e i n terc essi o n o f th e Sulta n s c hi ef

c n Karao l an i c e o f th e N o em e o physi ia , g , un l tary, D tri s

ka r n m m Pan efi o f Pal aeo st o . o e o the , Fr that ti f rward “ ” m f D e u a i e e to D emo r n The na e o p t t was alt r d ge o ts. sec o nd i n c iden t aro se ou t o f th e burn i n g o f the Turkish ? ee O off o ff Tc h esmé Th e ec n the fl t by rl Turks, susp ti g

e e him c o m e e em o e Chians of having ab tt d , p ll d th to pr vid

w e a e n o e o c e n h o stages . As h v furth r hist ri al ve ts c o n n ected w e o 1 700 -1 82 0 to e e l et ith this p ri d ( ) r lat , us, e ea e e e th e m e o f the rath r than l v a blank, r vi w na s Chians o f th o se tim es w ho were distinguish ed fo r th eir

l earning .

1 e s . n e se e V O l . 305 . Mull r , Hi t u iv r ll , IV, p . 9 3 94 CHIOS

o f c ? DANIEL . Patriarch Antio h

? o f e SAMUEL . Patriarch Al xandria

L I M I S e e o c e the G e K . L arn d in H ly S riptur and in r ek ? n e ec m e e o an n i n a la guag . B a M trop litan of J

AR E NTI S m an E U STRATI O S G . o c o . e e o D t r A v ry d v ut ,

o m e n S o e e c i o . and great phil s ph r . Studi d di ine ax ny

e o c e in ee an d Was v ry pr fi i nt Gr k, Latin Arabic .

1 m n a n E e e 71 9 e d . Trav ll d ( ) in I taly, G r a y gypt Whilst th ere he was app o inted by the Patriarch o f Al exa n dria to champi o n the orth o dox d ogm as against the attacks b eing mad e agai n st th em by two

f h e e he so d isco m fited em issari es o t e Po pe . Th s that the o n e di ed of gri ef and the oth er l eft the ? c ou n try

E KI ARI S o f em 1 6 5 c he SAVAS S . Author a po ( 9 ) in whi h

n he e c e o f o he en e lam e ts t th n aptur Chi s by t V tians . The m a n usc ript o f this p o em was preserved up to

he o f e e S kiari 1 82 2 t . e . in Church St G org ,

' ' K S o c o e e e O RAI . o o . ANTONIO D t r, p t and phil soph r Gr at ' 5 f Adam an tiu K rai gra n dfath er o s o s.

AMM I RAL L U S e e e DEMETRIOS . Studi d M dicin in Paris . 6 e The An a tom o B on ralon Translat d y f .

G O RDATU S o c e . e e KONSTANTINE . Als all d LILAS L arn d o m e e c o ce The Use o astron r , publish d a work n rning f

h Gl obes e n e t e . V ic

RH O D O CANACI S e o f Consta n ti n i KONSTANTINE . Writ r

1 o s cc es. s . v ol 6 e e . 1 9 . M l ti , E l Hi t , . IV, p 2 6 . 1 9 . Ibid . , p 3 4 84 . Ibid . , p . 4 2 2 2 . Ibid . , p . 5 th e e of e c es Adamantiu s o i w as n an d But fath r P ri l C ra a Chia , ' n o i w as call e d J oh C ra . 3 “ “ ou n e o o e en ev n . 1 46. H assel uist e s T r f rt V yag L a t , p q , Trav l

in th e e n . 5 1 . L va t, p 7 e e os cc es. s . vol . . 2 24 . M l ti , E l Hi t , IV, p

C H A P T E R X I I I .

os e an d c c e of the n s— c oo s es Pr p rity hara t r Chia S h l , Librari , o s s i c e e e s e m es son e s H pital , Publ H alth , L p r , Ill giti at , Pri r (1 700

n ow so w e m a b e e to e o f e ET us , that y abl judg th ir

n e c e the c e o f the n Co n e i flu n upon haract r Chia s, sid r

the o c o n n the e o f e s cial ditio s , and p culiar form s lf

e m e e c e ee fo r o e gov rn nt, und r whi h th y had b n living cl s w e up o n t o centuri s .

e o n o e m o the m o Aft r C stantin pl and S yrna , Chi s was st

o e o s an d the m o e C the o e o f pr sp r u , st civilis d ity in wh l

s E m e F o r s o e She in the Turki h pir . thi pr sp rity was

e e a m o en e to her c m m e c e— an o c c o d bt d , l st tir ly, o r upati n i m po sed up o n its i n habitan ts by an u n fertile an d m o un — tain o u s c o untry whi c h so kept pace with the in c rease o f h er p o pulati o n ? that o n e m ight say that c o m m erc ial apti

he c o mm o n b irth ift o f al l her c e E e tude was t g hildr n . v n n e n m e o ec o n e o n e o f the ea e i o ld ti s, Chi s was r k d gr t st

e e o f n n c e an d e e ce and w althi st all I o ia iti s , , n xt aft r La

em o n th e c es e e n c o n o f da , ri h t in slav s, a cl ar i di ati an

e n e em n fo r o c o o n e ee ext siv d a d lab ur, which uld ly hav b n

m m c We employed in co erc ial a tivity . have already s een h ow great was th e v o lum e o f her trade in the m iddle

1 n to th e e n m e on of th e n n s m e S o A ccordi g u rati i habita t , ad h rtly e th e m ss c e ec on of th e e o o n o— w ho b efor a a r , by dir ti M tr p lita Plat e s e i n it— t e n ot e c ee o ese him self p ri h d h y did x d all t ld . Of th o n e th e o n ee s n s an d ab ut i habit d t w Gr k , Lati , s th e es an d th e en s c Turk ) , villag , gard di tri t , n n s o n se en sm on is mi partly Gr ee ks a d partly Lati . C qu tly Si di s “ ” d u m o en - e l h d es . a v o . 64 en e en s . . 3 tak ( hi t repub y g , II , p ) wh puts th e n umb er of the in habitan ts of Chios at 96 CHIOS 9 7

e how m c . e th e ag s, and wide its ra ifi ation Lat r, island , pro fiting by the pro tecti o n afforded it by its th en all

o e c o n e e M avro co rd ato p w rful untryma , Al xand r , and of

o e e a Of e o f e e th r influ nti l Turkish fic rs Stat , and favour d

o en e to e n c e e by its natural positi n , was abl d still furth r i r as c o m m e e eo e w h o em e b e o its rc ; and its p pl , se d to b rn

n e fo r e ec m e the m c o m with a atural aptitud trad , b a ost

m ercial c o m m m o n th ee e e e n n o unity a g e Gr ks . Th r b i g serious o c cupati o n o p en to the Chians fo r the em ploy m e o f e e e e o e the e e o f nt th ir n rgi s, th r than furth ranc

e t e n e the o e o f i e o busin ss , h y aturally gav wh l the r att nti n

the o f o mm e ce he e fo r e to god C r ? and , in r turn th ir

e o o n e e e c an d en e d v ti , r ward d th m qui kly g rously . Thus

w as n e o m e e e e e to it that, withi a v ry sh rt ti , th y w r abl

e o e o f m m e ce m e m e o stablish h us s co r in A st rda , L gh rn ,

e e e e e o c o n o Mars ill s, Tri st , Malta , Al xandria, M s w , Taga r g,

O e e n o o e m c e d ssa, Vi n a, C nstantin pl , S yrna , Thra , Syria,

d e a f m h an o o . t e o th r p rts Asia I n S yrna, all Sh ps that

e n e t n To em o s o ld Cl oth b lo g d o Chia s . th als (with the excepti o n of a few o wn ed by Arm en ia n s) bel o n ged the sh o ps wh ere every vari ety o f silk and gold em bro idered

m en e e o e e e o e n e gar ts w r s ld . But v n th o s wh s busi ss

o o em to E o e e e e e en e t k th ur p n v r s ttled th er . Wh th y

e c e em e e o r ec o m e o l d e e e e had nri h d th s lv s, b , th y ith r gav

e n e a n d e e e ow n c o n up th ir busi ss r turn d to th ir u try, th ere to en j oy th e remainder o f their lives in th e m idst o f

e m o r se e o to e c e em o th ir fa ily, nt th ir s ns r pla th . Alth ugh the go od fortu n e whi c h atten d ed them in foreign cou n tries m ust n o d o ubt have tended to m ake their s ojourn th ere

e n o n e et e e e o to e n to a pl asa t , y w r th y always anxi us r tur

o c e e em the e o f au to n o Chi s, whi h Off r d th all advantag s

m o o e m e o e c m m o us g v rn nt, Eur p an ivilisation , i unity fr m

e o m e o em e e Turkish oppr ssi n , and a cli at b th t p rat and

e . e e o e th e e e h althy Thith r th y all fl ck d , and w alth th y

1 e mes E m ol ai os H r p . 9 8 CHIOS brought back contributed not a little to the prosp erity o f c o The o f e the untry . inhabitants Chios w re divided into five c e — e ee e o lass s M rchants , Artisans, Shopk p rs, Sail rs m o th e e and Far ers . Alth ugh int rnal trade o f th e island m e e m an m e o r e e o o was s all , v ry was or l ss prosp r us, b th o n account of its n um erous m anufacturing industries and

e e o f the c e eo e w ho e e b caus thrifty chara t r of a p pl , n v r

n the e e e The mm f spe t whol of th ir arnings . co erce o

o w as e e to o the Psariots Chi s gr atly assist d , , by and e m e e e e Hydriots . B ing ost xp ri nc d and daring sailors , they were hired by the Chian m erc hants to make l o ng

e o e o o o e voyag s , and run corn and th r pr visions int bl ckad d — p o rts this was particularly th e case during the wars that — foll owed the French Revo lution and from th ese trans

e e e e e o m fo r o e e actions th r r sult d n r ous gains all c nc rn d . the e of e e e the This, and f ar political cons qu nc s , was

e the m e c o e r ason why Chian r hants, alth ugh th y could c o m m and the servi c es of skilful shipbuilders (like th o se

V ro n tad o o e o e of at , who c uld build ships qual to th s any E e e e fi e o f m e urop an country) and poss ss d a suf ci ncy ti b r, o w n ee o f e o w n e e e o did not a fl t th ir . R sourc ful n ugh in his industry to b e abl e to earn mon ey under al m o st

m e e o e n o m c any circu stanc s? hon st and trustw rthy, co i al e e fo r e the o f and frugal , ag r l arning and acquisition

c o e e e e m o o the pra tical kn wl dg , v r arching f rward al ng

o f e e- the e em o f e road civilisation , p ac loving and n y strif e ee m the and disturbanc , ch rful and hu orous? Chian presents the philosophical e nquirer with an illustration o f the e m e ce e e e nor ous influ n , x rt d by laws and political ffe e the m c e surroundings, in di r ntiating orality and chara t r

1 w e o e e th e es on of h os e This as cl arly pr v d aft r d tructi C i . N arly th e c m es en n e an d e c e to en e s n ce all ri h fa ili , th rui d r du d p ury, hav i o e e o n es b e en abl e t r build th ir f rtu . 2 The humorous an d j ocular Character of the Chian h as l ed to ” e n een c e scon s d u e n an d en se to the th ir havi g b all d Ga L va t, giv ri ’ ” “ s n es Chioti hron imon es rasin al o on . hen ou ayi g, Id p , id p g ( W y h n en s e h n ou e seen een ave see a s ibl C ia , y hav a gr

1 00 CHIOS comm en ce our account o f the public institutions of ? Chi o s

1 n i hi s n s. o e . n s o of eece vol c Tra N t Fi lay, Hi t ry Gr , . V, hap . V 2 30 e sc es th e c c e ofth e n s in the o o n o s p . , d rib hara t r Chia f ll wi g w rd Th e i slan d of Chios had always r e tai n ed th e social sup eriority whic h it po ssessed u n d er the pruden t admin istratio n of th e m er l e co m n of th e s n n th e n n s c an ti pa y Giu ti ia i . Still i habita t were th e portion of th e Gre ek p eopl e which suffered th e fewest evils om th e O thom an om n on n the e een c en Th e fr d i ati duri g ight th tury . c ses of e n ess an d os e n on e o e au th ir happi pr p rity duri g a l g p ri d , whil th e es of e co n t m en e e o o an d sc on en e ese e r t th ir u ry w r p r di t t d , d rv b e e m n e en o n Th e b e o i to . s c to se e s xa i d with att ti fir t fa t b rv d , e e e m o e on es an d n s o s n h e o e ee that th y w r r h t i du tri u tha t th r Gr ks. It w as th eir m oral an d social sup eriority which en abled them to sec e to e m se es the en o m en of th e s of e n s ur th lv j y t fruit th ir i du try . The sup erio r m oral c haracter of the Chiots w as ackn ow e e o o the e n e e e e es e of the l dg d thr ugh ut L va t . Th y w r alik d titut n so en c e an d c of th e n o s an d of the m e n n ess an d i l rapa ity Pha ari t , a en c of th e n ee s of th e o n n en Th e m e fraudul y tradi g Gr k C ti t . ark d diff er en ce whi c h e xi sted b etween them an d th e r est of th eir c oun try e n w as o se e e e e e an d o e n e n w as m b rv d by v ry trav ll r f r ig m rcha t . It en e e to th e e e es e o sesse hi s g rally attribut d gr at privil g th y p s d . T e n on w as s es e the o e ee s as an e c se for xpla ati ugg t d , by th r Gr k , x u t e o w n V c es a n d s on es an d w as o e s n e s h ir i di h ty, it ad pt d by tra g r ffi n m n o n w a m n th e e o s c e e . s s e with ut u i t xa i ati It aid that Sul i a Gr at, o r e his son e m e th e s n e en s ec e to rath r S li I I , aft r i la d had b ubj t d th e O th oma n m n s on s in 1 5 66 n e ad i i trati by Piali Pa ha , had gra t d a c e to th e o s c e e o s oc s es e e hart r Chi t , by whi h th ir pr vi u l al u ag w r n m es n t e to e e n h e se h o e s o o e t c . T e c fir d . But thi d app ar hav b a suppo sed Chart er w as n othi ng m ore than th e toleration of th e fisc al s s em of th e us n n o ai n e th e m en of an m en e y t Gi ti ia i , bt d by pay t aug t d e tribut . Th e true explan ation of th e m oral sup eriority of the Chiots must s n i m e c o n b e ought i the r fa ily du ati . Th e os e of os n e O thom an om n on m s con pr p rity Chi , u d r d i ati , u t sequ en tly b e c on sidered as en tir ely d u e to th e exc ell en t education th e i n habitan ts r ec eive d for m an y gen eration s i n th e bosoms of e mil es an d n ot to an e o n sc e e s an d im th ir fa i , y xtra rdi ary fi al privil g m u n iti es th e sl n en o e n or to an ec o c i a d j y d , y p uliar fav ur with whi h w h s n s th e o s s e th e s m it as treated by t e ulta . Had Chi t di play d a e s of en an d ssen s on an d o o e th e s m e c o se of se s pirit vy di i , f ll w d a ur lfi h n es as th e e e of th e ee s e ec e es i trigu gr at r part Gr k , th ir p uliar privil g o o n e ecom e an on n c em en to s e an d w uld ly hav b additi al i it t di put , wo uld have en tail ed greater misery on th em than th e direc t op eration f s ess on w as n on i e m n a n d o o . n c Turki h ppr i It by u i th ir u i ipality, oo i n e e e i n s th e o s en e e e g d faith th ir privat d al g , that Chi t r d r d th ir ’ n c en s es ess n to e s n an d e sc s s em an a i t u ag a bl i g th ir i la d , th ir fi al y t n e to th e eo e n s e of con e n em n o m e n s adva tag p pl , i t ad v rti g th i t a a of n the m on o f th e e c on s an d of en c n gratifyi g a biti w althy ar h t , ri hi g

few m es as w as th e c se i n m os o e ee comm n es. a pri at , a t th r Gr k u iti CHIOS 1 0 1

mon the o s n s w as on o e an d the hon es an d c e A g Chi t i du try h ur d , t a tiv c en ose e son e e on s n e him the es ec of his itiz , wh p r al x rti had gai d r p t e o -co n m en w as se ec e to c on c the m n c s f ll w u try , l t d du t u i ipal affair n d to th e o c m s c es en ess w as so n e s l a fill l al agi tra i . Idl u iv r al y es se i n os on e of th e e e c es e e w as n o d pi d , that Chi al , all Gr k iti , th r class of youn g archon ts w h o co n sidered it ign obl e to b e usefully e m o e an d w ho s en e m e i n so c n om th e s pl y d , p t th ir ti li iti g fr Turk th e os of -c o ec o s or i n n n to b e n m e m es p t tax ll t r , i trigui g a d pri at by th e n en ce o f s in o e to o n the m e n s of en c n i flu a pa ha, rd r btai a ri hi g em se es c n as n s m en s of sc e o on The s e o th lv by a ti g i tru t fi al xt rti . up ri r m o of th e o s i n e on s of e e an d o n es rality Chi t all r lati lif , th ir truth h ty , r en dered th eir islan d for several cen turi es th e m ost flo urishi n g an d the es o on of eec e e n e the O thom an as n e happi t p rti Gr , alik u d r u d r th e en oese om n on G d i ati . C H A P T E R XI V .

— — The Gr eat Public Sc ho ol The Public Library The H o spital Plague H o spital Pr ec auti on s again st the e— om e for e e s— o n n s— son e s Plagu H L p r F u dli g Pri r .

TH E P UB L I C SCH O L O .

