Lima eBus Intro to Electric Buses
WSP Canada Inc. Workshop Agenda Session 1 Intro to Electric Buses 1. Intro to WSP & Project Team 10:30am to 12:30pm 2. WSP Global eBus Experience 3. Anatomy of the Transit Bus & Evolution 4. Technology Comparison (eBus vs. diesel) 5. Going Electric Global eBus Outlook 6. Benefits & Challenges of eBus Adoption 7. eBus Lessons Learned 8. Session Wrap & Questions Intro to WSP Global eBus Experience WSP Global Offices Over 48,000 employees 500+ offices around the world Vehicle Procurement Specifications Our Services Tier 2 component analysis to minimize lifecycle cost
Quality Assurance In-plant Inspection services for new bus build
Fleet Capital & Operating Plan KPIs Long-term fleet purchasing Develop performance and costing plans for metrics for operation budgeting purposes around productivity, cost, reliability
Maintenance Program Development & Training Economic Optimal Review OEM maintenance Replacement Age and develop schedule for Run BOLT algorithm and maintenance activities model for determining optimal replacement value Standard Operating Procedures Develop procedures on conducting maintenance procedure to minimize and Fleet Disposal Plan establish standard repair Examine component for time removal and spare part storage Vehicle In-service Audits In-house vs. Outsource Rebuild Scope Inspect vehicles for Examine component Develop rebuild and compliance to rebuild program for overhaul program parts maintenance programs optimal cost to transit and scope to ensure right agency components are rebuilt Fleet Advisory Services for Going Electric
Feasibility Assessment - Routes & Vehicle Operations (BOLT)
Fleet GHG Emissions Modelling
Operations & Maintenance Impact of EVs (i.e. training, specialized tooling, facility upgrades)
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Assessment of Fleet
Facility Design & Upgrades
Vehicle Specifications, Procurement Support, Vehicle Production & Facility QA Inspection/Audits Naeem Farooqi BBA, MSc. Pl, PHD*
• Fleet & Asset Management Lead for Canada with over 10+ years experience. Focusing on fleet procurement specifications and production quality assurance. Overseen inspections of over 650+ vehicles in the past 3 years.
• Completing a PHD at University of Toronto in Mechanical & Industrial Engineering focusing on optimal vehicle lifecycle and reliability performance. Supervisor Chairman of Global Research journal for operations Research.
• Recipient of various awards including “Top 40 under 40” in transit from MassTransit and “Clean50 Emerging Leader”
• Global faculty member of C40 clean bus finance academy WSP Global Electric Bus Experience
LA Metro ZEB Program Master Plan (Largest in North America)
MassDOT E-Bus Feasibility Study
KC Metro ZEB Fleet Plan Global eBus Adventures Transit Bus Technology Evolution Transit Bus Anatomy - Subsystems
Proprietary classification algorithm
10 Major Subsystems* (Articulating Joint, 18m only)
• Subsystems used to classify Work Order Maintenance
• Identify cost drivers according to subsystem Diesel Engine Generations - EPA Impact Diesel Engine Generations - EPA Impact Propulsion System Focus Transit Bus Anatomy Diesel vs. Electric eBus Anatomy – Functional Overview
Drive Cycle • Power electronics system manages energy distribution throughout drivetrain • On-board battery pack powers traction motor • Traction motor powers drive axle and wheels • Electrical energy transformed to mechanical
Regenerative Braking • Traction motor run in reverse to recapture mechanical energy from braking • Regenerative braking used to recharge vehicle battery • Managed through power electronics controller
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7XGaGc0qek eBus Anatomy - Subsystems eBus Anatomy – Charging Methods
Plug-in Depot Charge • Plug-in charger with vehicle charging port • Slow charging at depot
Overhead Pantograph Charge • Pantograph (on Bus or station) lowers high voltage charger to conductive rails • Fast charging on-route or at depot
Inductive Charging • Wireless charging using inductive current charges battery pack Subsystem Comparison Subsystem Comparison Subsystem Comparison
System Diesel Bus Change to BEB Major Changes Regenerative Braking System, Friction Braking System Brakes, Pneumatic & ABS Sensors Partially Recharges Battery Yes with Caliper Brakes During Deceleration Rear Axle to be Compatible with Pneumatic Suspension Front Regenerative Braking, Higher Wheels, Axles, Suspension & Differential & Rear, Rear Differential, Yes Axle & Suspension Rating to Standard Wheel & Tire Size Support Battery Weight Diesel Heater or Electric Heater HVAC Diesel Powered Heater (to reach Zero Tailpipe Yes Emissions) Fare Payment Equipment, Fare Payment Equipment, Farebox & ITS Communications and Communications and Destination No Destination Signs Signs Bifold Doors Front & Rear, Bifold Doors Front & Rear, Doors & Ramps Manual or Powered Ramp Manual or Powered Ramp No Deployment Deployment
Optimize weight of Interior Passenger Seating, components to compensate for Interior Stanchions, Stop Request, Yes additional battery weight (i.e. Signals, etc. plastic seats, plastic stanchions) Global eBus Outlook Global Electric Bus Growth Forecast Global Electric Bus Orders
City / Transit Agency No. of eBuses Ordered
Los Angeles County Metropolitan 2,200* Transportation Authority
Medellin, Colombia 64
Santiago, Chile 100
RATP, Paris 4,500*
New York MTA, USA 500*
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, 150* Bengaluru, India
