Sanitation Situation Report of , Volume IV 1 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV, 2019

Published by : Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO)

Editors : Bipin Dangol, Executive Director, ENPHO Rajendra Shrestha, Program Director, ENPHO

Authors : Jagam Shrestha, Senior WASH Officer, ENPHO Buddha Bajracharya, Project Coordinator, ENPHO

© Copyright ENPHO, MuAN, Lamahi Municipality 2019, all rights reserved.

How to cite: Jagam S. & Buddha B. (2019). Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV (2019). ENPHO and MuAN, .

2 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Executive Summary

On 30th September 2019, Nepal had been declared as Open Defecation Free country. However open disposal is becoming new common practice of faecal sludge management in the country. This is, in fact, not threatening only the public and environmental health but also challenging the Open Defecation Status. Therefore the goal of Open Defecation Free and Total Sanitation Campaign cannot be achieved without proper management of faecal sludge. The entire sanitation services chain, which comprises mainlye fivstages i.e. user interface, containment, desludging and transportation, treatment and safe disposal, should be taken into consideration for proper management of faecal sludge to ensure better health and hygiene of the people.

Lamahi municipality is located in Dang district of province number 5, Nepal. The municipality was formed on 2nd December 2014 by merging then Sonpur and Village Development Committee. The municipality covers an area of 327 km2 along the stretch of East-West highway in country. The municipality is home to 47,655 people as per census 2011. The municipality is divided into 9 wards. The municipality is located at geographical coordinate of 28° 7’ 0” N, 82° 18’ 0” E in lower region of Dang valley. The valley contains churia, a sub-himalaya range of siwalik in the south and the inner terai in mid. The west Rapti river in the south and its tributary Arjun khola flows through the valley. Ithas a humid and subtropical climate with average monthly temperature ranging from 14 degree Celsius in the winter to 28 degree Celsius in summer months. The average annual rainfall in the region is 1,198.26 mm.

Lamahi municipality was declared as Open Defecation Free (ODF) on 2014 and there is no provision of sewerage system. However, 1.6% still racticesp open defecation. In general the existing onsite sanitation facilities comprises 6 types of containments namely pit, fully lined tank, lined tank with impermeable walls and open bottom, septic tank and biogas digester. At household level, the majority of houses have installed anaerobic biogas digester designed for the integrated treatment of animal manure, kitchen/garden waste and faecal sludge. While in core areas the technology is not preferred as the shift of occupation from agriculture to service and business. In core urban areas, either fully line d tank or lined tank with impermeable walls and open bottom are installed by majority of households, while the household which could not afford biogas digester or does not have cattle, has installed lined pits with semi-permeable walls and open bottom in rural area of the municipality.

For the major survey such as household survey the application called “KOBOCOLLECT” was used by the volunteers selected by the municipality. As for the institutional survey door to door method was applied. After the fieldwork, all the e-forms submitted in KoBo dashboard were adequately checked for accuracy and completeness before analysis. Despite ODF, 97.6% of household have toilet in their house while 0.8% shared toilet with their neighbors and remaining almost 1.6% practices open defection. Here the containment is constructed to safely store the faecal sludge for a certain duration of time and emptied regularly. 37.9% of the households has

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV i linked to biogas plant whereas 11.2% of the households is lined with fully lined tank and 0.8% of the households uses septic tank. Similarly in case of institutional level, 62.2% have connected toilets into fully lined tanks.

In case of drinking water supply area, the municipality provides supply for 1298 households through 150 m3 of the overhead water tank. As the system was upgraded in 2012, now it provides supply to 3477 private taps whereas the major source is ground water extracted from deep boring at depth of 120 m. but still 50% of households rely on swallow groundwater extracted by hand pump or tube well.

Here emptying is also one of the major components of the sanitation value chain. As from the data we observed that 38.6% of the containments were emptied twice a year followed by 25% of the containments with the emptying frequency of once every 3 to 5 years. As per data, 92% of the households have easy access to containments either by tractor or truck for emptying. Both the municipality and private entrepreneur have been providing the desludging service in Lamahi municipality.

Several policies have been in placed to accomplish the sanitation need of people. Particularly, NSHMP 2011 has proved as an all stakeholders to develop uniform programs and implementation mechanism at all level. It strengthens institutional sets up with the formation of water and sanitation coordination committee at every tier of government to actively engage sanitation facilities as improved, basic and limited in line ithw WHO/UNICEF guidelines. The sanitation campaign throughout the country was focused to achieve universal access to improved sanitation.