O e e ee o o n e e H I S poss ss d thr public sch ols , in ach e f h o the e 1 2 the quart r o t e town . Ab ut y ar 79 e o m e e o f m richer citiz ns c bin d , and by m ans volu

e o e tary subscriptions purchas d a spacious h us , with a e e e the o e gard n and large courtyard . Th y r built h us at great co st (the building o f the library and the making o f the e o n e e o f e o w ll al cost piastr s that p ri d) , and in it establish ed the publi c sc ho o l whi c h was to bec o m e so

m e o n m o e e fa ous lat r . A ngst thos who gav instruction

e e the e ee u e the c e e th r in anci nt Gr k lang ag , and in s i nc s,

e e o m e m n o f w r (at vari us ti s) Ada antins Rosios, Atha asius

' o V ard al o c hos o Tsel e e D o ro theu s o f Por s? , J hn p , Pr os,

the e e N eo h tu s m . e e e e e and l arn d p y Ba ba B sid s th s , th re

e a The e wer fo urteen juni o r te ch ers . additional subj cts

the e e e e e taught in school , ach by a sp cially qualifi d t ach r,

e e the e e w r Fr nch and Turkish languag s , drawing and

o e C m c The e e e m e o o f m d rn hurch usi . xc ll nt th d its

e c the o e e s t a hing , and rapid pr gr ss mad by its pupil , so spread its fam e thro ugho ut Greece that students fl o cked e e m e the m e o f to it from all parts . I n r c nt ti s nu b r

e e 700 o f o m 2 00 e e n e . pupils had r ach d , wh w r stra g rs

e e e e o e e m e e e to Th s latt r, b f r b ing ad itt d , w r bound furnish

1 “ 67 . n e 1 836 v ol . . Saturday Magazi , VIII , p

1 04 CHIOS e e e o n the e e e xp ns , und rstanding that th y would r turn to h o tea c h in t e sch o l . The Sch o o l o f Chios p o ssesse d a fin e chem ical labo rato r an d o f c em c c e y a chair h istry, whi h was oc upi d by

m o e n . e c N Ba ba ; als a spl ndid printi g pr ss, whi h had

en m e e e e m c be brought fro Paris, at gr at xp ns and with u h

e the e o ce n e the su erin ten car , by lat C rai , and pla d u d r p ? en e o f B a rho ffer e m m o d c y , a G r an fro Frankf rt Four

ee o e o m e e c o e trust s and f ur ph rs ( anag rs) , car fully h s n

m m o the m e eem e m en th e n fro a ng ost st d in isla d ,

e the o o o e fo r e e manag d sch l , and pr vid d all its r quir

e The e e e o f the c m nts . r v nu s hool was d erived partly

o m e o f the e to e ef ec o n e fr d dicati ons w althy, tak f t th ir death partly fro m donati o ns received fro m tim e to tim e from Greeks o f other parts? and partly from the subsc riptions o f Chian m erc hants in all parts o f Euro p e e e o e ee and Turk y, who paid a c rtain am unt ov r to trust s

e m e e for o e appoint d by the s lv s that particular purp s . An o ther p iastresw ere c o llected yearly by the public

e to the c o ee the o m and paid ov r s h ol . As it had b n cust

ov e e m o e n e the c o o f to pr id v ry su ptu us w ddi g banqu ts, st whi c h pressed ve ry h eavily o n the parents of the bride on acc ount o f the very large num ber o f guests they w ere

e ec e e e e o e e e e the xp t d to invit , it was d cid d , in rd r to r li v

e s to e the e o f the o par nt , and light n burd n sch ol , that in future only very n ear relati o ns and intim ate fri ends fro m

o m e b e n abr ad , who ight happ n to stayi g in Chios, should ' b e n e the e e o o v e i vit d , and that brid s fath r sh uld pay r ’ n er e o f e o to the c o o l o e p c nt . his daught r s d wry s h ; and th e Ar c hbisho p w as fo rbidden to grant a m arriage licen ce except o n the presentati o n of a certificate sh owing that The th e am o unt d u e to the scho o l had b een duly paid .

e e e e of the m e to e y arly xp ns s school a ount d piastr s,

1 en on of s ess an d of the e ce en c e of th e sc oo is M ti thi pr , x ll h l,

m e in Th e e e n c c o e 1 81 9 . 384 . ad R vu E y l pédiqu , May , p 2 n e s es Th e late V arvakis alo n e co tribut d pia tr . CHIOS 1 0 5

the e e e e e e ee e the m e o but xp nditur n v r xc d d inco , wing to th e in exhaustibl e gen ero sity o f the Chians in pro vi e e su m m b e e e e e ding what v r ight r quir d . Th r was a law whi c h directed that the anniversary day o f the Three H i erarchs (the 3oth o f January) should b e publicly o bserved ; that the Arc hbishop sh ould o n that day officiate in the Church o f the Broth erh o o d o f the H o ly

A n ar ri the m es o e w h o e e gy , and that na of th s had h lp d the c oo o b c mm em e The e s h l sh uld e o orat d . s rvice ’ end ed with the preac hing o f God s Wo rd from the pulpit . The school authoriti es m ade it a rul e to su c c o ur all past teac hers wh o se m eans were insuffic ient to provide - th em with the n ecessari es o f life ; and wh en a tea cher c o uld satisfy them that his salary (th ese w ere all paid quarterly) was n o t suffi cien t to e nabl e him to m eet his

o e ee the ee an d the e o o m e pr p r n ds, trust s phors w uld c to

ce m a . o e e o f e his assistan I t is, h w v r, worthy r rk that, in

e o f e e e e e em e e few spit all th s xc ll nt arrang nts, v ry Chian

e e e ve e e e c o the childr n r c i d an ad quat du ati n , and that

e e e e n e o r few pupils who did w r ith r stra g rs , , with e h c e n o t t e e o f the e c e . x ptions, childr n w althy lass s The reaso n o f this was that the Chian paren ts were so so li c i

to o e o f o mm e a m e c e tous f st r a spirit c rci lis in th ir hildr n ,

n o e fo r e o e e that, u f rtunat ly th m , as so n as th y had attain d the a e o f een an d e e e to e c the g thirt , w r j ust b ginning r a h

n e o f l earn i n the o b e e off to m n o r fri g g, y w uld s nt S yr a to

n o e n f c e e e m o i n o Co stantin pl , i su fi i ntly ducat d , and al st g rant o f th eir m other to ngu e

TH E P B L I C L A U I B R RY.

This was added to th e sch o o l buildings in the year

1 8 1 7 . o f o e o o e It was n bl pr porti ns, and capabl of n e e f o e e e o e holdi g a larg numb r o b o ks . I n it w r d p sit d , o n m e ee o f the e e the in c for itywith a d cr p opl , all books “ e o ee B r th rhood o f the b l nging to the thr o e s island, and 1 06 CHIOS the e of the e librari s xisting public schools . Th ese o e e m e o m t g th r a ount d to about v lu es in all . The e e c e o m the Library was furth r nri h d , fr day to day, by purch ase o f n ewly publish ed wo rks (out o f a yearly sum o f piastres appropriated to that purpose) an d through the en e o e c e o f e e e o e o b v l n Philh ll n Eur p an sch lars, who , o n th e o f e e invitation Corai , would gratuitously pr s nt

o e o f e e o e the c pi s th ir valuabl works to Chi s . Furth r Chia n s e ntrusted that sam e ren own ed Teacher o f H elle m e o e the e su m nis (whos bust ad rn d Library) , with a y arly o f piastres for the producti o n o f the wo rks o f

ee The e e ee Gr k authors . Library was Op n to all b tw n

e . e e the e e en fix d hours Th r stud nt would find pap r, p e the and ink for his not s , and could obtain book he e the o th e want d from Librarian . I t was nly school t ea chers w ho were allowed to take books home with em th .

TH E PUB L I C H OSPI TAL .

The Public H o spital was situated n ear the Churc h of the e e the e e o f the o Bl ss d Virgin , in south rn quart r t wn , “ ” “ in th e part called th e Kata AEgia l bs ( the lower s n m m e e 1 50 e the e Thi buildi g was co nc d in 7 , und r sup r

o f e Sk l itsis an d m e e e the vision Dr . P tro y , was od ll d aft r ? o n e en e c m e e 1 80 in Flor c . I t was o pl t d in 7 Its dis

o n w as o d mm e 2 00 positi go , and it could acco odat

e o the m e e e e ee e 1 30 pati nts, alth ugh nu b r n v r xc d d , and w as e e m 0 to 80 o e e e to g n rally fro 7 . I t als gav sh lt r

o 3 0 m en 1 0 e e e o n ab ut old , and insan p rsons, who liv d

1 V ouros I n his e se o n os s to h c w e are in Dr . J . , tr ati H pital ( w i h f th e o e o n e o e e e for m n o e s s s . 5 0 d bt d a y ab v d tail ) , ay , p , that , b f r the n of t i s os e e s oo on th e s m e s o buildi g h h pital , th r had t d a p t m o i n 1 6 0 w as the os s s a 4 . e s a all h pit l , built P rhap that h pital e e e to i n m en o ese m n sc an d e en h e r f rr d y G a u ript , by Dapp r wh s s " n s V e d e o u n e c e n e ce c omm e un ay . I y a da la ill ( Chi ) rtai pla ‘ b a ert O I I o s l es es et o e s en s son re u s et s j , t u pauvr v yag ur Chréti t c traité ” e n n o n esc on charitabl m e t p en da t tr is j ours et trois uits. (D ripti ’ e c e d e l Archi el xa t p , p .

1 0 8 CHIOS the o o an d e e e o e m e e e f d , att nd to v ry th r att r that conc rn d the i n e m n em e o f the o t rnal a ag nt hospital . Four wid w ladi es o f th e l eading famili es superintend ed the interi o r

n o m o f the o s The e m fi e ec o y h pital . t r of th eir of c was

two e o m e em o u t e e y ars , but s of th , of philanthropy, s rv d

fo r ten e o o n to e ee , and ach t k it in tur att nd for a w k at

me e e the fed em e e a ti . Th y sl pt in hospital , th s lv s at ’ e o w n e e n se e the c C m e th e o m e th ir xp , wash d si k, o b d w n s

i a e e to w ho n ee o f e e e ha r, tt nd d all had d th ir s rvic s,

c e e the o o o m e c n e e wat h d ov r distributi n of f d and di i , s nt to the h o uses o f the rich the material given th em by the

ee to b e e e m e c o e trust s, th r ad up , gratuitously, into l th s

the e o o e e o e for pati nts . All f d r quir d , was b ught in larg

n e e o e o m e th e o o o f qua titi s and k pt in st r ro s, und r c ntr l

e e e w ho e o u t as e e th s ladi s, gav it it was r quir d, and

had to ac c o unt for it to th e trustees o n ce a week . The i n c o m e o f the h ospital was ab o ut to

es er m th e e e e o N o w piastr p annu , xp ns s ab ut a o the o m e m e lth ugh h spital had any ndow nts, and rec eived m any gifts an d l egac i es? as w ell as a share of

the c o ec o n o f the C c e et e Sunday ll ti s all hur h s, y th re

o b e o cc n e n to o f e w uld asio s wh n (owi g want fr sh funds, or to an unusual am ou n t o f sickness) it would n o t be i n a p o siti o n to m eet the differen c e between receipts and

e n e e o c c e the n o exp ditur . Wh n this urr d Chia s w uld call

m ee o se o e o e e a ting, and at it all th , wh s taxati n was ass ss d o e 5 0 e o o e at v r piastr s, w uld j oin in c ntributing, ach

c co n m ea th e m e e to e a rdi g to his ns, a ount r quir d balanc

the o it o n h sp al acc u ts .

TH E PL AGUE H I L OSP TA .

This most b en eficen t institution was situate ab o ut ’ ee m e m the th e o o n fift n inut s walk fro town , to N rth , an

1 o t e o e th e ee of n e en en c e V arvaki sen Sh r ly b f r Gr k War I d p d , t a su m of s es to th e c of h os to b e n es e and pia tr Publi C i , i v t d, th e n com e to th e os i paid H pital . CHIOS 1 09

ed e o f o the sea o e iso lat pi ce gr und by , and was surr und d

m e o e e o the sea with a high wall . Its ain gat p n d t wards , an d o n passing through o n e e ntered a wid e c o urt paved

e e o e o e e the o o f with vari gat d st n s, ar und which w r do rs

m e c o n e e e o m e o he e o o . t b dr s, a h s parat fr its n ighb ur

Th e e o o e e e fo r o m e the o e upp r fl r was r s rv d w n , l w r for m en c e e m o o f o n an d . I t had a onsid rabl a unt gr u ds ,

o e e e the of c e th e o o a t w r (wh r fi ials r sided , and f d was

e c c e . c o c k pt) , and a hurch all d St Ni las, in whi h an an nual m em o rial servi ce was c o ndu c ted by th e Arc h

o in em em e o f o e w h o e o f th e e bish p r branc th s di d plagu ,

‘ as was also don e o n the s ec o nd Su n day in Len t at the

f m e n m e em c o . e Chur h Ca pana Att nda ts , al and f al , and tw o e e the n the o m e to m n e pri sts liv d in buildi g , f r r i ist r to the c the e for th e e e o f e s Si k, latt r b n fit th ir piritual

e e e e e o ee ea o f c e c a e h alth . Th r w r als thr h lth fi rs ( ll d O fficia o e fo r the an o e ) app int d isl d , wh s duty it was, in

f n o ce o f e to o e the e e c e o . as ti plagu , is lat susp ct d part I n su c h c ases n o si c k p erso n was allowed to c all in o c o e h e een e the ee a d t r, unl ss had b first Visit d by thr he f ce o e e em e v e o alth o fi rs, who , th ugh xp rts th s l s , w uld by way o f extra prec auti o n s o m etim es take p ers o n s with th em w ho were sp ec ially fam iliar with the sym pto m s o f

e e . e e e e e c o this dis as Th n , if th y d t ct d any suspi i us

’ m o m e o c o e th e c m o e sy pt s, th y w uld l s si k an s h us ,

o a e him om e o an d he e e o o is l t fr his r lati ns , , if w r a p r

n a e him to e o o m i n the o a Th e m a . e , t k a b dr h spit l n xt day all his c l o thing was taken an d subj ected to d isin

fectio n fo r o th e n ec e o e m e f rty days , and i f t d h us fu igat d .

Th e n n e e e o e to e n to i habita ts w r th n all w d r tur it, and

o e n o f e e the s c m an take p ss ssio th ir prop rty . If i k was

c h e o e to em om e a n d o e ri h , was all w d r ain at h , th s who

een e o e to ec o e e o a e e e e e had b xp s d inf ti n w r is l t d ls wh r .

he e h e w as c e to th e o an d I f di d , arri d h spital buri ed

e e th e o f e v e s ec th th r , and it was duty his r lati s to di inf t e

e the e . h o us , and furnitur in it 1 1 0 CHIOS

The e to e e the ef e e e Chians, in ord r nsur fici ncy of th s o o e e e e the o e pr visi ns, r pr s nt d to G v rnor, who was also at the e the s m h e b e h ad of Cu to s , that ought to a vigilant ’ o f the e e e e the e guardian island s h alth , b caus , wh n plagu

e the m e c e the m e was rif , Custo H ous was los d , and pay nt

e e e . o e e e e of duti s arr st d C ns qu ntly a rul was mad , that

e an o r m e e e e o the o wh n y ship , s all r v ss l , sail d int harb ur, n ot o o n o m o fli cer o o n nly sh uld Custo s g board , but no o n e b e allowed to land from it without the p er

he e f ce e e m an mission of t h alth o fi r . Ev ry y ar a was

e c the o e e e appoint d to wat h harb ur, and pr v nt infring

m e o f e o . e e e e e nts this r gulati n B sides this man , th r w r

ee o e t m e thr inspect rs, whos du y it was, acco pani d by a

o o to e m d ct r, insp ct all ships both co ing in and going

e e o m e e e the e out . Wh n a ship arriv d fr a plac wh r plagu w as e w as e pr vailing, it put into quarantin for six days m an o o n h e e o nly ; but if a sick was f und board , was tak n

the e the m e e to to Plagu H ospital , and ship co p ll d go th e em e e the outsid e harbour, and r ain th r until nature ’

f the ffe e e e . o su r r s illn ss was diagnos d All ships, on

to o e e e o e th eir arrival , had pr duc a c rtificat , sh wing th y ? m e e e n otw ith had co from a h althy port Unfortunat ly,

n e e e - o e e e e e standi g all th s w ll c nsid r d pr cautions, it happ n d so m etim es that the plague did find its way into the m e the w as island , and deci at inhabitants . This mostly d u e to the numb er o f small Turkish vessels which

e o m to the e s f bro ught food ov r fr Asia, and cr w o

m en -o f- e Turkish war, who would land without und r

e m . i n the o f the going xa ination Thus, visitation m 1 88 e o f the epide ic in 7 , n arly inhabitants 000 f 1 4 he e e 5 o 1 8 . T o p rish d , and in that h spital m o f e The e o wn ed a c ertain a ount prop rty . incom o f

the e c e e e o m e this , and l ga i s it r c ived fr m ti to time

1 This w as a very an cien t ordin an ce dating from th e fifteen th n co o N icol aid e on 6 a n e c e tury . (Ni l , Navigati Vi ggi fatti lla Tur ” n e . 1 580 . c etc . e hia , , V t , , p

1 1 2 CHIOS

m e m e e e the few Lazarus . To this ho ca , b sid s Chian

e e e m n n e e e m e l p rs , a gr at a y stra g rs, sp cially fro Mityl ne , w ho a o e an m e o w n c o , lth ugh th y had asylu in th ir untry,

e e e th e o n e o c e e e e pr f rr d in Chi s , as it was l an r and b tt r

e e n o c o the o me m e . e anag d Th r was do t r attach d to h ,

ec e the e the o e n e b aus Chians , as w ll as all th r isla d rs ,

e e n the e se " c e o b li vi g that dis a was, alas in urabl , th ught it

e e to e o n e e e . e an e c us l ss hav th r But , wh n y f ll si k

o e es e the ee e o o to en with th r illn s s , trust s s nt a d ct r att d

e m ee e e the m e e to th . Four trust s dir ct d ho . Of th se

e e e e e e the e tw o two w r chang d v ry two y ars, and oth r

e e e e e m o e eve ry fo urth y ar . Its y arly xp nditur a unt d to

o e an d w as m et o n o n ab ut piastr s, by d ati s , and

e of e n o f the s m e m e oth r f ri gs Chri tians , and pay nts ad by the i n mates wh en th ey h a pp e n ed to b e in a positi o n to em w as the c o m fo r o n e o f the e e to affo rd th . I t ust l p rs

o o n the e e er o o n c g r u d hous s v y M nday, and all publi o s to b e e e o of o six to h liday , and giv n a larg l af, ab ut

n e e o n t e seven p o u ds . Wh n a p rs was unwilling o giv a

o h e e the e e in m n e . l af, gav quival nt o y

FO UNDL I N GS.

e e n o e ace fo r e Th r was sp cial pl foundlings , but, wh n

e m e c en e e o n e en ill giti at hildr w r b r , th ir par ts, wrapping

e m sec e m o e em at n th up ur ly and war ly , w uld tak th ight an d hang th em o n th e handl e o f an y d o o r th ey m ight

e the c e een e n m e . e s l ct I f hild had alr ady b baptis d , its a w as e o n to c o e n o t o e w h o o o fix d its l th s if , th s t k it in

o a e c en e an d e o n to th e w uld h v it hrist d , th n hand it three tru stees app o inte d by the D em ogero n ts fo r the

Th e u ee o n n se fo r the a o e . e purp s tr st s f u d ur s bab s, p id

r n n an d e ec es C o e h fo th eir ursi g th ir n sary l th s . T e nurses had to bri n g th e c hildren twi c e a m o n th to the tru stees, so that th ey m ight assure them selves o f th eir

e O n o n the c e n e e o u t to h alth . gr wi g up hildr w r put h e c e o o e o t e ee e e . s rvi , and l k d up n trust s as th ir fath rs CHIOS 1 1 3

he ee e em e to e T trust s th n had th taught a trad , saw th ir

m n d e e e n e a e e . g tti g arri d , att nd d th ir w ddings Many

e e o e c e m e o f em w r ad pt d by hildl ss wo n ; but, if any th

e e o e e e m e c en o f e o w n di d b f r th y had l giti at hildr th ir ,

e o e e the ee e e e th ir pr p rty w nt to trust s . Th s childr n were m aintain ed by sum s dedicated fo r the purp o se by

n e e e e ee o f m o e the Christia s, and wh n th y w r in n d n y

c o en to em publi w uld l d it th , without charging any

e e int r st .