* Planned / Approved LA Metro ZEB Program Los Angeles, California, USA • Zero Emission Bus (ZEB) Program Master Plan currently underway • Largest e-Bus study in North America to have fully electric fleet by 2030 • Phased implementation by Division • Optimization Plan for: • Depot vs. On-route Charging • On-site Power Demand at Facilities • Facility Upgrades • Percentage of Route Network Complete • Initial eBus pilot of BYD K9 in 2015 • Challenges on vehicle maintenance • Retrofits and modifications • Range Expectations (155 miles vs. 133 miles actual) • Power Requirements (Gradeability) • Termination of Pilot after 4 months BYD eBus Fleet Shenzhen, China • Largest eBus fleet in the world with 16,000 buses • Shenzhen headquarters for BYD largest global EV manufacturer • Benefits of improved air quality and traffic noise reduction • China’s Electrification Goal 20% of all vehicles by 2025 • Shenzhen Bus Company Fleet • GHG emissions reduced 440,000 tonnes/year • Fleet fuel cost 50% reduction • 180 depots with over 40,000 charging stations installed • Overnight charge (~2 hours) • eBus range 200 km TTC eBus Program Toronto, Canada
• City of Toronto TransformTO climate change action plan 80% GHG reduction by 2050 • Public Transit Infrastructure Fund (PTIF) $140 million Government of Canada and City of Toronto • 60 eBuses set to be in operation by 2020
• Rotational pilot set for three (3) divisions • New Flyer Xclesior Charge (454 kWh) • BYD K9 (500 kWh) • Proterra E2 Catalyst (440 kWh)
• All eBuses depot charged
• Ongoing Audit for eBus OEMs
• Microgrid Energy Storage Going Electric Benefits & Challenges Challenges to Transit Agencies
Why are transit agencies going electric? Main questions transit agencies have for electric bus adoption:
Requirements for transit agencies to How much will an electric bus and reduce GHG emissions of their fleet. supporting infrastructure cost me?
Electric buses are a main GHG How will my current operations and mitigation initiative supported by facilities be disrupted by introducing government funded programs and electric buses? policies.
The electric bus market is experiencing What kind of training will be required considerable growth with much for drivers and personnel working with interest and investment in electric bus high voltage electrical infrastructure technology and advancements in and batteries? battery innovation. Electric Bus Energy Consumption Comparison
6,000 Houses – 145 acres
200 eBuses – 25 acres
200 electric buses in a bus garage consume approx. 6 MW energy for charging 6,000 houses together consume approx. 6 MW energy
1 house area = 1,050 sq. ft Electric Bus Noise Comparison
• Volvo (Sweden) study on socio-economic cost of traffic noise
• Socio-economic benefits from low noise eBuses • Health effects (i.e. stress, hearing damage. Blood pressure) • Lower impact on health care system • Higher quality of living in major transit corridors
• Considerations for visually impaired due to low noise level eBus Lessons Learned Winnipeg Transit, MB, CAN
• eBus pilot for Airport Route in partnership with New Flyer 200 kWh battery pack
• Initial operations without revenue service to test subsystem functionality
• On-route pantograph fast charger installed
• Four seasons energy consumption (kWh/km) recorded: • Spring/Fall = 1.25 kWh/km (No A/C) • Summer = 1.85 kWh/km (Full A/C) • Winter = 3.10 kWh/km (Full Heat)
• Auxiliary diesel heating system used in HVAC to lessen demand on battery draw, improve cold weather operation eBus Lessons Learned Worcester (WRTA), MA, USA
• Second largest Regional Transit Authority (RTA) in Massachusetts, fleet size 52 buses
• Fleet of six Proterra EcoRide 35ft eBuses operation started in 2013
• End point on-route charging used • Challenges with charging infrastructure maintenance (eBuses out 10 weeks) • Range limitation ~30 miles (small battery pack) • High charging cost due to power transmission (considering off grid natural gas generators)
• Supply chain issues for parts availability to support repairs eBus Lessons Learned Foothill Transit, CA, USA
• Collaboration with California Air Resources Board (CARB) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
• Twelve (12) Proterra 35ft fast charge eBuses (88 kWh)
• Two (2) Proterra 40ft fast charge (106 kWh)
• eBus purchase cost $880,000 to $905,000 USD Energy Consumption: • 35ft eBus = 2.18 kWh/mile • eBus operations on 16 mile route loop with on- • 40FT eBus = 2.22 kWh/mile route end point charging • HVAC major factor
• On-route charger reliability 98% up time
• Majority of eBus fleet downtime related to general bus maintenance issues (not electric powertrain) Electric Bus Barriers to Adoption
Technological • Infrastructure planning • High voltage, power distribution • Grid demand management • Range limitations • Local skillset for fleet & infrastructure maintenance
Financial • Higher vehicle purchase/capital cost • Capital investment for supporting infrastructure • Risk of unproven technology and lifecycle cost savings
Institutional • Lack of favourable policies, grants and/or incentives • Land acquisition for charging infrastructure Roadmap to Electric Road Map (Stages)
Stage 1: Understanding • User group and vehicle needs (operations) • GHG Reduction Targets
Stage 2: Exploratory • Market research on alt. propulsion technologies • Impact of green tech on GHG reduction • Grants and funding opportunities • Utility Partnerships (Grid impact, pricing) Road Map (Stages)
Stage 3: Implementation • Change management plan • Maintenance & facility modifications • Buy-in from stakeholders & senior management
Stage 4: Execution & Monitoring • Pilot vehicle program • Review of pilot data & user feedback eBus Global Deployment Thank you!
Naeem Farooqi Principal Consultant Toronto, Canada
416-644-0580 [email protected]
Twitter: naeemfarooqi11 Linkedin: Naeem Farooqi
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