Here in this municipality both traditional and manual scavenging and mechanical emptying practice were observed. Unpredictably, while it was revealed that only 19.4% of households have emptied their containments at least once after the installation, other have never been emptied. This indicates towards high rate of seepages in the area. Emptying and transportation services have been provided by both the municipal sanitation section and private entrepreneur. As the perception of the preferred emptying mechanism of containments after it gets filled. majority of household’s i.e. 47.41% preferred mechanical emptying mechanism through contacting either municipality or private sector provider. Whereas 22.96% of households preferred self-emptying and 10.37% of households don’t have any preference.

ii Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Abbreviations

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

ENPHO Environment and Public Health Organization

FS Faecal Sludge

FSM Faecal Sludge Management

MuAN Municipal Association of Nepal

MuNASS Municipalities Network Advocacy in Sanitation in South Asia

NSS Non-Sewered Sanitation System

ODF Open Defecation Free

PPE Personal Preventive Equipment

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SFD Shit Flow Diagram

UCLG ASPAC United Cities Local Government Asia Pacific

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV iii Acknowledgment

We offer our sincere acknowledgement to Mr. Kul Bahadur KC, Mayor and Mrs. Dewaka Belbase, Deputy Mayor of Lamahi Municipality, together with all ward chairpersons and staffs of the municipality for continuous support and valuable feedback during the study. We sincerely thanks Mrs. Gayatri Kumari Thapa, a focal person of the MuNASS Project in Lamahi Municipality for coordinating and mobilizing volunteers during the study.

We would like to acknowledge United Cities Local Government - Asia Pacific (UCLG ASPAC) for financial support of the project Municipalities Network Advocacy on Sanitation in South Asia (MuNASS) and Municipal Association of Nepal (MuAN) for coordination with the municipality. We would also like to appreciate Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha, Deputy Director of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), Dr. Bernadia Irawati Tjandradewi, Secretary-General, Mrs. Asih Budiati, Regional Project Manager and Mr. Satish Jung Shahi, Communication, Outreach and Knowledge Management Officer of UCLG ASPAC. Likewise, we are very much obliged to Mr. Ashok Kumar Byanju Shrestha, Chairperson, Mr. Kalanidhi Devkota, Executive Director and Mr. Muskan Shrestha, Sanitation Advocacy Specialist respectively from MuAN for their gracious support.

We are also very much grateful to Mr. Bipin Dangol, Executive Director and Mr. Rajendra Shrestha, Program Director, ENPHO for remarkable support and guidance during the whole process of the study. Together, we would like to thank all ENPHO colleagues for their support in the development of questionnaire for survey and uploading data in Kobo Collection toolbox.

iv Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... i Abbreviations ...... iii Acknowledgment ...... iv Table of Contents ...... v List of Table ...... vii List of Figures ...... viii List of Annexure ...... ix 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objectives ...... 1 1.3 Limitation of the Study ...... 1 1.4 Study Area ...... 2 2 Methodology ...... 3 2.1 Household Survey ...... 3 2.1.1 Determining Sample Size ...... 3 2.1.2 Sampling Procedure ...... 4

2.2 Institutional Survey ...... 4 2.3 Key Informant Interview ...... 5 2.4 Data Collection Process ...... 5 2.5 Data Processing and Analysis ...... 5 3 Sanitation Status ...... 7 3.1 Types of Containments ...... 8 3.1.1 Types of Containments at Household Level ...... 8

3.1.2 Types of Containments at the Institutional Level ...... 9 3.1.3 Public Toilets and Containment ...... 10 3.1.4 Sources of Drinking Water ...... 12 3.1.5 Size of Containments ...... 14

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV v 3.1.6 The relation between Size of Containment and User ...... 15 3.2 Emptying and Transportation ...... 16 3.2.1 Emptying Frequency ...... 16 3.2.2 The relation between Size of containment and Emptying Frequency ...... 16 3.2.3 Characteristics of Never Emptied Containment ...... 17 3.2.4 Accessibility of Containments ...... 18 3.2.5 Emptying and Transportation Services ...... 18 3.3 Treatment and Disposal/Reuse ...... 20 3.4 People’s Perceptions and Knowledge on FSM ...... 21 3.4.1 Perception of Preferred Emptying Mechanism ...... 21 3.4.2 Perception of Current Practices of FSM ...... 22

3.4.3 Perceptions of Improved FSM ...... 23 4 Situational Assessment ...... 24 4.1 Lack of Standard Containments ...... 24 4.2 Unregulated Emptying Mechanism ...... 24 4.3 Lack of Treatment Plant ...... 24 4.4 Shit Flow Diagram ...... 25