PRI SON ERS

ee ee e e e to se e tw o e v e o e Thr trust s, l ct d rv y ars , isit d th s o ce an d e em e e m o in pris n twi a day, gav th v ry rning and e e n f en c o f o o e v ni g a su fici y f d and lights . I f any strang r

m o e fo r n o t a a o e was i pris n d p ying his Capit ti n tax, th y

f r him e e him h f o e . o t e c e o paid it and r l as d Als , in as

n to o o to th e e the Chia s p or pay tax , th y would ask

e n o fo r c c o n o f the su m d u e m em Gov r r an a u t fro th , and

e a eem en e m e ee e c e wh n an gr t as to th ir nu b r had b n r a h d, e fo r em o o co m e th y paid th . This instituti n als had its in , whi c h was suppl em ented by ge n erous c o ntributi o ns fro m the c e e e e e ee e ec e Th e publi wh n its xp ns s xc d d its r ipts . trustees had to give an ac co u n t o f receipts and exp enditure to o m ee inc ing trust s . C H A P T E R X V .

— — — Clergy Chur ches The Thre e B roth erhood s M on asteries N ea one— s o es— The D emo ero n ts M Turki h Auth riti g .

H E Clergy of Chio s w ere c ontro lled by an Arch bishop appointed fo r life by the Patriarch o f Co n

tan tin o l e H e n o o m s . o e e p had auth rity v r lay att rs, an d in th ese was bou n d to o b ey the D em ogero n ts with o ut

e N o r h e e o f qu stion . had any authority ov r any the c e the o o r th e c o o hurch s in t wn untry . H is auth rity was

m e e c o e the m em e o f the c e r ly dis iplinary v r b rs l rgy, in

e s e o f e a m ee fo r e e he m r p ct th ir spiritu l isd ds, and th s ight

e c o n e em e o o n o t arr st and nfi th in his M tr p lis . I t was

the c o m h im to v the o e ust for isit at h us s , or to walk about

the o n H e n e e e c e e the t w . had his wi t r r sid n n ar Church

f o m m e o n e u the o . c o t e St N i las , and his su r in gard n c e e the e he e e e o m the distri t . B sid s piastr s r c iv d fr

c e he o e e o ce o f n c me Publi Tr asury , had th r r gular s ur s i o ,

an d e e the m he ece e o n the o c o o f th s , with su s r iv d casi n

e n m em o e c e e o e w ddi gs, rial s rvi s, fun rals, and th r

n c o n e e en o to e e him to m ee fu ti s, w r ugh nabl t his

o to the e c e e him obligati ns Gr at Chur h , and to l av a

‘ ow n u se H e e suffic i en cy for his . had no p ow r to

n c e e o m e n o r he e to n o e in i r as his inc , did dar i tr duc

o o n e e the c e e e n vati s, b caus , if publi w r dissatisfi d with him o em o the e , it could btain his r val by Gr at Church , e e as i n deed o nce happ n d .

e e e e - c e the an d Th r w r sixty six hurch s in town , if to ? e e o u se o e the o 600 The th s y add tho all v r island, ab ut

1 Thi s habit of buildi n g sup erfluous church es an d c hap els still

1 1 4.

1 1 6 CHIOS and witho ut their consent n ot even the smallest outlay

e m e was p r issibl . I n th e to w n o f Chi o s th ere w er e three large and

ea ec o e c c e the o c o b utifully d rat d hur h s, that of H ly Vi t rs

the A l o taria e o f the An ar ri the in p quart r, that H oly gy in E n krem o e o f the H o o e the g quart r, and that ly Ap stl s in

P l ae kastro n e e the c c e e a o quart r . During L nt hur h s w re en o m e m o n e e Su n d a a e m o Op fr arly orning , and v ry y s r n c e eac the o o f e e c w as prea h d in h . For supp rt th s Chur hes ” B rotherhoods were f o rm e d from am o ngst th e i n habitants o f the particular district in whi c h the churc h

e the m em e o f e e B rotherhoods was situat d , and b rs th s

c e c su m he m e ea h subscrib d su h as ight wish . Wh n any m e m e e the B rotherhood to c b r di d, it was duty of his arry

e e e the e his bi r, and provid candl s and oth r usual

the ec e e ee requi sites o f a fun eral . But if d as d had b n

m em e o f the o e tw o B rotherhoods we c a b r th r as ll , whi h

en e the e e e to o e e o to e was g rally cas , th n th y w r b und s nd

n he e Th e B r her d f represe tatives to t fun ral . ot hoo o

Pal aeo kastro n l ed the o ce o o f E n krem o cam e pr ssi n , that g

f A l ri h ec o o o ta a . t e ece e s nd , and that p third I f d as d had n o t e e c o m fee d u e alr ady s nt in his subs ripti n , a s all was to B rotherhood he e e e his , but if had th r was no furth r

m t b e m e e e fo r the c o o f th e e e o . pay nt ad , xc pt st grav “ e the e o n n as Wh n fun ral was with ut i vitatio , it was

e the es an d e c n o f the o call d , all pri ts d a o s island w uld ass em ble at the Churc h o f the quarter in whi c h the

ec e e e b e e e e tw o m d as d had liv d , and pr s nt d with s all

e o f c e o th e o n e c tap rs, whi h th y w uld light and arry it,

tw o e e e n e s walking al o ng slowly abr ast . Th s fu ral to o k

n e the ece e w as pl ace with b efitti g display . Wh n d as d a

e m an the c o o o the o ces o w althy , Ar hbish p t k part in pr si n ,

n his c e co e the e e weari g ar hi pis pal rob s, whilst pri sts wor m o e e m e th e e c o e o e e . whit , and d a ns th ir g ld br id r d gar nts The ch o ir c hante d al o ud as th ey m arc h ed al o ng am idst m e o f e e e e a ultitud uplift d cross s and light d candl s, and CHIOS 1 1 7

h The m e the e o o e t e . behind ca r lati ns, f llow d by crowd

r oods o e e e e e e e o B rothe h p ss ss d som prop rty, but d p nd d up n m e h c o of e m em e . t e ntributions th ir b rs I f, at any ti , e o e e e b e m et the e e xtra rdinary xp nditur had to , w althi r m em bers wo uld Com e fo rward and assist according to ? th eir m eans

e e e e e e m e e an d tw o Th r w r s v n onast ri s in Chios,

o e The m o n e e e e : o f th e Di ev thbn c nv nts . ast ri s w r that ,

o f the Reston the n o o f the o f the that in rth island , that

o An a r ron o f H a i os Mi n as e the m o H ly gy , that g n ar Ka p s ,

o f the V retbn o f Sterb n the o o f the that , that in s uth, that

the e Th e c o e e e o e o f N éa Mon e in w st . nv nts w r th s

Ka im ia h m six e e Cha l d n dri l a s . O t e o e e and f nast ri s , w r

m e o few m w ho s all and inhabit d nly by a onks , had

e e e e m n e church s with b lfri s , and liv d by far i g th ir land

e o w n o The o m e o f the c en with th ir lab ur . inc onv ts m th e o 2 5 0 m e w ho was s all , and nuns, ab ut i n nu b r,

e e e to o e e m e n arly all b long d h nourabl and l ading fa ili s, e e m e th e o e o f w r aintain d by w rk and h lp Christians , th o ugh so m e were provided for by th eir o w n parents and f e o n . ee ee e e e o r e o ec e r lati s Thr trust s, l ct d two y ars, pr t t d

e e e th e o m f e e th ir int r sts . But m st i portant o all th s o m e o f G ee e the instituti ns, and fa d in all parts r c , was

o e o f N ea o e w e e o f M nast ry M n , and this consid r worthy

m o e e e e c n a r d tail d d s ripti o . The N ea M o n e li es ab o ut tw o h o urs j ourn ey s o uth m h e t e o n e m . w st fro town , a hill surround d by ountains

c o e e m o f o in the m e of I t v rs a larg a ount gr und, and iddl

c o f m o e e e th e m o f it stands a hurch d rat siz , built in for a Th e e o cro ss . int ri r walls of th e churc h are overlaid with

o f o e The o o m e slabs porphyry, skilfully w rk d . l fty d c n e e e o o e e o tains r pr s ntati ns , in m saics (still in fair pr s rva

1 Of all these c hurc hes th e c atho lics of Chio s were in later times o n e to e n o on e i n the c St co s ese e on e ly abl r tai f ur , ity, . Ni la , a d rt d S H akoe c e n ear t. yp all d Al itsaio (p erhaps E lli saio) on e i n the m os and on e i n th e V l e of Ca p , il ag Sklavia . 1 1 8 CHIOS

o f the O e the e e the o tion) , mnipot nt, Tw lve Apostl s , F ur

e the o o f the e e to the Evang lists , and H sts Ang ls . Clos church stands a high bell tower with a peal of fo ur l arge

e o e b e e b lls, and a cl ck, whos striking can h ard at a e e O o e the e e e e e to b e gr at distanc . pp sit b ll tow r th r us d

e o f e e o e e a tabl porphyry , and a larg wat r tank c v r d with m e o e e h w a o . o d , supp rt d by ight pillars And this is it is

a id the N ea o e me b e the s that M n ca to built . During reign of M ichael I V and Michael V (about th e year A D e e he o o 1 0 30 . e e t . ) th r dw lt in a cav at fo t of M unt P o e e the N ea o e n ow ee o l d rovat , wh r M n stands , thr m en l ed the e o f e e m e e e who liv s anchorit s . Th ir na s w r

k n o the N i etas e o . O e e , J os ph , and J hn night th y f und whol e o f the wood o n the lower slo p e of the m o untain e o n e e m e ee e in a blaz , and only singl yrtl tr l ft unburnt,

n its e e h f h e and o trunk th r hung t e I c on o t e Virgin . Th y m c e built a sm all chapel o n the spot in m em o ry o f th e ira l . I t so happe n ed that at that m om ent Constantin e Mono

m c o e e The ee an a h s was living in Lesb o s in xil . thr

c ho rites e to e o him he , having sail d L sb s , told that was es e to ec m e E m e e ece e e d tin d b o p ror . Th y r iv d in r turn a

o m e e e c o e e he o pr is that, if th ir pr di ti n prov d tru , w uld give

em t e e e e e the m e th wha so v r th y wish d . Not long aft r, E pr ss

Zoe a e e the e e e M o n o m ach o s , having sc nd d thron , r call d

an d e e her e e the n c o e invit d him to shar stat . Th n a h rit s

m e e e e e him to e ef e ca and stood b for him, and b gg d giv f ct to his pro m ise by building a church in c o mm em orati o n

o f the m c e the M on o m ach os ira l wrought by Virgin . ,

e o o f o o m m en c e th e j al us his r yal word , f rthwith co d ’ o m e e e e e building, which was c pl t d aft r his d ath by Zo s The e e c o usin Th eo do ra . monastery was subs qu ntly r e o e m m e e g ant d abs lut autono y and any privil g s, and

e e e e o m m e e o m e th e e th s w r , fr ti to tim , c nfir d by Gold n e of th e m e e Bulla E p rors I saac I , Constantin X,

m e N ice ho ru s I I I e Ro anus I V , Micha l V I I , p , and th ir

c e suc ssors .

1 2 0 CHIOS

doubted that the suc cessful adm inistration o f all th ese o c the e e c o e o o f philanthr pi institutions, and b n fi ial p rati n

ese c em e e e d u e to the e e all th publi arrang nts , w r bl nd d ari sto -dem o c rati c c harac ter o f the Chian system o f

o e m en to the e e e o e the g v rn t , and privil g s nj y d by island ,

as w e e o ce the ee c e Fo r hav sh wn , sin fift nth ntury . thus

w as i n e o f the m e o f e e e e it , that spit curtail nt th s privil g s

e the en e e e o an d c e e aft r V tian xp diti n , the in r as of tax

o en m o se e o f the ati n th i p d , and in spit paralysing and

em o e e m o e e the d ralising influ nc of a Turkish at sph r ,

n s c o o f e e e e Chia , by a j udi i us application th ir w alth , w r abl e to keep the go odwill o f the m o st p o werful m embers

o f the e e n ew e e Divan , propitiat th ir tyrants , win privil g s,

e n o l d e e e e the e o f e e r tai On s , pr s rv int grity th ir r ligion , m n n the o o f e D e m o ero n ts o ai tai auth rity th ir g , and btain

m o an o m fo r o se adv an al st y fav ur th ey ight ask . All th

e e o e to th e n e o f e m e tag s th y w d sound ss th ir judg nt, to

e o e o f c o to e to e re th ir l v untry , th ir assiduity, and th ir p

o o al l o o e e disp sition t wards that is g d , qualiti s which hav

e e c a ac e e em e o f the v r h r t ris d th . And this is why th y all

ee w h o o m the ee o m o f e m o o e n m e Gr ks , fr fr d d cratic g v r nt

se n e the e o f th e ce o n the pas d u d r yok , in turn , Ma d ian ,

o m a the e o e e the o R n , G n s , and finally Turk, I b ldly

e e to e e e th e e o o e the e v ntur ass rt, w r l ast d wntr dd n , l ast 1 wretc hed and the least degen erate 1 Tw o o m o o e the e n Turks fr C nstantin pl , Gov r or and

the e o e n e the o m Cadi (Judg ) , g v r d island , in f r ; but th ey kne w befo re their arrival that they would p o ssess

n o effec e o o e the e tiv auth rity v r island , but would hav to

es ec the f the D em o ero n ts Th e o e r p t dec isio ns o g . G v r n o r w o uld purchase fro m the Turkish G o vernm ent the

c o f th e c e the om the usufru t island (this in lud d Cust s ,

o n th e s e o e e o f the e Capitati tax , laught r h us du s Mol ” th e Kokkaléi th e so - e Ta chrel i the e and , call d , w ighing

1 o mo e sur e c e d e c s on n s C rai , Mé ir l tat a tu l la ivili ati da la

ce . 3 . Gre , p 9 CHIOS 1 2 1

e the Gemikl ihi fo r e . The du s, and about piastr s

o e o e e e tw o e o G v rn r was chang d v ry y ars, and had ab ut i m o e So twenty so ldiers under h m to aintain rd r . that

e e m b e n o fo r e n o o n e e e th r ight opportunity brib ry, , ith r

c o r o o e to him en e ri h po r , was all w d visit ; and, wh invit d

him n o o n e m o the e m o o f the by , ight g without p r issi n

D em o ero n ts o n e o to e g , and his r turn was b und xplain the e o f O the D em o ero n ts r as n o his visit . nly g (and

e n o t the o n e o m Pal aeo kastro n o r th e th n fr , Frankish n e e ce the c e o f e en c the Pro O s, x pt in as gr at urg y) , and t m a m e The o sto rs e e en e to s hi e . , w r titl d Vi it fr ly Cadi

e e n e th e o ce of the m e e nt rtai d c n rns Turks, and ight d cid

f e e ce e een n e e the ex di f r n s b tw Christia s ; but th s , with

c e tio n o f few m n th e o e C e e e to p a a o g l w st lass, pr f rr d

v e ec D m ero n ts H e e ha r o urse to the e og . was chang d

ce m m c him the o e e o e e e . On a y ar, s ti s twi To , and G v r

e e e e th e m e ec ee an d e nor, w r addr ss d I p rial D r s, wh n

e e e e o f o c o n th e D em o ero n ts o th s w r l cal appli ati , g w uld b e e to e em e We see the invit d h ar th r ad . shall what ’ Cadi s remunerati o n was wh en w e c o m e to speak of the f h Th e o e e taxation o t e island . F rt was ntrust d to the m o o m e n n o f the st pr in t Turkish inhabita ts island,

e o and was provid d with a Turkish guard . I t was nly

m e o in ti o f war that it received a regular garris n .

the m f the c e the But ainspring o politi al lif of country, the m echanism upon whi c h d ep en d ed th e effective w o rk o f t o o e the ing all its laws and institu i ns, was und ubt dly

o e e the D em o ero n ts e e e e e e e auth rity v st d in g . Th s w r l ct d ,

o m c of the e n m e c e e annually, fr su h l adi g r hants as w r m o e e to the e o o f e r particularly fitt d fill post , by r as n th ir

e e e e a e o n o ee o f em e e xp ri nc , g and h urability . Thr th w r

O o o tw o o c m th e O rth d x, and Cath li s . A ongst rthodox, the e e e e the A l otaria the ec the E n first r pr s nt d p , s ond g ? krem o the the Pal aeo kastro n e the , third quart r As

1 The o n is e n o ee e s or s c s c e t w divid d i t thr quart r di tri t , all d A l otarié E n kremo an d Pal aeokastron p , g , . 1 2 2 CHIOS

first tw o named quarters were inhabited by the l eading

m es w as eaS e o e e for fa ili , it always y to find p rs ns ligibl e c e e the e n o o n e o f e a h fr sh y ar, and it was rul that th m

o b e e e e e o m e o the in sh uld l ct d a s c nd ti . It was nly

o f Pal aeokastro n the o c a s e habitants , and Cath li s , b ing few m e e e e e e e e e e in nu b r, who w r l ct d Oft n r ; and v n in

e c e o n e m b e re-e ec e e ce e th ir as n o ight l t d, x pt aft r an

e o f m e e o the D em o ero n ts int rval so y ars . It was nly g o f A l otaria E n krem o e e e p , and g , who poss ss d any r al

en e The of e o f D em er n t o e e influ c . fic og o was c nsid r d

e o e o n e e w h o e a v ry high and hon urabl , and thos fill d

e to e e m e e c e eem it aspir d prov th s lv s worthy of publi st ,

o e to e the o o o f the eo e e and , in rd r r tain g dwill p pl , th ir ambiti o n was always to prove themselves pattern s of jus ce m e o v e ti , philanthropy, fir n ss, inc rruptibility and , abo

o f m e e n e e e e e e e all , i partiality, v wh n th ir n ar st fri nds w r

o n e e O o n o f the e e e o c c rn d . n acc u t v ry gr at r sp nsibility

c e the o f ce o n e e e e to e e atta h d to fi , no v r wish d s rv a

e n m e e e o e e the m o s co d ti , v n alth ugh it was consid r d st

o e hon urabl of all positi o ns . Th e m o de o f the el ec tion o f the D em ogero n ts was

the 3 rd f e o as fo llows . On o F bruary an invitati n was

e to o o o f the m m n e c e issu d ab ut f rty ost pro i nt itiz ns ,

i e c m t he c o f o o . inv ting th m to o e o t Chur h St . Ph ti s

The D e m o ero n ts e fo r the o e e o f g , aft r asking f rgiv n ss

o n e e m e e o r n any th y ight hav injur d , wittingly u wittingly,

b e c The m em e o f the m ee requ ested to e r pla ed . b rs ting then expre ssed th eir thanks to the o utgoi n g D em ogero n ts

fo r e e ce e m n e e c e th ir x ll nt ad i istration . Aft r this, all , x pt

e m e m e e e D em o ero n ts e thos who had at so ti s rv d as g , l ft

the o m e e e e em r o . I t was r quisit that th r should r ain

e e e o n e m A l o taria e tw nty qualifi d p rs s, ight fro p , ight

o m E n krem o tw o o m Pal aeokastro n tw o Cath o fr g , fr , and

l i s The D em o ero n t m A l otaria o e c . g fro p w uld th n hand a cl o sed e nvelo p e to each of the eight representatives of his e the m e e e quart r, and sa cours would be follow d by

1 2 4 CHIOS

e e e e the Meza on s b hind , and th s , on arriving back at ,

n e o e to the n e m e the o c o f f ha d d v r wco rs c ndu t a fairs . Th ere was a law whi c h fo rbad e any o f the el ec to rs to l eav e the c o untry at any tim e during the tw o m o a e e m r n t nths th t pr c ded the el ection of D e oge o s. Stri c t o rders w ere given to th e Custo m H o use o fficials to e en e o n o e c pr v t vasi s , and if any n was aught whilst

e m n to e e he n e e the att pti g scap , was i t rdict d by Arch

o an d o to e o n th e m o bish p , was b und app ar orr w and

c ask fo r en e o he e ec to e publi ly forgiv ss . Sh uld n gl t app ar

ee m o e e e e m en m e e o u t within thr days , r s v r punish t was t d

him e o m e e e e c o o to . But this s ld happ n d , b caus ri h and p r,

e m e o f e ee e en c o pri sts and lay n all d gr s , v the Ar hbish p

m se e a e the e a e e e e o e . hi lf, r g rd d M z s with r v r nc and h ly f ar The first and m o st sacred duty o f the D em ogero n ts was

h a t e safegu rding o f all the i n habitants o f the island .

e e e the Mezas e e to the c o m Th y att nd d daily, and list n d plaints o f th e peopl e ; an d the press o f bu sin ess was o fte n so great th at they c ould find n o tim e to go h o m e fo r th eir m e e e the o e e e e o . als . Th y Visit d G v rn r v ry day Th y inspected the prison ers an d enquired into th e causes o f their dete nti o n talked the cas es over with the officer of

o e th e of e e m o n e se e public rd r and , if f nc was a s all , ttl d the en t en e o n e the o n e e e p al y, g rally a light , as pris rs w r

f r he m o eo e o f the e e the o t st part p pl p o o r r class s . If

ffe c e w as se o o n e e e e e the m e to the o n a ri us , th y r f rr d att r

h im m an im o e o e e . G v rn r, and s ttl d it with I f a was

o n e fo r e e e to e m e e ee pris d d bt, th y tri d arrang att rs b tw n

him a n d c e o e c o e e the his r dit r, and if th y dis v r d that

e o e n e to an d th e e o o e d bt r was r ally u abl pay, cr dit r pr v d

e the D em o ero n ts e e e th e o e obdurat , g would r l as pris n r,

n d e o mm e c e t e e e en e a r c nd his r ditor o x rcis a littl e pati c . ’ And if th e d ebtor was unabl e to pay even the G o vern o r s e e o f 1 0 er ce o f the e th e D em o ero n ts p rquisit , p nt . d bt, g o e the o e c ce e o w uld induc G v rnor to a pt a r ducti n , and

the e e c f e w n pay diff r n e out o th ir o pockets . CHIOS 1 2 5

o the o f th e D emo eron ts en e e I t was als duty g , wh v r a Christian o f whatso ever class was threaten ed o r b eate n

to e o to the of ce the o an d e by a Turk, r p rt fi rs of F rt, th y ,

o e to em o s the o f en e in rd r r ain in favour, w uld puni h f d r f th m c o e e . e e e o o n e a c rding to his of nc I f cri was a s ri us , o r h ad ee o mm e o f e e b n c itt d by a Turk rank, and th s officers h esitated to take upon th emselves the resp o n sib il it th e of e e th e D em o ero n ts o y of punishing f nd r, g w uld

h m e e th refer t e atter to C o nstantin opl e . Th r e three

e e e es o f th e o f o w h o e o e R pr s ntativ public Chi s, nj y d the c e e o f the e pur has d fri ndship Turkish dignitari s, 1 o th e e e m e o f th e m n would btain quitabl punish nt cri i al .

e e e e m c a e so the Th r w r any su h c s s, Turks having

em e e e e e e e n ec e th b for th ir y s, r aliz d that it was ssary fo r em to e e e ce o the th b hav p a ably t wards Christians , to av o id th e slightest infringem ent o f the l o c al c u s

m an d to b e c m ec e e the to s, ircu sp t in th ir d alings with inhabitants . It was also the duty o f the D em ogero n ts to see that the

e e o o an d e island was always w ll suppli d with f d , wh n

e e o e to m ee e o the th r was a sh rtag call a ting , r p rt fact,

a n o n e m en to ac t e n an d pp o i t h st as purv yors . A o ther o f th eir d uti es was to preserve th e integrity o f the l o c al c o m the e o o f en o m e e e o n ust s , just as c ns rs anci t R w r w t

e n o c e the c e n c e o f m e I l to f r stri t obs rva Si ilar usag s . y ’ “ a d exempl es (says Montesqui eu) pires q u e l es ’ ’ c m e et ef o n t é ce o n o é l e ri s, plus d ats p ris par qu a vi l s ’ ” u o l o m oe e e o é es . e urs, q parc qu n a vi l l is I n ord r to — restri c t luxury th e result o f in equality o f fortun e which e e e th e c an d e e the su fferI n s o f n rvat s ri h , incr as s g the p o o r and to avo id ro using the cupidity o f the

1 We ow e to the m emo of em e s Skan avi n e to th it ry D triu , ba k r e n sm m o e of the n e m to ec o the se ces Sulta a A a , th r Sulta S li , r rd rvi him o th e s n Th e sm ss of r en der ed by t i la d . di i al a guard of 300 n ss es w ho een o ess n the n n s w as d u e to hi Ja i ari , had b ppr i g i habita t , s ’ w an n m e f h e n e cess on . H e as en o t n s an d o n h er i t r i i ti at fri d Sulta a , in n n n d eath w as kill ed Co sta ti ople . 1 2 6 CHIOS

Turks? the intro duction of expensive fo reign c l o thing

n o o w as o e o th e e i t Chi s f rbidd n , as was als w aring of em o e e c m e e am o O n m br id ri s, ash r s , and di nds . ly dia o nd

s an d e e n e e e m e The ro hib i ring p arl arri gs w r p r itt d . p ti o n o f expen siv e fo reign apparel w as promulgated in an

isco e e e e e arc hi ep pal l tt r . This l tt r was r ad al o ud in the

c c e the c e the hur h s, and in it Ar hbishop stat d that pro

b i i n w as c e the D em ero n ts Ten hi t o di tat d by og . l eading p e rso n ages were appo inted to see that these orders were

c e e to e a e o O stri tly ob y d , and r port tr nsgr ssi ns . n any

c e o f the e n e e th e D em o ero n ts su h br ach law b i g r port d , g

o c c c e e the m n e o f w uld all a oun il , and it would d cid an r

m e the offe c e the e e punish nt . I f n was slight, d linqu nt

e o e e e m en e o was hand d v r for ccl siastical punish t . I f s ri us he was eith e r impri so n ed o r whipped by the Turks o n

the o e o f the D em o ero n ts o an e e e c e rd r g , with ut y int rf r n

e m the e n o e e e e t e e whatso ev r fro Gov r r . Th s w r h duti s

a o n the D em o ero n ts We n w c o n an d o blig ti s of g . will o

e the e e of e o sid r xt nt th ir auth rity, and how far it was he c restricted by t C o un ils .

The D em o ero n ts o e e e o e e e e g p ss ss d gr at p w r, b caus th y

e ec e e e o e judg d , d id d , and punish d as th y th ught fit . Th y

m m n e the e e c o f l o w e c o . a d d r sp t all , high and Th y had

i n he es the B r h r the first plac es t c hurc h . I n ot e hood s th ey

c n e e e c e sat in spec ially o struct d s ats . Th y had pre d en ce

e e e e e n e e e e e o e . v rywh r , and wh n passi g w r salut d by v ry n

Yet e e n o t o e e e o m the m th ir rul was abs lut , v n apart fr li it

n the o n c s F o r o n e o f i m po se d up o it by C u il . had th em

n e o c c o m o r n infri g d a l al ust , show partiality in his

m en m e c m o e o judg ts , or isappli d publi n y, in sh rt, had

e i n to the c h e o e ee fail d his duty publi , w uld hav b n o m of e the e c ze rem o v ed fr fic by l ading iti ns . But such

an o c c s o n n e e o e e e the D em o ero n ts e e a i v r ar s , b caus g w r

1 e th e of th e ustin ian i s th e o cs e n th e s Aft r fall J , Cath li , f ari g Turk , o btai n ed an order fro m th e Pop e forbiddin g the wearin g of ex n e e p e siv appar l .

P C H A T E R X V I .

— — C omm erc ial Co urt M aritim e Court Notaries Public o s— m n s o n o f es an d o f the s c Arbitrat r Ad i i trati Villag , Ma ti — — Di stric t Law o f I n heritan ce I n testacy— Childl ess Mar — — — — riages Dowries M ortgages B etro thals L ease s o fLan d ’ ‘ — — I ru ste es Wills— Co n tract sof Sale an d Purc hase— Capi — — fatio u Tax D eath Dues Wi n e an d Spirit Tax— Salarie s — — — Assessm en t for Taxation Rural Taxation Custo ms — Dues I n dustries.

e e tw o m e e o f H E island poss ss d rcantil Courts Law ,

he m m c the m e t e . Co r ial , and Mariti

e the o mm e e TH E COMMERCIAL COURT . Wh n c rc o f the isla n d o nly c o nsisted o f a trade in silks and go ld

m o e e ic o f o c m c e the c e e br id r d fabr s l al anufa tur , and hi f m erc hants we re the Shopkeep ers o f C o nstan tin o pl e and m o r w as en e to the m em e o f S yrna, this C u t trust d b rs that

e the m e o f c e e i n n c e e class . But wh n nu b r arti l s d alt i r as d ,

the e o f e e n e five e c e and ar a trad xpa d d , judg s, all d ” P rotoma stors e e e ec e ac the n e o f , w r l t d to trans t busi ss th e c o urt ; o n e fro m am o n g the sh o pkeep ers of Con s an tin o l e ec o n o m o e m o m t p , a s d fr th s in S yrna, a third fr

o e e o e the em th s who trad d with Eur p , and r aining two

n th e m e th e the fro m am o g rchants in island . I t was duty o f th ese judges to c onsider all questio ns ari sing o u t

f m e c e e to e e c o c o the o r antil d alings, s ttl , in njun ti n with

e o f o m th e ff o f m o e to e chi f Cust s, Tari i p rt duti s, tak c ogn i san ce o f bills o f exc hange whi c h the M ezas refused to en e fo r o f o m an d to e e o t rtain want f r ality, nquir int

n e e m an i e h e e ba kruptci s . Wh n a fa l d , would s nd his

o the Pro to m asto rs em e o f e acc unts to , with a stat nt ass ts e The e o e the e and liabiliti s . j udg s w uld th n call cr ditors,

1 2 8 CHIOS 1 29

e e the of the f e so see and nquir into causes ailur , as to e n o r e th wheth er it was an h o n st o e fraudul nt . I f e ’ e e the e e the failur was hon st, judg s would acc pt debtor s statem ent and give him a certificate which protected him fr o m m olestation by his credito rs and th e am o unt to b e the e the e o f m e paid by d btor, and dat its pay nt, would

h en b e e . t e arrang d I f bankruptcy was fraudul t , the ’ e s em e n ot e he c o d btor stat nt was accept d , and uld be

m e e The Pro prosecuted and i prison d by his cr ditors . to m asto rs had p owers o f punishm ent similar to those e e c e the D em o ero n ts m e e x r is d by g . I n i portant cas s th y

o e m ee n e the em e o f the conv k d ti gs, and call d in m b rs

m er n ts c the D e o o e . Coun ils, and g , to assist th m H E T T o e e T MARI IME COUR . This c urt was stablish d 1 80 5 e e e the e o e e in , to r li v oth r c urts , and was pr sid d ” o e ee en c e D e u ta ti e ec e v r by thr citiz s, all d p , l t d by the

D m o er n ts e e e g o . Th y had jurisdiction in all disput s

n t m e relati g o shipping att rs .

H E B e e e e tw o T NOTARIES PU LIC . Th r w r o N tarial

Of es o n e the A l otaria the o e fic in Chios, in p , and th r in e e the Pal aeokastro n quarter . Th r were fo ur Notari es in the the e e e first , and two in s cond, but th y all had qual

e e e e e e e the D em o ero n ts e e pow rs . Th y w r l ct d by g . Th s N o tari es were the gen eral depositari es o f the money o f th e e e e e e f e inhabitants . Th y nt r d a r cord o all th ir “ ” n c o o c e Man a e e tra sa ti ns in a b ok all d . Th y k pt all

m n o o e e e . e e e riginal d cu nts, and o ly issu d copi s Th y w r fo rbidden to draw deeds for perso ns personally unkn o wn m e to e . e e e e o e th Th y w r not ligibl as arbitrat rs . Th y m n o t e m e e f ight charg or than the l gal tari f . N o m o rtgage was valid unl ess executed in the presen ce o f a o N tary . B e the D em AR ITRATORS . We hav said that ogero n ts e ec e m e judg d and d id d in al ost all matt rs . But in cases o f e e e e disput d inh ritances, party walls, drains, wat rcours s, o e o r e m e b undari s, oth r si ilar matters, that r quired I: 1 30 CHIOS

e o e o r the D em o ero n ts l p rs nal nquiry inspection , g wou d

he to e e e e e direct t disputants l ct Arbitrato rs . Wh n th s had c o m e to a d ecision th ey handed th eir award to the

er n ts The D em o ero n ts e e u h D em og o . g th n r ad it o t to t e

e c e e e e e parti s con rn d , and it b cam binding upon th m . Let us n o w see how the villages and Mastic Districts

e m e e wer ad inist r d . AN D M O o f the 66 VILLAGES ASTIC DISTRICTS . ut es o f 4 2 e e e the m villag Chios, w r und r ad inistration of 6 h f the . O e e 3 e t e o the town f th s , wer to north town , the em 6 e the Ka m os c e and r aining n ar p . Ea h Villag

e e Geron ts em e f ce e el ct d two who r ain d in o fi for a y ar . The D em o ero n ts o e e e g t ok no part in their l ction , unl ss e e ffe e e o f o o The m th r was di r nc pini n . more i portant e o e e N o r P e villag s also p ss ss d a ta y ublic , who was oft n

Geron ts of e e e e e the the Pri est . The ach villag nt rtain d

ffe e e o f the the e the di r nc s Christians, but parti s had right

e e the e to the D em o ero n ts The em to r f r cas g . D o

ero n ts e w o e the m e o f g , how ver, al ays supp rt d judg nts

G ron e e e the e ts wh n th y had decid d justly . I f a Turk

o e e e the D e m o ero n ts e e the ppr ss d a villag , g prot ct d it to b o f e e the G e o e est th ir ability , and wh n ov rn r would writ

the Geron ts e n the e e o f e fo r to , r quiri g d liv ry up a villag r m e e e e e c e o f o punish nt, th y would mak pr t n l oking for him m e e e the e , and would , in the antim , writ to D mo

ero n ts e e o et the m e e e g , and th s w uld g att r s ttl d . The M e o f e e e e 2 1 e e astic villag s, which th r w r , b long d to m the m e e e e the i portant Turks of E pir , and w r und r

e e o f o n e e e e e manag m nt of th m, who s nt a sp cial ag nt to h m c e t e e the . coll ct mastic , and ad inist r distri t The

e e Ger n e e e e tw o Mastic villag s also had th ir o ts. Th r w r o f em e e e e e the th , and th y x rcis d jurisdiction ov r all

e o f the e e e E i ro i O t . villag s district, and w r call d p p nly e e b ad o f c e the e o ee e th s right a c ss to Gov rn r . Thr oth r e D a h n on V asil ion iki Car ae e e villag s, p , , and y , which w r under obligation to provide unpaid labour for the main

1 32 CHIOS

Thi rdl e o of e e y, becaus the s ns in case n c ssity were

e the of e ee e oblig d to pay for bringing up th ir n dy sist rs, o e em o e and pr vid th with d wri s .

Fou rthl e e e e the e e w as m y, b caus wh r inh ritanc s all , and

e the m e e een in would, if divid d up in usual ann r, hav b

fic e the e e th e o suf i nt to provide daught rs with dowri s , s ns e e the h o f e o e e e w r in abit r n uncing th ir int r sts . Fifthl e it o e y, becaus was in acc rdanc with Turkish

l aw .

Y e e e I NTESTAC . Wh n a man di d intestat his Children

e e e he e n o e c e and r lativ s inh rited . I f l ft d s ndants the

e e e e e e inh ritanc w nt to his n xt of kin in dir ct lin , and to

o e . e e e e e o f o c llat rals I f th r w r no n xt kin at all , it w uld

o the o e m en he o o f g to Turkish G v rn t . But as t Eph rs the differen t publi c institutions gen erally persuad ed h eirl ess persons to l eave th eir pro p erty to these i n stitu

the e m e e m e tions, Turkish Gov rn nt s ldo profit d by an

e c int sta y .

D e e o r CHIL LESS MARRIAGE . Wh r a husband wife e c d e the o e o f the di d hil l ss, survivor w uld tak half

o e t o f the e e e an d the o e o o pr p r y d c as d , th r half w uld g to

f o f c e e e e h the n ext o kin . This ours only appli d wh r t e e e d eceased di ed int stat .