4.5 Quantification of Faecal Sludge ...... 25 4.5.1 The volume of Faecal Sludge Emptied from Households ...... 26

4.5.2 The volume of Faecal Sludge Emptied from Institutional Containment ...... 27 4.5.3 The volume of Faecal Sludge from Public Toilets ...... 28 5 Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 29 6 References ...... 31 7 Annexure ...... 32

vi Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV List of Table

Table 1 : Proportionate Stratified Sample Distribution in each ward ...... 4 Table 2 : Descriptions of Surveyed Institutions ...... 5 Table 3 : Descriptions on Public Toilets in Bus Park in Lamahi Municipality ...... 10 Table 4 : Descriptions on Average Size and Number of User of Never Emptied Household Containments ...... 17 Table 5 : Descriptions of Types of Never Emptied Household Containment and its Age ...... 18 Table 6 : Calculation of FS Generation based on Size of Containment in Household ...... 26

Table 7 : Calculation on FS Generated from Institutional Containment ...... 27 Table 8 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Institutional Containment ...... 27 Table 9 : Volume of FS Generated from Public Toilets ...... 28

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV vii List of Figures

Figure 1 : Location Map of Lamahi Municipality ...... 2 Figure 2 : Household Containment in Lamahi Municipality ...... 7 Figure 3 : Types of Household Containment in Lamahi Municipality ...... 8

Figure 4 : Types of Containments in Institutions in Lamahi Municipality ...... 9 Figure 5 : Super Structure and Types of Containments of Public Toilets in Lamahi Municipality ...... 11

Figure 6 : Lamahi Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Organization Office Building and Overhead Water Tanks ...... 12 Figure 7 : Horizontal Distance of Tube Wells and Hand Pumps from Lined Tank with Open Bottom and Their Depth ...... 13 Figure 8 : Horizontal Distance of Tube Wells and Hand Pumps from Pit Latrines and their Depth ...... 13 Figure 9 : Histogram on Size of Containments with Normal Line ...... 14 Figure 10 : Histogram on Size of Rectangular Containments and Normal Line ...... 14 Figure 11: Histogram on Size of Pits and Normal Line ...... 15 Figure 12 : Graph on Relation between Size of Containment and Number of Users ...... 15 Figure 13 : Emptying Frequency of Containments ...... 16 Figure 14 : Graph on Relation between Size of Containment and Emptying Frequency ...... 17 Figure 15 : Accessible Vehicles within 40 m distance from the containment ...... 18 Figure 16 : Desludging Vehicle of Lamahi Municipality ...... 19 Figure 17 : Desludging Vehicle of DN Septic Tank Safai ...... 20

Figure 18: Landfill site of Lamahi Municipality ...... 21 Figure 19 : Disposal Site of Private Desludging Entrepreneur in Lamahi Municipality ...... 21 Figure 20 : Perception on Preferred Emptying Mechanism ...... 22 Figure 21 : Perception on Current Practices of FSM ...... 22

Figure 22 : Perception on Improved FSM ...... 23 Figure 23 : Shit Flow Diagram of Lamahi Municipality ...... 25 Figure 24: Volume of FS Generated and Emptied Manually and Mechanically ...... 26

Figure 25: Classification of Service Delivery Area ...... 30

viii Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV List of Annexure

Annex 1 : Various types of containments in the Lamahi Municipality ...... 32 Annex 2 : Schematic Diagram of Design of Septic Tank by Lamahi Town Development Committee ...... 33 Annex 3 : Descriptions on Total Household with Various Containments and Emptied ..... 34 Annex 4 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Septic Tank ...... 35 Annex 5 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Fully Lined Tank ...... 36 Annex 6 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Lined Tank

with Impermeable Walls and Open Bottom ...... 37 Annex 7 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Twin Pits ...... 38 Annex 8 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Single Pit ...... 39

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV ix x Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Introduction 1

1.1 Background

The “Municipalities Network Advocacy in Sanitation in South Asia (MuNASS)” project, is implemented to enhance capacity, implement national policy and strategy on sanitation particularly focusing on Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) and Non-Sewered Sanitation System (NSS) in line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. A limited number of functioning sanitation facilities and appropriate sanitation technologies are main constraint towards achieving the goal. It hasincreased potential threats towards environmental pollution and human health hazard. Thus, it is always a better to act on preventive approach rather than curative action.