W m e o m o n th e e o f DO RIES . A arri d w an could , d ath

e e c m h er e the o e a r lativ , lai shar of pr p rty but any sum

she ece e as o to b e e c e an d had r iv d a d wry had d du t d , in such cases the wh o l e pro p erty was shared in th e m ann er

w e e e . the e hav first indicat d But, if prop rty was not suffic ien t to e nabl e mal es to rec eive d o ubl e o f what the

em e e e e o e the em e e e n o t f al s had r c iv d as d wri s, f al s w r

e o e The o w as c n b ound to return th ir d wri s . d wry o sid ered the inali enabl e pro p erty o f the husband and

c e of the a e . m an e e hildr n m rriag I f a fail d in busin ss,

h o e o f o e o e e t e wh l his pr p rty, b th p rsonal and r al , was

e m e b e ec to c e e e e p r su d to subj t a ta it, but nforc abl , li n in ’ e favo ur o f his wif s dowry . CHIOS 1 33

o e e e b e e MORTGAGES . All m rtgag s r quir d to xecuted

’ the e e e of b e e e e i n in pr s nc a N otary, and had to r gist r d the o the e o f e n tarial books for prot ction cr ditors . T TH e o of BE RO ALS . The first r quisite of a C ntract B etro thal (which had to b e prepared by a Notary) was the e of the e f e e cons nt parti s, i th y had attain d their e of e e e maj ority, and the cons nt their r lativ s if th y had n e the o of ot. The s cond was fixing of the am unt the e e e o dowry, g n rally don by a third party . But am ng the l eadi n g families the verbal pro m ise o f the parents was

e e f the e e consid r d su ficient . I f betrothal was r pudiat d by

’ the the e he man , without woman s cons nt, was incapaci m m th m f e o o . e o at d fr arrying any Chian w man But w an ,

her e e e e to e the and r lations, w r always at lib rty canc l c e e e the m an e e contra t, i n which cas all pr s nts from w r e n e him r tur d to . D e e e e for LEASES OF LAN . All public lands w r l as d

o n e o r ee e e o n e e e . , two , thr g n rati s, at a fix d y arly r nt

m e e d u e to o e ee c m ce o r All da ag , unl ss unf r s n ircu stan s,

e e b e e th e e e pur accid nt, had to born by l sse .

T ee e e e e e TRUS EES . Trust s w r und r gr at r sponsibility , e ec the f h e f e sp ially in case o t e prop rty o minors . Th y e e e e e e m o the re e o f the m o w re g n rally s l ct d a ng lativ s in r,

e e e e e n o e e the D em o ero n ts a but, wh n th r w r r lativ s, g p

o e e o f e o e o e p int d p rsons w alth and pr v d h n sty .

m c n e to WILLS . Everyo n e o wed i pli it o bedie c the o e N o o n e con dispositi ns contain d in a will . might e em t st th . AN D e o f SALES PURCHASES . Sal s land had to be ffe e the e e e o f o e e e ct d in pr s nc a N tary, and r cord d in

o o e e e so e e his b ks . But sal s, v n though not r cord d , were valid when they were attested by trustwo rthy wit e e n ss s . Leases of houses and lands were governed by custo mary

r l o conditi o ns as defined in the Cod ex o f A men op ou . C T e few e the s API ATION TAX . Exc pt for a duti s, Chian 1 34 CHIOS

“ e H a ra c paid no tax , exc pt the Capitation Tax t h . e ee e e The This was divid d into thr cat gori s . first, of

1 1 e w as e o f the ec piastr s, paid by p rsons position ; s ond , o f 5 e the m e C the o f 1 piastr s, by iddl lass ; and third , 3 e e e e e piastr s , by childr n who had attain d th ir tw lfth e e e to s y ar . The whol amount d about piastre ? a year The duti es payabl e by the inhabitants to the Turks were the foll owi n g : e e e e the DEATH DUTIES . Th s w r paid to Cadi , who ’ w as e e m 2 er e of the e e e ntitl d to clai 1 p c nt . d c as d s e a e c o to the D em o ero n ts st t , ac rding Turkish law, but g m ade an ordinan c e by whi c h this p ercentage w as lim ited

e e e ee e e the e e to stat s xc ding piastr s . Ev n if stat w as e e the e e to 500 gr at r, Cadi was still only ntitl d

a e the e o f e su m pi str s , but n xt kin paid a furth r of

1 66 e to the of c o f the c piastr s fi ials his Court . I n ase o f small estates th e Cadi received 30 paras fro m eac h e o m e m child . Wh n a w an di d , a s all duty was paid in

e e f her o To e e e e e e r sp ct o d wry . giv ff ct to th s arrang m e s e m an e his n m e n e nt , wh n a di d a was i scrib d in the e o c the c o en M trop litan Chur h , and Ar hbish p s t a m o n f e e m e th D em er n e thly list o th s na s to e og o ts. Th se e m e the the e o f e o xa in d list, and with assistanc p rs ns ’ c n e the e e e o o n e a quai t d with d c as d s financial p siti , fix d the m o e th e o a unt payabl to Cadi , who was b und by

e e The e em e e th ir d cision . Cadi was furth r r un rat d by f m e e e fees o r docu ents r quir d in d alings with Turks .

T the D em o ero n ts PROPER Y TAX . This was paid by g

1 Th e am oun t of yearly tax paid by Chios to th e Sultan s vari e d o m m e to m e I n th e s of th e ustin ian is w as s fr ti ti . day J it fir t en c s of c e e in m s c B el l o n i us th du at , whi h w r paid a ti ( ,

Pl u rim ar etc . I n 1 700 w as risd alia . , p . , it , ’ ” n d i es l Ar hi el etc o d n D e esc o es d e c . cc to . a r i g app r D ripti l p , , p o r cco n to e e s es w ho so s s en , a rdi g Wh l r , pia tr , al ay that wh a m an di e d his he irs had to go o n payin g his quotum for thre e years ’ l i on h e e o e d I ta e d e etc on 1 678 vol . (Sp W l r, V yag , . , Ly , , I , p .

1 36 CHIOS

PIASTRES say Pe rsonal Property 0 er e Real Estate (5 p cent . of gross valu )

D educt i th

2 68 e e that is to say, at per thousand piastr s . Fr sh fi m an e assessm ents were m ad e every ve years . I f a fail d

m e e e m e w as o e e to ee the e . anwhil , his ass ss nt l w r d m t cas Originally the Tax c o ll ectors were Change d every fiftee n

e e e e e e e re days, but lat r only v ry two y ars, and th y w r e m o o he c e quir d to pay the su s c ll ected int t Publi Tr asury . The Treasure r w as appointed by the D em ogero nts and the m o n e e e the o S all Council , and no might r fus p st .

'

e e w as th er c e . e Th r also a tax of g p nt , payabl by a ’ n e o husband o his wif s d wry . c e e th e e e e the Su h w r fix d tax s . But wh n Public was in n eed o f extra funds the Dem o gero n ts wo uld call a

ee n e the e e o f x m ti g, and slightly rais p rcentag ta ation .

the o f m e the m e m e I f Public was in want on y in anti ,

o the e 8 er e e it w uld borrow it at rat of p c nt . , and r pay

o u t o f the e o the P e it xtra taxati n . I n this way ublic d bt ? n ever b ecam e burd ensome Th e e the e RURAL TAXATION . Tax s paid by villag s

e e the Ta chril i Ca i ta ti on Ta x th e e e w r , and p ; latt r b ing assessed by agreem e nt with the Governor at a fixed m o e o c e the e a unt . The town Valu rs als a t d for villag s,

h e h e e and t e Geron ts c o ll ect d t tax s .

Th e m e o e n e e e astic Villag s , wh s i habitants w r und r a “ ” ec o e o A a o n of sp ial G v rn r g , paid a total Capitati Tax

1 Th e c redit of th e Publi c of Chios en abled it to b orrow at 65 p er c en al so e sm mo n of m on e b e on n to o s t . It h ld a all a u t y l gi g wid w , o n s an d m e n s on ch 8 er c en . in o er rpha , aids rva t , up whi it paid p t rd to e e h lp th m . CHIOS 1 37

e e n ot to . piastr s, and w re liable the town taxes But owing to bad managem ent they were m o re heavily

he e e e o taxed than t townsp opl . Th y als paid heavily in m e o f O the e o e the att r mastic . f this Stat appr priat d 1 Okes ; the remainder was taken by the Gover n o r at 2 41 piastres the oke and sold by him at from

h k The G e the 30 t e o e . 8 to p . ov rnor had right to

e m e o f e h avily punish all s uggl rs mastic, both villag rs

o e e e th e e and t wnsp opl . Wh n coll ction Of mastic was

n o n o e the t e goi g , the two r ads l ading to distric w re

c e n o o n e e e of stri tly guard d, and was allow d to tak any he u m e I s n o o e e o m e t . e g away Th r d ubt, how v r, that s

et m e e e e did g s uggl d through . Ev ry villag r kn w the

m o n e o e a u t of his y arly contributi n , which was fix d , and

c o o e o if his r p was sh rt, would buy from his n ighb urs to

e o e o f the m e w h o e mak it up . Th s astic own rs liv d in the town paid 1 per thousand o n their pro perty to the P e ublic Tr asury . c the ee e e e the All Catholi s , and all Gr k cl rgy, xc pt

e o o e e to o e e M tr p litan , w re subj ct taxati n, but tax s w re n o t the e e Of the o D em o ero n ts paid by t ach rs scho l , by g

of e the ee a e V asil io n iki D a h n o n in fic , by thr vill g s , , p and 2 C aryae (to c o m p ensate th em for bringing the water o to the the as e o o d wn town) , by Turks, b ing b th p or and ? few in n m e e e c m e u b r, and by for ign rs But that whi h ad the isl a nd both co n tented and p eaceful w as the fact that the o o e e o e e p r paid no tax s , and thus, nj ying saf ty, lib rty

o ec o m e e e e and pr t tion with ut pay nt, consid r d it th ir sacred duty to yield implicit obedience to th o se i n

1 I n th e me of Poco cke 1 he o n o e ti ( 740) t y ly paid k s. “ ” esc on of th e s ( D ripti Ea t, p . 2 We have already men tion ed the aqueduct main tain ed by the e s of V asilioniki an d Da h n on Th e V e s of Car ae m n villag r p . illag r y ai “ ” tain ed th e e s of the O l d S ri n and so of wat r upply p g, al that A stra dona co on of os nn s e n o n as (a rrupti N tra Do a) . Thi wat r , k w ” e Wa o Kan/aid w as h e i n th ter t e s n the s . f , b t i la d 3 he u ch sed e es te he d the s me as the n es But if t y p r a r al ta t y pai a ativ . 1 38 CHIOS

e e ow n e . authority, and r alised that th ir prosp rity was h bound up with the successful administration of t e island .

. m o e e e 3 er CUSTOM DUES I p rt duti s . Thes w re p e fo r o e 4 er 5 er e c nt . Eur p ans, p cent . for Turks, p c nt . f m e o r ee e e . e Gr ks , Ar nians and J ws . Export duti s Th se e e 6 er el l fo r e e w r aspra, p , all gold and silv r wov n

2 s er ell f e fabrics, and a pra, p , or silks manufactur d in e th island . D e the e e e I N USTRIES . N arly all arts ( v n sculptur ) and trades were practise d in Chio s ; but the only m an u fac tures exported to o ther parts of the empire were silks

e e e e o plain and wov n , ganz s , knitt d purs s, and cott n

The e e the aeo cloths . silks w re manufactur d in Pal o i The o e kastr n and Frank sh quarters . Village w m n

the c o o m e e fo r e ow n c e spun tt n , ad lin n th ir loth s, also

e C o fo r ee the e h avy l th sails , sh ts, socks, caps , twills ( b st

e K l im n d e e cam fro m a asia) a oth er sim ilar articl s . Tw lve hundred silk facto ri es had already been in existen ce fo r

e e n e e m c e e e e to s v ty y ars , and th ir anufa tur s w r s nt all

o f e e e e e e o e parts Turk y , and w r consid r d sup rior to th s o f m e m o e o f Da ascus and Al ppo , and al ost equal to th s ? L e the e u se o f in yons But wh n , owing to fraudul nt ferio r m e l r e e e e the P at ria , this t ad b gan to d clin , ublic in 1 80 5 started an Asso ciatio n to whi c h anyon e m ight e e 00 e e e 1 50 b long by buying shar s at 5 piastr s ach . Wh n

o f e e ee e e o e o e th s had b n sold , ight insp ct rs w re app int d to e e the e o f the c im sup rvis manufactur fabri s, and

rtati n f m e m e p o o o si ilar articl s fro abroad was forbidd n .

c e s e e the em e e e Suc s att nd d sch , but b ing abolish d two e e o the o o of th e o e m y ars lat r, wing to pp sition th r anu

factu rers the e e to , trad again b gan languish , and finally e o u t di d . the m e o e em e e Many of wo en mpl y d th s lv s, at home , the m c e o f ee m with anufa tur sw t eats, biscuits, rusks, and

1 ’ e o e d n s l E m om n . . 1 38 . O . O livi r, V yag a p tt a p

P C H A T E R X V I I .

on e n n en of os C c r i g th e Wom Chi .

E have spoken elsewh ere about the character and upbringing o f the Chians ; but as wo m en c o n stitu te e e o f o u r e a consid rabl portion social lif , and as w e are very greatly d epend ent upon th eir quali

e o r fo r the o f e the o o ti s , good bad , j oys lif , and f rmati n o f o u r m o e w e o we e sa few ral charact r, it to th m to y a o the o m e o f The m e w rds about w n Chios . Chian wo n

e e m o c m w r , al st invariably, har ing, witty, Virtuous and 1 beautiful ; but their tastel ess and cu mberso m e m ode o f es e e o e the e e e u se o f in dr s disfigur d th ir b di s, and xc ssiv ju rio u s cosm eti c s so o n impressed th eir fa c es with the

f a e ce o e . N o r e e the e app aran g , as was g n rally cas with al l the ee o f e o e c e c o Gr ks that p ri d , had th y mu h du ati n , but were co n sidered quite suffi c i ently taught when they

o e e O the o e e e e c uld r ad and writ . n th r hand , th y w r

m o s e ce e o e e m e o f e e e t x ll nt h us wiv s, inist rs p ac in th ir m es c o e to e m o e c o n ho , nt nt liv frugally and d stly, and ’ idered e n e e e e s th ir husbands happi ss th ir gr at st j oy . I t was indeed a pl easing sight to watch the girls as they sat

m em e o e e o e the e en n ex for a us nt utsid th ir h us s in v i g,

n n o e the m en cha gi g j k s with young standing round . The co ns c i o usn ess of th eir ow n innocenc e and th eir innate b ent for m o ckery incited th em to exc hange j ests e e e e m e m o e v n with p opl who th y did not know, and r

e n h c n parti c ularly with Europ an strangers visiti g t e ou try .

1 “ o n e o o e au e n 1 42 1 47 . n e T ur f rt , V yag L va t , pp . , Cha dl r, “ in the e s in s no . 56. H assel uist e s Trav l A ia Mi r, p q , Trav l ”

e n 1 7 20 . L va t, pp . , CHIOS 1 4 1

o e -b They all w d no passer y to go without a word , but

e m o r o e e ch wing astic , cracking nuts , w uld f arl ssly fire

m e c o m c him e e e c n e so witty i ality at , and r c iv a o g nial o O n e m m e o e e m o ret rt . ight i agin that a c nsid rabl a unt

f e o o o c ee o m o irr gularity w uld foll w up n su h fr d , but this h few w as e the e . e e t e rar ly cas And v n that did stray, did n ot o e e e S m e c o e p nly parad th ir ha , but sought to v r it

he f e e n o s o with t cloak o s cr cy . And this is why vi it r to the islan d eve r failed to m odify any unfavo urable o pinion he m ight have first fo rm ed with regard to the freed o m of ? mann er p erm itted th emselves by the Chian wom en Of an e qually inn o ce nt character was th eir gai ety o n the o f th e m o e m o f Parthen is e e banks s oth running str a , wh r ,

em n o n o n m e e ass bli g h lidays and duri g carnival ti , th y sat an d ate e e the m e e e the , and list n d to si pl tun s play d by

o m c . e e to o e c e th e o l cal usi ians Th r , , th y dan d with y ung m en o f o o m o e e e o r o u t g d fa ily, who w uld ith r rid , walk , m f the e m e o . e in nu b rs fro all parts island Th r , with

ee - c en e o e e e e sw t s t d fl w rs in th ir hair, th y display d a j oyous tem p eram ent that harm onised with th e fl ower

e ec e en o em the e b d k d gard s ar und th , and g nial sky ? ab o v e

“ 1 s N icol aid e on e e M u co tc . rhard Ni la , Navigati Viaggi , , “ ” mahl d e d es ec sc en Archi el a u s 2 e . 3 . G Gri hi h p g , p 5

2 Th n n s o e . e C c e e so e n ce an d ess Tra . N t hara t r , p r al app ara dr of th e Chian wom en i s very fully d escrib ed in the followi n g c s om o s en c o s ose s s to th e extra t fr vari u Fr h auth r , wh vi it i slan d co ver ed a p erio d of 2 75 years (1 546 as tran scrib ed by Prin ce “ ” an a hi s i n his u s in ian i- s d o c t o . 1 Rh o c 900 . D . J Chi Syra E R S EL N w h o s e os i n 1 546 es P T O B O , vi it d Chi , writ ’ ’ I l n es e l e ou l es en s so en t s co o s u il s t autr vil g y plu urt i , q son t o ss e st c c l e e d e m e e e em e e u e s a hi it Chi . Au i li u la ill ur d ur q c c on s £1 n os e et o u l es emm es son s co o ses et e es . es tr gre , f t plu urt i b ll Ell r en den t u mi n fallible tesm oin age d e leur an tique beauté car c omm e ’ u n e n m e en s e d e o s ss n n e e en n c e y ph l i l Chi urpa a t la ig bla h ur , fut ’ ’ e e d e n om ec on e c e s a e n e e o n s app lle gr Chi , t dir ig , t ut ai i l i sle n n l e n o m d e n m e s n omm e L pr e a t la y ph fut ur é Chio . es homm es ’

ss so n o m es. E t com en e e so s e ec e au i y t f rt a iabl bi qu ll it i l Gr u , ’ q tou tesfois o s l on a n e c es a e p ur la plu part y vit la Fra k , t dir a la ’ a moin s e e on n e . N e n t s s son ecs et e en fac Lati plu i ur d ux t Gr , v ul t 1 42 CHIOS

e a l a ec e e emen u I l e st o s e £1 un ch c n vivr Gr qu , t ll t q l i ibl a u d e ' ” c o s e t esli re e e m n e d e e o h i ir t ll a ier vivr qu il v udra . L es o bservati on s d e plusieurs singul aritez et choses m em orables ” “ es en c e et s e M f o c . h arn e C . 1 5 88 4to tr uvé Gre , A Pari , z H . , , 1 86 p . . U L I AN R IER w ho s e h os in 1 604 es J BO D , vi it d C i , writ e es e n c es e ssem e on n e l e e co o Misa u C rt t a blé , d é par Si ur Ni l g y, ’ l un d e s n c n s d e e d e ci o se ouvoit e pri ipaux habita t la vill S , p dir es re eu d es emm es et fil l es cl e o e ec e il est in t la fl r f t ut la Gr . Car ’ e u e d e o es l es es d u e n l es Scio ses d u n dubitabl q , t ut parti L va t, y , comm n u em ant so n es m es l es s ccom es c e ses u j g , t ti é plu a pli , gra i u , e es et ccos a es emm es et fill es d e o l e e n en n b ll a t bl f t ut L va t gé éral , ’ et ui l e mo n s s ad on n en t au c e o m e ou on d e e q i vi . La f r fac l urs v estem an ts d e c orp s est estran gem an t di sconv en ab l e é leur main tien ’ et en u il s so en es c es et som e comm e n o s gravité , bi q i t tr ri h ptu ux, u vism es e n c e bal et ailleurs d e toutes qualités d e femm es qui fussen t ’ en s e . e l es d e o en o es d e e o s n ou fi uré l i l C l qualité p rt t r b v l ur plai g , s n m s £1 n s e l es b ro uats ou es esto h es d e ati , da a gra d f uil ag , q autr p on s se fai ct sur l o e en ou es c es rix , d t la plu part li u ; qui r d t t p ” he s c mm n es etop o u . m ss e en e d e e n d e ontau t on etc 1 21 G . 605 A ba ad Turqui J a Bir , , " n tanti O l e et l e m o e it Co s c . o e héodore e 1 61 0 . n d V yag p , , par C t T

tau n it r s 1 8 . 8vo 2 n t B o . 88 . 39 4 . Go ir , Pa i , , pp , ELCH I R H EVEN O w ho i s e the s n d in 1 656 es M O T T , v it d i la , writ o l es e mmes d e o e es so n es- e es et d e e P ur f Chi ll t tr b ll , taill n e se e es on t l e s e n c c omm e l e s e sm n ava tag u , ll vi ag bla plu b au ja i , ’ ’ e es o e n o n em en £1 e téte et e n ai vu c n s qu ll p rt t rdi air t l ur , j au u pai ’ o l es emm es en au s e n d e ea et n d a rém en s d nt f ai t vi ag ta t b uté ta t g . L eur habit sert en c or e beauco up it l es faire p aroitre si ' es c ar e e s so n o o s o o em en v étu es et c o f es agréabl , ll t t uj ur f rt pr pr t , i fé ’ ’ d u n n e o n c en o m e d un e c c on li g f rt bla , fait f r p tit apu h rabattu par ’ l e o o e o s c es m en s u n e s so e est e es b ut utr t u agre , autr plu lid qu ll ’ o n t o es d e l es rit m s u n e s e n o et l es en t ut p , ai prit j ué gaillard , qui r d ” es e son n es d e e e l es plu s agréabl p r la t rr . “ ” “ o es e n o e s e etc . o e d u e n vol . V yag Eur p , A i , V yag L va t , I ,

3 1 8 3 1 9 . pp . , N NI D ES B ARRE who s e the s n d in 1 673 es A TO O S, vi it d i la , writ s l es emm es d e o son e es d e e n e se l e Mai f Chi t b ll , taill ava tag u , ’

s e o n c l e e n en u n . es en e ussen l écl at ec vi ag f rt bla , t i t bi y Ell r ha t av ’ ’ un e e m l o n e es on n e com os on c e e et b au v r i l qu ll f t d u p iti parti uli r , ’ n e V s e sem e au sm n d E s a n e on e es qu e r e d l ur i ag blabl ja i p g , d t ll o n en e es e en o s on . es o n t l es m n s e es et l e s r t l ur t t pr fu i Ell ai b ll , bra en l m s e es n e ren en t as n d e e n e acon se v e e bi tail é , ai ll p p ta t p i r r l ur ’ o e l es ssen o o s co e e et e o s e it ss g rg . El la lai t t uj ur dé uv rt xp é l air , au i ’ ’ e es o e l e et o e n o e o d e l es rit la p l u sp art l on t ll t ut bru e t ut ir . P ur p ’ en o n t ss men et d u s n et d e l en oiié es son e lles a uré t plai a t j . Ell t ’ es en c on e s on m s un eu o o c es é l ab ord et agréabl v r ati ai p tr p far u h , ” e n ns su itte tro p pl ein es d va ité da la . ’ ” ’ i mo esen d e l Arch el . s 1 678 . 1 2 . 89 9 1 . L estat pr t p A Pari , , pp , I N E TO U RN E FO R’I ‘ w h o s e the s n in 1 701 w es P TTO D , vi it d i la d , rit es e l e s ou d e c o est o e et l es emmes ont Au r t éj r S i f rt agréabl , f y

P C H A T E R X V I I I .

1 82 1 —1 82 2 .

— The Gree k War of I n d epen den ce Tomb azi arrive s i n — — Chio s Fe ar s of th e Turks They take H ostages in to the Fo rt— Outrages by Turkish Irregulars— The Sam ian s c om e — — to attack the I slan d Lyc urgu s arrivesin Chi o s B ehaviour — of th e Samian s Lyc urgu s usurp s the Go vern m en t — — An ar chy i n Chi os Arrival of the Turkish Fleet Gen eral he s Massacre by t Turk .

U C H were the public an d Charitable institutio ns o f

c o m its o c Chios , such its ust s, p litical onstitution , and its so c ial c o n diti o n ; and such had b ee n the m o f e m o e e o stor s troubl and isf rtun it had pass d thr ugh ,

e o e c n the e c e e o f e b f re r a hi g p a ful hav n its lat r days .

" e w as n o t e e to e e . But, alas this happy stat d stin d ndur The gl o ri o us tru m pet o f the Greek Revo lutio n has sounded ; M o ldavia and Wallachia are stirring ; the Pelo

o n n ese e the are n p , Th ssaly, Epirus and islands risi g ; Psara is so l em nly raising the cro ss o f Greek liberty ; Hydra and Sp etzae are busy fitting o u t the fireships that will strike terro r into the h eart o f th e Turk and bo ldly burn his pro ud est ships ; Christians are slaughtere d in C o n stantino pl e and oth er parts ; r epresentatives o f the e n m e em n en c e e l adi g fa ili s, i t l rics , archbishops , pri sts, e e th e e e o f the o o the v n Pr sid nt H ly Syn d , Patriarch

f e em o e e e e o e e . Gr gorius Bl ss d M ry, hav b n hang d And n o w the wh ol e o f the Greek nati o n has cast off the c hains o f servitude an d drawn the swo rd to fight a fight o f e e e e o mm lif and d ath for lib rty , a struggl that will c and

the o e o f th e o . O th e f m e w nd r w rld f a ous H tairia , and 1 44 CHIOS 1 4 5

f e e e e o its plans, nothing had r ach d Chios, xc pt that vague and mysteri ous whisper which prec ed es great the e e events . N or did Turks nt rtain any suspicion

o f the o n the 2 r about the Christians island . But 3 d o f 1 82 1 e e e e e e e o April , , th r sudd nly app ar d b for Chi s -fi ee the e o u t f twenty ve Gr k ships . On br aking o the

G ee e the ee e m e r k R volution , Hydriot fl t, und r Ja s

To m b azi ee e e , had b n s nt to rais the islands, par ticu l arl o the e e e o f y Chi s, on urg nt repr s ntations N icolas

m e . O his Ba ba , th n staying in Hydra n arrival in Psara,

To m b azi m et o m e o f the e m en o f o was by s l ading Chi s , who tri ed to dissuade him from his proj ected exp editi o n

he e e . e e e to th ir island , but r fus d to ob y, and , urg d by

m e o e w ho e e b e e e ec e so th r Chians happ n d to th r , d id d f The Psarian s c e o e ten to sail o r Chios . ontribut d an th r e o the tw o ships, und r Nicolas Apost li , and captains, the e -five e c o e taking tw nty ships, sail d away, and an h r d ” e o e the so - e Well o the Pa sha the o b f r call d f , in n rth

s The m e e e m of the i land . sa day th y s nt a sti ulating

m o o f the ' G ee eo e the D em o ero n ts procla ati n r k P pl to g , urging the Chians not to rem ain passive sp ectators of

he D em o ero n t e the e e . t s e gr at struggl But g r pli d, that m e the to e m it was i possibl for inhabitants tak up ar s , m o e the e e e and i pl r d invad rs to quit imm diat ly, and not

e c o the e bring d stru tion down up n island . Th n the ee ee ee the e t Gr k fl t, s ing that inhabitants wer flying o the o e e e ee e m untains wh n v r a Gr k ship approach d , and l earning that the Turks had taken hostages into the fo rt f i o e e e s x . e e by way pr caution , sail d away aft r days B for

o so e e c e few the d ing , th y x hang d a shots with fort , and e o e e m e m e e o the ov rp w r d so s all v ss ls sailing al ng coast .

e e the o f o e sel fis Many hav accus d Chians c wardic , h

e o m o f e e n ss and want of patri tis , and having consid r d e ow n e o f only th ir inter sts, and having shown unwilling n ess to take a share in the struggle for liberty o f the rest

of the ee . L e e e e e se Gr ks et us xamin th s charg s, and e 1 46 CHI O S

e e e are e e o r n ot e wh th r th y w ll found d . Chios liv d by

o mm e e c e e e e dis c rc , whi h naturally induc s a p ac abl ? p o siti o n N early all the inhabitan ts had c o m m ercial e me e e m Co n stan tin O l e or stablish nts , ith r in S yrna, p ,

e o f e e The c e oth r parts Asia and Europ an Turk y . hildr n o f the e -to -d o o o e e c e w ll Chians, as s n as th y had r a h d the a e ee e e e e to e n g of fift n , w r s nt to Turk y l arn busi ess, and a great m any o f the villagers earn ed the ir living by

the o e the o e carrying pr duc of island to Constantin pl , o r were empl oyed to wo rk in the gardens of the Turkish e h ee . o o t e e e grand s Und r such c nditi ns, Chians w r

m o e c ce e e e naturally r on rn d with th ir busin ss, than

o o o f e e e e with th ughts ab ut guns , which th r w r hardly e n o ugh in the island fo r those who went partridge

e e e the e ee sh o oting . H nc an allianc with oth r Gr ks w n t e n o t e as o possibl . For would this have expos d to the m o o v e w e d o sa e e st b ious dang r, not y th ir prop rty, but the lives o f their Children in Turkey ? And how w o uld the sacrifi ce o f th ese lives have be nefited the cause ? They th emselves were not in a p o siti o n to

m e s o r n e m n e n e e e . o eo e s d , ith r on y, hips, trai d M r v r,

the es e e n en e e en e o n fo r island, b id s b i g tir ly d p d nt Asia

its o o n e e o m the f d supply, was o ly s parat d fr mainland

o an d e o e n a o by a narr w strait, xp s d to an ihil ti n by

the e o e e c e om Turks, long b f r any h lp ould r ach it fr

eece the a e e o e ce c m e Gr . Nor did Chi ns v n kn w wh n a

f r e o n n e e th e authority o r voluti . Can o th n wond er that th ey were a n xious to wait for a mo re favo urable o o t e the e pp rtuni y for taking a us ful part in struggl ,

an d a e e m e m e o f m e th t th y hop d, in the anti , by gifts on y

th e c e the few to the e e d es and sacrifi of , avoid g n ral tru ctio n o f their h o m es and c ountry ? That this was m o f o f th e e o e th e ann er thinking Chians was cl arly pr v d, b o th o n the o c casi o n o f the u n fortunately u n su c cessful

1 “ “ on es e E s rit d es o s . 349 r s ed n . ( E uvres M t qui u , p ‘ L i , p (Pa i , ” C ompletes )

1 4 8 CHIOS

The V l asto o the e Turks . third day, , g ing to Mufti , ask d

e e em e the what they int nd d doing with th . Th n Mufti said that it had been d ecided that all o f th em sh ould

em e so th e e e b e e r ain as hostag s, that p opl should k pt e e The o e o e quiet and und r r straint . unf rtunat pris n rs

e e e e ee e th n r alis d that th y had b n cunningly trapp d , but e to o e e e e acc om m o were o blig d b y . Th y ask d for b tter o e e o e e m f to e dati n , and w r all w d , aft r uch di ficulty, hir m ffee o e e e the a s all co h us with a gard n , insid fort , for

0 e m . e e e e ate e e 5 piastr s a onth H r th y sl pt and tog th r , receiving what th ey required fro m th eir fri ends outside .

e few e the e b e ex Aft r a days, thos in fort ask d to

n e in o e the m e e em cha g d , acc rdanc with pro is giv n th , but the e e e to e o n e e Turks, v r faithl ss th ir w rd , not o ly r fus d ,

e e e so n ow e e e e but add d fr sh hostag s , that (b sid tw lv th ey had brought from the Masti c District) they had

- m the e e se o forty six fro town . Further, th y r fu d to all w

o f e e o e e e the five D emo ero n ts any th s h stag s , xc pt g and th e Pro to m astors to o the e e m e , g into town , v n in dayti , e to e f e b e to att nd th ir a fairs, and th y all had to back

e e e in th fo rt again by nightfall . Notwithstanding all th s

e th e e e so e en e pr cautions, Turks w r still appr h siv , that

e o e e the o n o f e th y rd r d inhabitants to hand in , pain d ath ,

the few e o e off to o guns th y had , and wr t C nstantin ople o o m o o asking for tr ps and uniti ns . S o n after th ere

e m f e e o f o arriv d , fro di f r nt parts Asia , ab ut Turks .

e E l ezo l u o - e m an A c rtain g , a g od natur d and kindly , was

e c o m e mm n o e to hav e as th ir co ander, and bri g an th r

m en e o n with him, but unfortunat ly, arriving at

Tc h esmé ec e e e to e o o o , had r iv d ord rs coll ct tr ps, and g to the assault of the island of Sam o s ; and so the c e e e m e Asiati s w r l ft in Chios without a com and r . Fro m the ti me wh en the Greek fleet first app eared

e o e the - e o m e e the m b f r Chios, to ill fat d m nt, wh n Sa ians

set e o the the e e e e first th ir fo t on island , Chians n v r c as d a o e e p ssing thr ugh alt rnat phases of h op e and despair . CHIOS 1 49

e th e e e e e for e But now, wh n l ad rl ss Turks, s nt th ir pro

‘ tectio n e assed w ithou t m e , had land d, not a day p urd rs ,

o e e e e m e e . r bb ri s, assaults , and oth r vil and na l ss outrages the o the e e e e e Both in t wn and Campos v ryon w nt in f ar, o n e e o e e e the e o r ee no dar d sh w th ms lv s in mark t str ts, o r e e e e o e the o v n app ar at th ir wind ws, b cause str lling Turks n ever h esitated to discharge their pistols at such as So m fled to ee e the e e did . any s k saf ty in most inacc ssibl

o f the m The e e e 200 parts ountains . worst d vils w r e so m e e Cr tans, any wild b asts , and som brigands who ee e o m e e e I m had b n land d fr a Turkish frigat . N ith r e e ee n o r e o f the p rial D cr s, the daily thr ats Capitan Pasha ,

e to e e e e avail d r strain th s unruly scoundr ls, who com el l ed the o em p Public t pay th two piastres a day each . The D em o ero n ts o m e the e e g c plain d to Authoriti s, but th y, e for e ow n e e sa O f aring th ir liv s, dar d not y a word . nly the so n o f the e e e Capitan Pasha w nt about f arl ssly, day

e en e he m and night, to pr v t such outrag s as ight . The o e the o e e sh ps had clos d, b ats had c as d to bring pro o m the eo e e e e visions fr Asia, and p pl w r b ginning to

m e e n e f f u n . o f mur ur I n this thr at ni g stat a airs, not o m m o n o the e c n duri g war, it was nly prud nt and

e o e o o fthe D em o ero n ts w ho r s urc ful c nduct g , distributed f o o d and oth er n ec essari es am o ng the p o orest o f the e m h e e t e e o t e o . p opl , hat av rt d a dang r us tu ult in t wn At e c e o f the the last, aft r mu h p titioning Divan by Chian 1 e e en e o o e e R pr s tativ s in C nstantin pl , Bach t Pasha was

en to the 1 00 o m e e s t island , with b badi rs, and furnish d e o e fo r its e the with pl nary p w r prot ction . But as Turks

o n o t e e e f E l ezo l u in Chi s did consid r th ir forc s su ficient, g , o e w as e e e to o e with s ldi rs, s nt th r . The Cr tans

an d e e e e e n ow e e l ad rl ss Asiatics w r driv n away, outrag s

’ 1 s m n s e son e n ce hi ch w as as e s e as his Thi a p r al app ara , w r pul iv c c e h as een e c e the n s e e n hara t r , b vividly d pi t d by E gli h trav ll r Swa “ ” o n of o e in th e e e n e n etc n ( J ur al a V yag M dit rra a , . , by Ch . Swa ,

vol . . I , p 1 50 CHIOS

e e m en e o e ee c as d , and wom n m v d about fr ly , boats and o o c m e m th e o f o e e ce f d a fro Asia, first lot h stag s, x pt the

e o o o e e e e e o n ew o M tr p litan Plat , w r r l as d , and f rty nes, w h o e e to b e C e m o e e the w r hang d onthly, t ok th ir plac Turkish fl eet sail ed o u t from Constantin o ple to guard the

Se al l the e e e e e ee . as, and p opl b gan to br ath fr ly again But this state o f affairs and feeling o f security did not

The em e o su m o f last long . Pasha d and d a m nthly

re m the c e E l ezo l u piast s fro Publi Tr asury, and g besides which the Public had to pay fo r other of

e e The o f th eir xp nses . Turks also took about kilos o o m the P e e e the o e c rn fr ublic r s rv s , and all provisi ns th y

o n the m e o e e . f u d in ark t, with ut paying a singl p nny The e o f the e e e o f the Agas, taking advantag h lpl ssn ss

n e e m o f m o e o m e Chia s , borrow d larg su s n y fr th m , s o e e e ee e h wing th ir gratitud lat r on , by st ping th ir hands

the o o f e e The e in blo d th ir cr ditors . rapacious Bach t, n o t s e he ec e e m the c im sati fi d with what r iv d fro Publi ,

o e e e o the e ee the p s d furth r tax s , cut d wn larg tr s in e o f the to m e e e c e gard ns Christians ak gun carriag s, xa t d

ce o m e e s e an d o e for d labour fr carp nt r , build rs th r ar tisan s fo r the c o c o f c e e , nstru tion barra ks and war hous s,

an d the e o a n d e en o f the o e r parati n str ngth ing f rtr ss walls, an d n ot only did he n ot pay them a penny for th eir

o m e em o e th e e e m e lab ur, but ad th pr vid n c ssary at rial .

The c o e e the e o f the oo Publi , in rd r to light n burd ns p r, c eased c o ll ecting taxes fro m the small e r c lasses and i e o e e the m e o n o t to e o e v llag rs, and rd r d Mariti C urt nf rc

th e m e o f e e o n m a pay nt th ir d bts by sail rs , artisa s and s ll

e the e o ce o e e s e trad rs . All tax s and f r d l ans w r har d by

m n the . o e the e e to rich A gst oth r things , Pasha d cid d

ee e the m o fo r he c o m e e e 500 d p n at, and this p ll d ov r . e e m c villag rs to bring th ir ani als, and dig, and arry away

th e e n o e em in arth , worki g h ly days and all , b at th

m to m e e c e e e m e hu anly sti ulat th ir a tivity, and v n kill d or

o n e o the e H e than with ut slight st j ustification . put to

1 52 CHIOS at e h e n ot e see the e e e l ast, in t at th y did liv to nslav m nt o f their c ountry " This lam entabl e state of affairs was suddenly aggra vated e the m e e em by a r port, that Sa ians w r ass bling and m e e e for the e o f o ditating an xp dition lib ration Chi s . As m e o e ee e o e e si ilar r ports had ft n b n h ard in Chi s b for , the

n o t e e e em ee c o c e Chians did b li v th now , f ling nvin d that it w as in c redibl e that the Sam ians should have d ecided

o e e e e o ee up n such a s ns l ss und rtaking, and als f ling e e e e the c e the C c rtain that, if it w r r ally as , hians in Psara and the other islands wo uld have info rm ed their relatives

i n m e Chi o s . But as the repo rt o f the Sa ian exp diti o n e e the o the em gain d str ngth , both Archbish p and D o ero n ts e m e e e e e to the e g s nt ss ng rs and pr ach rs, all Villag s o f the to e the e e to e e an d island , urg p opl r main qui t

o an d the c o n e o f the e e o to l yal , with s nt Pasha, s nt nv ys

m o s m e e e the m e e e Sa to ak nquiri s as to ru our d xp dition ,

to e e n e e e e e o and pr v t it if it w r r ally int nd d . But as s on

e e en o e the e e o e D e as th s v ys had start d, r c ntly app int d 1 m ogero n ts l earnt that e ighteen Sam ians had lan d ed at

the m e e f th e e o f e th o o . villag P ra a , in n rth rn part island

‘ e o e o m e the e o e s Th y at nc inf r d Pasha, who s nt s ldi r to

e the e the m e captur invad rs . But as Sa ians had hidd n

em e e e the e e e em - e th s lv s in cav s , soldi rs r turn d pty hand d .

e n the a the D em o ero n ts e n o f Th Pasha, c lling g and tw ty

th e o e em e ec e h stag s , told th that it was absolut ly n ssary

e e m en b e o n Th e c e that th s should f u d. Publi th n

ec e e e o Paraskeva Sec hiari dir t d Al xand r Par di , , and

Po l c h ro n es Diam an tari o o e Hantsi y , to g to th s parts .

O E r thae e ee c o en m en of n arriving at y , th y took fift n h s e m o e o n th e e o f o that villag , and v d to villag V lisso . There th ey l earnt that th e eighteen Sam ians were hiding a c e e o e n o o the en o in av . But b f r arrivi g at V liss , v ys ec e e m e e m the D em o ero n ts e i e r iv d a ssag fro g , t ll ng th m

1 ese e e eo e Fran ias om s Tsiro inas an d Pan teli Th w r G rg g , Th a p Man ouso . CHIOS 1 53 that a number o f Sam ian ships (March l oth) had been sighted also orders to do th eir utm ost to suppress any em o n the o f the e The att pt at rising part Villag rs . Pasha,

e o the e e e fo r e b ing t ld that ships w r h ading Chios, call d the o e e it to b e e in f rty hostag s , whos turn was at larg , em th e O and shut th up in fort . n Saturday morning, c 1 l th the ee ee o f m e o f Mar h , Gr k fl t, consisting a nu b r m e e e o ff the o e s all v ss ls, dropp d anchor sh r of Kontari , e the e c e of few o and, aft r x hang a shots at l ng range , about so ldi ers landed under the l eadership o f

L c o e y urgus L goth tis .

e o e w e cee e l et see e B f r pro d any furth r, us what induc d

' L t m e c e o e o . ycurgus co t Chios A c rtain Chian , all d o o o e o f the e o f a Ant ni B urnias, a nativ Villag Parpari , who had served under Nap o l eon in th e African cam

ai n ee the e o f the e p g , s ing that all r st islands had rais d the fla o f e em e in g lib rty, and that only r ain d ( Chios e e e - o e e activ , inspir d rath r by vain gl ry than g nuin

o sm c ce e the e ef e e o . patri ti , on iv d id a of f cting its lib rati n

G to Tri o l itsa em e h e e to e e oing p , in Nov b r, tri d p rsuad o the o f em e Y e and btain support D trius psilanti , but fail d

m an m e e e fled to o . and, b ing dis iss d as intrigu r? Sa s

e e h e o e e e Kl im i Th r f und four oth r Chian adv ntur rs , f o m the e o f Car ae o m Pan tel i r villag y , Ntara fr Elata, Sikotaki (all th ese had failed in busin ess in Smyrna and

e e m e e m w r hiding fro th ir cr ditors in Sa os) , and Vin cen ti the n h m o Katarn i o so o f t e o . , infa us J hn I t was with m en such as these that Bournias sat d own to plan a sch em e fo r revolutionising his c o untry " At this tim e the

m n eem e th e P sarian s e e e n Sa ia s, in agr nt with , w r pr pari g

e ar s the o o f e e an xpediti o n against C y to . But w rds th s

fiv e e e e to c o unprincipl d Chians, and a l tt r Ly urgus fr m o n e of the o o f the c n Epitr pi Masti District, inviti g him to the e e o f o e e s f e to e hurry to r scu Chi s , w r u fici nt induc

1 “ b mo e sur Gréce vol . . 0 o Ra au d 5 5 . y , Mé ir la , I , p Riz ”

N eroul o s d e ece . 406. , Hi t . la Gr , p 1 54 CH I OS

a ain st Car sto and r a e o n e i t C i s? g y , unde t k aga ns h o H e

1 “ ” ans. ote. l i k ou is H i st of the reek e ol ion Tr N p , G R v ut , -6 : “ I t is stil l a moot oin t in Grecce wheth er L u u made the p , yc rg s - a p emuo n m CIfios in ob edi m ce m or conh zry m the ord ers of Y d l an L a t fi n e hi s da ti . m m fis m m n m u d i n p y g p fly d p to y g y, thzt he was a fin nn d er d This is th e tm th ohn L orenzo c or ers. g . J M a d uzn m d memb a d me Sea a Sod d y d the PMfih was Br in in O d cssa when th e revolu fion b roke ut H avin at heart g o . g th e lib ezz fion d

Sam s to cn fist B the cx c s om and o sil an ti to o soldiers. y pr s c m p

the momm t s nd opp a tm q h e wrote to Ypsih n ti telli n g him that h e tho ught it m y thn the afiair should b e postp on ed to a m e fi m z b k m asked him to refim him from hi s post as

' [a cmgm pmmmed ob edien m as is irrefmz b ly prov ed b y two l etters whi ch hzv e v l m en m of S ra b ec n presa ed b y j ohn Ralh y ,

” of orders znd con venfions.

“ I v ur t at th e han d s of our hz e recei v ed yo l etta of N ov . 28 h y

m m m for the fib a a fion d om c ou n b b ut m y y, s prm t d rt umstzn ccs d o not p a u fit of th e erpedifiO Q you hm d oo e w en m d d c ' it to a m ore fav om ab l e mom en g su ch as wifl - certai nl ari se u on a Rm an decl zm tion of w ar or u on tb e y p , p

med i n of th e N zfional Assemb l al rcad in comse c f con v oa fion . g y , y Go then to some ish nd and kee p qui et un til the desired m oment hzs come for i rin efi ect to om ' atxi o fi wish cs then write m e g g y p c ; , u n e c ar I ho that l too a b an d l wfll sm d yo th e c ss y l etters. p e m y y

m r hzt so far th e di scord an d rccd of th e e k b e a. I a so r t h y , , g

th e prop a fefi ng d hat fiI e Greeb can d o when th ey

1 5 6 CHIOS

“ e e the so - e B u rn tTower e r fug in call d , and in som Turkish

e e e e e e o e houses, wher th y w r captur d , and h ld pris n rs . An o ther body o f about 300 Turks were guarding the hill o f Tu rl o ti o th e e b e b o m , fr m which fort could asily e e 5 0 m m e e bard d , but no soon r had Sa ians ad th ir e n e e to o fled the The m app ara c than th y to fort . Sa ians entering the town found all the inhabitants shut up in

e o se n o e o f o e in th ir h u s, in ig ranc what had ccurr d fact, the Sam i an s had kill ed the h ead m an o f the village of m e o e e e o Thy iana for r fusing to ackn wl dg th ir auth rity.

e e e e o e a e Th y had hardly arriv d , wh n th y sh w d th t th y

o m e m e n n had c or intent o plund ering than fighti g .

e s m e of ee o e the Aft r burning o Turkish c f h us s , and

o m offi e e ec i tw o e cust c , and d s rating and unroof ng l ad e e m o e e e o the cov r d squ s, th y starting br aking int Chris

a o e the e e e em ti n sh ps and , st aling cont nts , k pt s nding th

’ off to Sam o s during the wh o l e o f th eir nin etee n days stay

the The m e e e o m e o f the e in island . sa v ning s villag rs fro m the Mastic district cam e down to the town and

o e in the e The e e j in d pillag . n xt day, Sunday, a larg

e o f e e an d o c e the eo e numb r villag rs cam in , f r d p pl of

the n e o n e o e e tow to j oin th m . N o had pr p r w apons ;

o n e m an m b e ee e e o ight s n carrying a pi c of w od,

o e e o e e e e e o an th r a cudg l , an th r a m at sk w r, anoth r a f rk

e e to e c m e to o e fast n d a stick . Pri sts a down , in th ir

e e c e o the o rob s, and carri d ross s thr ugh town , and st od o th e e e e s ab ut squar , swinging c ns rs , and singing p alms

m n o f e so th e e e e e the and hy s lib rty, that squar pr s nt d m app earance of a surging sea o f closely packed hu anity . ee e e c o I nd d a pitiful sight, but not ntir ly without its mic

e c th m of o e o sid . Su h was e ti idity and want c h si n in

th e o m e e m e the m e e e o cr wd that, ti aft r ti , r r p rt that the gates o f the fo rt were Open ing was en o ugh to s end them flyi n g in all directi o ns to seek sh elter in the h o uses

o e e the the r und . Such w r warriors from whom salva tion o f unhappy Chio s was to come I cm os 1 57

O th e of o f the L n morrow the arrival Samians, ycurgus

m e o e . e o o ca ash r , and with him Bournias Th y t k up ’ e the e e n the quart rs in M tropolitan s Palac , and , calli g D em o ero n ts m e of the e me n m e g and so l ading , proclai d the e o o f the D em o ero n ts the o d positi n g , and installati n

of E hor six m em e . e e e o V ou ro an p y of b rs Th s wer , C si , Pan tel i Z ervu dachi F ran o u l o F ran o u l i , Nicolas g p , g Pal

Po l chro nes Diam an tari e Gian o u tso laki , y , and St phen . The e e e ee the e e c o n se wr tch d Chians, for s ing in vitabl

u en ces of e e e e e i the m e q the raid , w r r duc d to d spa r, or so wh en they learnt fro m Lycurgus that the whol e o f m o e o f six m c o his unitions c nsist d only s all ann n , two

e s o f o e e e c barr l gunp wd r, and as many cartridg s as a h

o e o n . the ev w as o e s ldi r had him But il d n , and it was necessary to take every p o ssibl e m easure to meet the

e e e o Gl araki Ra h dang r . So th y s nt D ctor and p o to

the ee em o to m Gr k Ass bly in C rinth , ask for unitions

of G . The Psarian s war, and a provisional overnor , in

e e fo r e m e e e e f xchang h avy pay nt, s nt tw nty barr ls o

o e o n o ec e e p wd r, and two cann n , but shot, b aus th y

e e o em e e six e w r sh rt th s lv s ; also ships, und r Nicolas

a Ko n stan zi e e e e K ra , to pr v nt any Turkish v ss ls from

e e n the o . e the ee e nt ri g harb ur Furth r, Gr k Gov rnm ent

e the e o five e e e e gav nv ys si g guns, and ord r d many ‘ e e e officers —m e Gu b ern ati e o Philh ll n a ong th m , B rnard ,

m o — e the e e Ray nd, Mari to r turn with nvoys, and dir ct

e o . o ee e Op rati ns Unf rtunately, thirt n days pass d before

e e e we e m e e e e e th s pr parations r co pl t d , and wh n , aft r ight ’ the e e e o days sail , xp dition arriv d at Psara, Chi s no

e e e . The m e m e ce long r xist d Sa ians, m anti , pla d th eir

o n the Aso m ato n o n the o e ZE ial o guns hill of , l w r g , o n Tu rl oti e o n th e and , and b gan firing fort . But

e 5 . e e th ir shot, hardly weighing lbs , bar ly graz d the

the o e o the walls ; whilst Turks, thr wing sh lls int town ,

1 mo e su l e Ra b aud r r a ec vol . 2 1 0 y , Mé i Gr , II , p . . 1 58 CHIOS

e the e the s so damag d buildings and kill d inhabitant ,

m e m e fled e o e that any , g tting alar d , to th ir country h us s . I t app ears extrao rdinary that the Turks should n o t have

o m o e o e e o u t to c the sh wn r b ldn ss, and salli d atta k besiegers ; the m ore so as the Cath o lics had info rm ed them o f the miserably d efi c i e nt armam ent o f the Greek The m o c es. o o f e e e e f r Sa ians, fr m want shot, w r r duc d to pi cking up and using th o se that had been fired at he e m m m e em t e . e e th by n y R b ring that a Turkish ship ,

e m m n o c e e ee n lad n with a unitio , had n sunk b tw Chios

an d Tch esm é e e to et m n , th y sent div rs g up as a y shot

as e c o . o f e e o m e e e e th y uld But th s , s w r too larg and

o m e to o m fo r e the few s s all , th ir cannon , and that e e e e e e ff to m The m ight hav s rv d w r carri d o Sa os .

e e e the m n powd r, too , was b ing stol n by Sa ia s and , al th o ugh th ey assured the Ephors that it was b eing

e se n o c o b e e prop rly u d , firing uld h ard . Th e n ews o f the Sam ian invasion had now reac hed

o e m m e e o e e e e to C o n stantin pl . I diat ly rd rs w r s nt the G overn ors o f Asia Min o r to j o in fo r ces at Tchesme and “ " o c ee . the e o e pr d to Chios Kill , said Sultan , lik an th r “ o o e m e o e e e bl dstain d Saul , Kill all al s v r tw lv , all

o m en o e o the tw o - e -o l d en w v r f rty, all y ar childr , and

e the e e . H e o e the e mak r st prison rs had sp k n , and w alth

f the n the e o f its m e ea c o o isla d , b auty wo n , and sy vi t ry,

c e e n e o f e m en e e attra t d daily incr asi g hord s lawl ss , ag r

an d th e e o f e the fo r spo il fl sh Chri stians . N arly all l eading Chians in Co n sta n tinople were thrown into

so n m e o r e m o the l e the pri , and i pal d, hang d ; a ng att r

e en o m three h o stag s s t fr Chios .

s th e o e o o s e Whil t P rt was wall wing in this bl od h d ,

e e o c m e e c re and pr paring furth r nslaughts , o pl t anar hy p

e o e o f G o d n o o f m an vail d in Chi s, and no f ar , law ,

e e th e en e e e e su fli c d to r strain g ral lawl ssn ss . Diss nsion

se n e ee c w ho e e as had ari b tw n Ly urgus, wish d to rul

e e B ou rn ia L sat the a o . bs lut mast r, and ycurgus in

1 60 CHIOS

m o e e i itati n , mad th ir way at night, with shouts and c e the es e o b e ri s, into hous Of any th y th ught might The o e e meditating flight . Eph rs did th ir b st to put a

e e e e o se o e stop to th s abus s, having r c ur to b th pray rs e e e f e . O the e and brib s M anwhil , p nding the arrival h lp m e th e ee G e m e the e pro is d by Gr k ov rn nt, Ephors busi d

em e e o o e m e th s lv s in pr curing st r s and ar s, nrolling

o e n m e e O f o e m e s ldi rs , and arra ging so syst m g v rn nt . the m ese e e e Whilst in idst Of th labours , th r arriv d that

e the 3oth 1 82 2 terribl day, March , , Thursday in H oly

ee e e e W k , on which all th ir plans w re frustrat d, and e e e o e Chi o s and its p opl d str y d .

The ee o f six ee- e e Turkish fl t, c nsisting O thr d ck d ships, - e e e twenty six frigat s and corv tt s, and a number Of trans

o e D u l c in io ti o o p rts, und r Capitan Pasha , dr ps anch r in c h the o o e o n t e . harb ur, and at n starts firing town o o t e en ad e What words c uld w r hily d pict, what p could

u atel e c e the o e e e s e O f q y d s rib , confusi n , t rror and h lpl s n ss the i n habitants The ill -om en ed liberators Of Chios fly

m a f e o s e o or . P e are in all dir cti ns, king th ir b at ar nts c o e e c e e e the o ll cting th ir hildr n , to sav th m from sw rd e m e the th ey already see uplift d . So hurry to Euro p ean

n e m e n o t e e Co sulat s ; nu b rs , knowing wh r to turn , start

O ff fo r the o a . e are er m unt ins Childr n crying, moth s e b e m e o with th ir ba es in th ir ar s are wailing with t rr r .

eo e are e e e e O e P pl asking ach oth r wh r to g for saf ty, but

e et e the e O f e th y g carri d away by rising tid fugitiv s, and

are e e o . The e driv n in all dir cti ns Turks, having land d , e th t e ec e e . s art d s rating, plund ring and burning church s

e m e m ee e Th y kill all who th y t, sparing n ither quality,

n o r a e n o t e e the e e the e o . o e g , v n l p rs in lazar tt They p n

e ee e e e o the grav s, to s k hidd n tr asur s, and thr w putre fyin g dead o n top O f the still breathing bodies Of their m e e e the e e the victi s . Th y d secrat H oly El m nts, and e the S relics Of the H o ly Saints . Th y burn chool and e Library, and run along howling like wild b asts . CHIOS 1 61

M eanwhile numbers O f small boats keep arriving from

o s e e the Asiatic c a t, load d with Turks hurrying to plund r and try the edge O f th eir swords on the bodies Of e e e Christians . And thos who had found r fug in the e e e F o r Consulat s, what t rrors did th y not go through e e of e fo r the e e e days th y liv d in fear d ath , Turks thr at n d c the e e e e to atta k Consulat s, and would c rtainly hav don s the e e e e O e to o o . , had not Pasha pr v nt d th m th rs , e m e so e hidd n in dark and da p c llars all day, that th y m ight n ot b e see n eve n by the Turkish so ldiers who

e e the o e an d e e e w r guarding C nsulat s b tray d , only dar d c m e o u t to et e e o at night g a br ath Of air . Ev ry day were h eard the Iamentations Of girls and w o men being e o the G o d carri d away into captivity, inv king pity Of

m en The e and , in vain . writ r Of this history still

em em e the e e the Co n r b rs painful days, wh n r lations in su l ates saw th o se dear to th em being dragged away into c e e e e e the e aptivity, without b ing abl to r nd r th m slight st

n ce assista .

l et e e e e e e t o e e e But us l av th s sc n s, and pass o th rs, v n m o e e e the m e e o e w ho r tragic, and d scrib is ri s Of th s had fled to the o r e e o n e m o c unt y . Th s , r aching the un

n c e m e fo r the sea o n o to tai s, at On ad , h pi g to find b ats

e m t a e e e e o e . tak th away o Psara . B ts th r w r But who wo uld beli eve it the own ers wante d to profit by the

o e e o n m e em e o misf rtun s Of th ir c u try n , and r ain d l oking o n e s e o e e e e e e in saf ty , whil t th ir br th rs w r b ing slaught r d th e " The Psarian s e the o f by Turks , h aring Of arrival th e ee o e 2 5 0 e e Turkish fl t in Chi s, s nt soldi rs, und r

ee e e e tw o fireshi s to e thr d l gat s, also six ships and p , h lp the ffe o m e e e the Chians in O ring s r sistanc to Turks .

o n e the m e e But th ir arrival , finding that Sa ians w r in

the s ee e c e e flight, and Chian only s king to s ap , th y aban

o u e e e o c the to d d th ir first id a, that Of f r ing Chians fight

e e em o n o e e by r fusing to tak th b ard , and s nt ight ships

to n the e e . bri g away fugitiv s, without charg I n this way M 1 62 CHIOS

1 n ot . e e e e o ma y g away But oth rs, b ing s parat d fr m their

eo e e e e e e e om e w ho p pl , r fus d to l av , and th s , and s vainly

e fo r e o m the e e e o r hop d indulg nce fr Turks, w r all kill d ,

e e . The e the m c m e mad captiv s fugitiv s to ountains , li b d

to ee e e o o e e up high and st p plac s, half nak d , f tsor , alt r n atel c o e the m e o r w et y s rch d by sun and nu b d by frost ,

the o e . m e e m e c e to b n So hid in villag s, so in thi k ts ,

o r c e e e e e e the e pits , llars , and w r Oft n b tray d by villag rs .

n e now e o e f e H u g r and thirst b gan t add to th ir su f rings . They wo uld creep o u t at night to try and find fo o d fo r

e e e e th ir childr n crying with hung r, lucky if th y could few e e e o r o e bring back a h rbs , b rri s ro ts , and a littl m e u t e e e e e se e e uddy wat r . B v n gr at r vils than th e b f ll the The e O fthe Chians . Turks , two days aft r the arrival

ee e e n e the e fl t, wh n th y had fi ish d burning church s and

e e o r m e e th e in hous s, and had kill d , ad prison rs all

O f the fo r habitants town , still thirsting Christian blood,

n e e e the m o e e e e tur d th ir st ps to untains . Again v rywh r e e w e e m e e e e e o e O f o m e blood , v ry h r urd r, v rywh r dr v s w n an d c hil d ren b ein e o e r g dragg d int captivity . Th y kill o

w ho em e e burn Christians, had shut th s lv s up in 2 the Mon asteri es O f N ea M o n e an d Agi o s Minas ; th ey o th e Kal im asia dish nour nuns Of Chalandra and , and m O ff o e e e e . carry th H wling curs s, th y h ap up Christian

e n e e m e the i n hab i bo di es at eac h st p . H avi g xt r inat d

e e A n avato e ee the tants Of St . G org and , th y proc d to f e m e e c o c . high st parts, in s ar h furth r vi ti s And , Oh , horribl e sight " H ere yo u see m en and boys being kill ed and m utilate d in th e presence Of their wives and m others ; the re you h ear the piteo us cri es Of wo m en

1 n es e e s e too th e e en e en c m n Ma y fugitiv w r av d , , by Philh ll Fr h a ,

o n w ho n e i n th e s n his s o s. J urdai , la d d i la d with ail r

2 n o 1 840 e se 1 8 e s O n e can s see Eve t day ( ) aft r a lap Of y ar , till th e bo n es Of th e vi ctim s piled up in pits i n th e fo r eco urt Of the os n s s c s th e s ec o M o n ast ery Of Agi Mi a , a ight whi h fill p tat r with o o an d Th e oo s n s on th e mi n gled feel i n gs Of h rr r pity . bl d tai h ar so s e m arbles of th e in side wall s Of t e c hurch e al still vi ibl .

1 64 CHIOS

Co n sulate to make a gen eral proclamation Of forgiven ess m The o e e . e n o the and a n sty unf rtunat Chians, r lyi g n

s e f the o o e few a suranc s O C nsular Env ys , gav up what

e o e e e o f e e m en w ap ns th y had , and s nt a d putati n O s v nty , to the e e o e e eo e e thank Pasha for his b n v l nc . P pl b gan to e e o e e w ho ee e r turn to th ir h m s, and oth rs had b n m di m ec e e . o tating flight, d id d to r ain But many, kn wing th e e O f o m e e e valu Turkish pr is s , k pt away . That v ry

the m e the e e m e e night, Turkish Ad iral hang d s v nty mb rs

O f the e o the s The d putati n to yard Of his ships .

o e e the o - f e h o s foll wing day, th y hang d all l ng su f ring

e the c tag s in fort , and by way Of rowning indignity,

ace o the e the e o pl d a turban up n h ad Of M trop litan , and e e m the o e The o e e xhibit d it a ongst pris n rs . b di s w re

e e to the e to b e o o the sea th n hand d j ws, thr wn int . e e e e o n o o Whilst th s things w r going in Chi s, ab ut sixty

m e c e e e ec e o e Chian r hants w r x ut d in Constantin pl , Only

o e w h o e n b ec ause they were Chians . Of th s r tur ed fro m

e the o m e m e e e e hiding, r lying on pr is d a n sty, n arly all w r

m e E e h e e o r e . t e o e the kill d , ad prison rs v n p pl Of

c w ho o to the e e o e Mastic distri t , , wing sp cial prot cti n th y e n o e n o t so ee m o e e e e a e j y d , had far b n l st d , w r ft rwards

e e e the e e the e e partly d stroy d , wh n n ws arriv d that f arl ss

the a o e e Canaris had burnt Turkish fl gship , t g th r with the the e - o Capitan Pasha, in v ry harb ur Of Chios , and

en H e e 1 9 s t Turks to ll (jun th , ffi c to e e c h ow m n e e o r I t is di ult t ll xa tly a y w re kill d ,

e e e e c e m o e carri ed into captivity . Th r w r rtainly r than Th e captive w o m en were passed fro m hand

n e m the m e O f m n a Co n to ha d , lik ani als, in ark ts S yr ,

stan ti n O l e o . o m e e e c e o p , and Asia Min r S w r lu ky n ugh b o c e e e o e o e to e b ught ba k by th ir r lativ s in Eur p , th rs

e a e th e e e o o am w re t k n into d pths Of Asia and M s p t ia, an d o e e es o e e , giving up all h p Of b ing r t r d , liv d with o c e c e e M a h o m ed an ism Turks . Many y ung hildr n a c pt d ,

o n o e a e o r ce to eith er willingly acc unt Of th ir g , for d by CHIOS 1 65

w ho a the . e e e Turks Thos scap d to Psara, bout e e e m e e to e e hungry and nak d , w r co p ll d l av that island by the inhabitants (who oth erwise received them with e w ho e e 1 50 o e kindn ss, and t nd d w und d Chians in the o e e SO h spital) b caus th ey had consumed all the food .

e e e m e e the e eo . th y l ft, and b ca scatt red like J wish p ple

o m e em e e S r ain d in T nos, Syra , and other islands Of the ZE ean e e the Pe e e e g , oth rs w nt to loponn s and Ath ns, which place had fo rtunately just b een delivered up to h e sad e e e e t e Gre ks . But such a sight w r thes fugitiv m e " m e e e e fa ili s Wo n , who had hith rto liv d surround d e e o e e e n e e e with w alth and pl nty, wh s y s had v r b en

d im n ed the e e e e n ow e by t ars Of misfortun , w r , hous e e e e e e e l ss, widow d , ill and h lpl ss , entir ly d p ndent upon

t o e e e e e Christian chari y . Six th usand w nt to Tri st , wh r m e any found their r lati o ns . Hardly inhabitants m e The e e o e . r ain d in Chios, and th se m stly villag rs

-e Chians who had fo und safety in the Consulates a l so e e e n ot e e e l ft aft r a tim , but b fore th y had satisfi d the ee e o ec e gr d Of th ir pr t tors with many and valuabl gifts . the e o f the e t f This is tal d s ruction O Chios, Of the 1 “ so e e e ha island po tically d scrib d by Economos , ppy

Chi os isl a n d rich i n b ea u t wea l th a n d men shi n i n , y, , g

i n the Grecia n sea a s i n the bl u e sk the morn i n sta r y g , ” v u d m r We fa o re ho e o commerce i n d ustr a n d a t. f , y have n o w followed its fo rtun es from the b eginning O f 2 e e e the m e c its xist nc down to ti e Of its final d stru tion . We have seen to what a pitch O f commercial prosp erity e the f m h ow m it had ris n in days O its autono y, and any em e m en e We e e h o w in nt it gav birth to . hav se n it e e the Pe e distinguish d its lf in rsian Wars , how it struggl d

e m f e e o m the e for lib rty, how uch it su f r d fr Ath nians , e e O ff e e We e ee tom wh n it thr w th ir yok . hav s n how,

1 n m s K. co o o sco se on e o ec on eo o . E , Di ur Pray r C ll ti Of Th l g ” sco rses Di u , p . 2 n s. o e See the n o Tra N t . Part I Of Origi al w rk . 1 66 CHIOS

e e e e the in by civil diss nsion and party strif , it f ll und r

flu en ce O f the Lace aem o n e the e d nia s, and lat r into pow r

th e o We e ee the e e e Of e Mac d nians . hav s n t rribl vils

e e the e O f e e e b it suff r d in tim Mithridat s, wh n tak n y W e ee h w e Z en ob iu s. e o hav s n , after its subj ction to

o m e o an d e e R , it lost all its Old gl ry, disapp ar d into

f r e n W ee h ow n e o te e e . e e dark ss ov r c nturi s hav s n , i n the twe e e o the lfth c ntury, it f ll int hands Of the

e e ho w c m e to the e E m V n tians , and it a back Byzantin

r We ee h o w e e pe ro . have s n strang ly it was captur d by the e o e e and the e e e e e G n s , influ nc Of th ir sov r ignty Of

w o e e We e ee th e over t hundr d y ars . hav s n evils it ff e c e the 1 30 1 3 1 su ered wh n atta k d by Turks in 7 and 9 . We e ee how c e to o e e e e hav s n it ontinu d pr sp r, v n aft r the the e m e ho w e ex fall Of Byzantin E pir , and it th n i th e c ell ed n civilisati o n e islands and c ountri s round . We have seen how it w as capture d by the Turks i n 1 566 ho w e e e e , and its inhabitants w r oppr ss d by the e e e o c n 1 694 -1 69 5 V n tians during th ir c upatio Of , h We and ow it was again retaken by the Turks .

e ee e the ee c e hav s n how, alr ady in fift nth ntury, its o m m e c e e to o h ow c e e c r had b gun fl urish , and it in r as d

m e We e ee h o w m in later ti s . hav s n any institutions fo r the e e o n e Public b n fit it had f u d d, and how,

o e i e e the gradually pr gr ss ng, it b gan to r ap fruits Of its

e fo r e e e m o o m o z al l arning , prosp r und r its al st auton us

o m o e m e to al l the e e f r Of g v rn nt, and attain b n fits of

s o an d w e e ee how the d estru c civili ati n ; , lastly, hav s n ti o n Of 1 82 2 c hanged this b eautiful island i n to a s c ene e o e e e e e e e e e Of d s lat ruin , and scatt r d its p opl , h r and th r , wh erever th ey m ight escap e the swo rd and slave ry O fthe c o n quero r " Wh en w e p o nder over all the vicissitud es and m is

o n e O f s e m e the f rtu s thi island , all its chang s Of ast rs, w o n derful p erseveran ce Of its peo ple in their efforts to attain both m aterial and moral betterment in the face

L O O G I ST F H STA ES .

' hose marked with e e n e the The o he s T w r ha g d by Turks. t r e n o s e the o esc e e m n of hem e e b i g ut id F rt ap d that fat , but a y t w r s se en ss e ub qu tly ma acr d .

TH E METROPOLITAN PLATO TH E DEACON MAKARIOS TH E DEACON GREGORIOS AGGE RE TO O , MAN LIS MARK O ARGENTI , N IC LAS PANDELI L E O NTI U S AV I E RI NO O , GE RGE

CAPARI , MICHAEL CAZAN O V A O , GE RGE DI AMANTARI PO L YC H RO N I S e Turl oti , (kill d at ) DRO MO CAI TI S , JAMES O FRANGIA, GE RGE O GALATI , C NSTANTINE DI MI TRI U S GEORGE SERGIUS GI ANO U TSO , STEPHEN

‘ G L YCA , PARASKE V AS KAL ARO N I O O , ANT NI KO KAL I S O O e in the o , ANT N I (kill d F rt) KO KKO S , ANDREAS . O MALIAS , MAN LIS GEORGE MAMO U KAS S , AN DREA

JO HN n . MAV RO GO RDATO , ALEXANDER . E U STRATI O S NICOLAS E GRE PO NTE O STANTI N E N , C N LUCAS N I O TI S NICOLAS 1 70 L rsr O F H ost AGEs

NTCO I A S, son in law d E U MO RPH O PU L O

PARE MP L I , JO HN PARO Dr E , AL XANDER

PATRI XO SI , JO HN PE TRO O CH I N O , ANDREAS Dm rrRm s JOHN ALEXAN DER JOH N H AN O L I D m rrRr N I OO L AS T HEO DORE T HEO DORE (died in the Fort) w PO U RPO U RA. H ATTH E

CH A PSI , JO HN I ANl O N I O 1 RALL , ALEXANDER O O NSTAN TI XE AMB ROSE z DE H E TRI U S 3 STEP H EN E usrRA 'rI O 4 T H EO DORE B U STRATIO (han ge d in Constan ti" u 0 pl e) 5 TH EO DORE ANTONIO 5 RO DO CANAC H I M O I , AN LI DIMITR

PANDELI (hanged in Constan tinople) PAUL GEORGE PETER PAUL

C E U STRATI O O O S ARAMANGA, C C NI COLAS LO RENZO PETE R LUCAS PETER LORENZO

LORE NZO LORENZO HAR ' IS I MICHAEL (han ged in Com tanti n opl e) STAMATIS

. ' 1 PI E S 2 0 m m Chafin g 3 SM hS 4 “ 5 ’ 6 cra PM Chan ara m Pitsis. m s, P

I NDE X.

L EXIU r of A S, I Lib ary All atius eon s es , L Magi trat Of An dron icus III Mon asteri es Of A l otaria th e o es c p , N tari Publi Of o s o co s choo of Ap t li , Ni la S l en E ustratio on Arg ti, Taxati Of Arm en o oul o n al s o p , Ma u Turki h Auth riti es Law Of Of Church of the B etrayer B ACHET Pasha Coin s of Chios B m eo h tus o m s s o h a ba, N p y C lu bu , Chri t p er e d e m . Com n en a n n Bay zi , I Ild ri , A a s o s n of h os on s c f Bi h p , Lati , C i C pira y o the M etro o c c s o n B u i ault, Mar hal p lita

B ourn ia n on o o n n , A t i C tari i

B ra adin o n cen o , m n ns g , Vi t C rai Ada a ti sa e the o h B rassan o O s n e of . , r i i Duk Cru d , F urt s oms n c en s Cu t , a i t, Of Chio AL V C C O O RE SSI , Mouzal a

m os th e DAL ASSE N O S ons n n e Ca p , , C ta ti n s Del fini m e Ca ari , H u b rt n D em o eron ts the Carafa, Cardi al g , Chamza m e , Ad iral D putati

es n ce Diaman tari Pol chronis Charl VI Of Fra , y i os o e oo s Dikaios th e Ch , Br th rh d Of , c es Dikaiotato the Chur h Of , Clergy of Djoun eid

o s of o ni n i C urt Law Of D ria , Paga Custom ary Law Of Conrad e e os a r co L p r H pit l Of . D a e os Dra erio Plagu H pital Of . p Of Galata Publi c H ospital Of D ul cinioti Pasha 1 74 INDE X

L EZO GL U as c s r c the E M ti Di t i t,

n kremo the Matsamama E g , E umor hia Mavroc ord ato e n e p , Al xa d r e e os ch e M l ti , Patriar Of Al x FL ORENTINES in Chios an dria Metro han es a h F orn eti om s p , P triarc , Th a Mezzomorto ss n Fran o ul o co s , Ha a g p , Ni la che omen co Fragela an d Frangel a Mi li , D i c e the o e Mi h li II , D g

EN E E s men i on of Misserogl u Pasha G O S , fir t t oc en o n d e authorities in Chios M ig , A r a

n ts th e Lazarus Gero , on o eon o Gian outso e en M tald , L ard , St ph Grad enigo Morosi ni

e o os th e t arch Mustapha Papa Gr g ri , Pa ri a r ll O m no P sha G y , Da ia

ERE IARCH Mahomedan ANI H S S, N os es s of N ea Mon é H tag , li t N eochoris n s atos th e , H yp , Ig atiu m H yp erp era N o ar chs

os INDUSTRIES Of Chi . s ore n I id , Sai t

PAB ESI Scaram ouchia J E ws , Pal aeokastron th e us i c e of , J t , Pillar Pal aki Fran o ul i usti n iani e o , g J , Alb rg o e n e H ieronymus Par di , Al xa d r ar ki V in centi o P o e , the

P atrikousi o n , J h

Pel e rin i o ome KAL O TH E TOS g , Barth l w

Petrili n e Kastamon itis , A dr a Petroc ochin o eo o e Ko e an d e en , Th d r ri , Bridg L g d Of Piali Pasha s n o o Pi a i , Car l L O GARI AS’I ‘ S Con rad o e s c s o th e e o o n Log th ti , Ly urgu Plat , M tr p lita Priuli MAHO M ET II Pro ducts Of Chi os e e Protomastors th e Malta , Si g Of . , on n s on of Psarian s th e in os Ma a, i tituti , , Chi s b o Psiachi e Martyr , y , Matth w

R ETU R N MARIAN KOSHLAND B IOSCIENCE AND TO NATU RA L R ESOU RCES L IB RARY

L f 4 -2 2 1 0 1 V alley i e Science s Bldg. 6 2 5 3 1

LOAN PER IOD

B MAYB D ALL OOKS E R ECALLE AFTE R 7 DAYS .

T DU E AS S AMPE D B E LOW.

F RM N DD 8 U NI ER ITY O F ALIF RNIA B ERKELEY O . V O S C O , 2 4 M 1 1 -02 B e rke e a fo n a 94 7 2 0- 65 00 l y, C li r i