In Nepal, 70% of the population rely on non-sewered sanitation systems. The system is good option owing to economical and geological realities of Nepal. Thus, proper management of the system could ensure better health hygiene of the people. The project belief sustainable sanitation to all can be only achieved when the local government, a major implementing body at the ground are capable for planning, developing and implementing effective sanitation strategies. As a part of capacity development, the study on situational status of FSM was conducted to assist local government making effective planning and implementation for it. 1.2 Objectives

The main goal of the study is to support local government with decision making and planning for better sanitation facilities and services. The major objectives of the study are i. To understand the current FSM status of the municipality ii. To produce evidence based data and information for effective FSM planning, assist in preparing Detail Project Report of FSM, support advocacy and awareness raising initiatives. 1.3 Limitation of the Study

Limitation of the study are :

8 The study did not cover sanitation status of the industries as, there is national provision for industries to manage waste generated in it. 8 Assessment of existing policies and institutional set up was not conducted as there is separate activity within the project regarding preparing municipal policy on FSM.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 1 8 Also, financial assessment such as cost effective assessment on FSM interventions were not performed as, it is totally nonprofit oriented project and responsibility of government to provide safe sanitation. Besides it, there is limited knowledge on CapEx and OpEx of different FSTPs in the country. 1.4 Study Area

Lamahi municipality is located in Dang District of Province number 5, Nepal. The municipality was formed on December 2nd, 2014 by merging then Sonpur and Chailahi Village Development Committee. The municipality was reformed on March 5th 2017 and VDC was merged into it. The municipality is divided into 9 wards and cover an area of 327 square kilometers along the stretch of East-West Highway. The census in 2011 reported 47655 population resides in 9432 households. Agriculture is the major occupation of the people in the municipality. Figure 1 shows a location map of the municipality with its ward boundary.

Figure 1: Location Map of Lamahi Municipality

2 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Methodology 2

The methodologies adopted in the study is in a literature review of secondary data, depth questionnaire survey at household and institutional level on existing sanitation status. Also, a key informant survey on FSM key stakeholders is conducted followed by direct observations of the existing sanitation situation. 2.1 Household Survey

A random household survey was conducted in all wards of the municipality through the mobilization of volunteers selected by the municipality. The household survey was conducted using a mobile application “KOBOCOLLECT” after orientation. Two days orientation training was conducted to make volunteer understand the objective of the survey, technical terms regarding sanitation, use of the mobile application and conducting a random sample survey.

2.1.1 Determining Sample Size

The number of households to be sampled in the municipality was determined by using Cochran (1963:75) sample size formula and its finite Population Correction for the Proportion Where,

2 Z 1.96 At the confidence level of 95% p 0.5 Assuming that about 50% of the population should have some sanitation characteristics that need to be studied. (This was set at 50% since this percentage would yield the maximum sample size since the percentage of the population practising some form of sanitation is not clearly known at the intervention sites) q 1-p e ±5% Level of precision or sampling error N Total number of population (households in the municipality)

This is followed by Proportionate Stratification Random Sampling such that each ward in the municipality is considered as one stratum. The sample sized required in each ward is calculated as where, Nh is a total population in each stratum.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 3 Thus a total of 375 households were sampled from 9432 households distributed in 9 wards with proportionate stratification random sampling as shown in table 1.

Table 1: Proportionate Stratified Sample Distribution in each ward

Ward Households Sample 1 984 39 2 1032 41 3 1257 50 4 991 39 5 1644 65 6 1023 41 7 927 37 8 882 35 9 692 28 Total 375

2.1.2 Sampling Procedure

To have a more consistent way of identifying, selecting and interviewing the allocated number of households across each ward, a systematic sampling approach was followed and random households are selected for the survey. The steps used are as below:

Steps used: 1. Calculate the ward sampling interval, i.e. total number of households divided by no. of households to be sampled. 2. Select a random start between 1 and sampling interval using excel function RANDBETWEEN (1, sampling interval). 3. The random start identifies the first householdso t be interviewed, the second household will be number (random start + sampling interval) 4. Repeatedly add sampling interval to select subsequent households. 5. As a rule, for replacement of HHs that are not available or not consent to the interview, first household on left hand side of theabsent household was selected 2.2 Institutional Survey

Door to door method was applied for Institutional survey. All institutions within the set criteria for selection was surveyed. The criteria for selection are: 1. Educational and financial institutions operated in either its own building or rented building are selected but operating in single room or flat not selected. 2. All hotels with provision of residential facilities are selected. 3. Health care center with the provisions of bed are selected, i.e. small clinics were not selected. 4. Government/ Non-government Offices are selected. 5. Commercial Buildings are selected.

4 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV In total 209 institutions were surveyed and descriptions of surveyed institutions are shown in table 2.

Table 2: Description on total number of institute surveyed

Government Hotel/ Health Financial Commercial Educational /Non- Community Ward Home Care Total Institutions Buildings Institutions government Buildings Stay Center Office 1 1 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 8 3 9 1 10 4 1 3 4 5 11 17 5 3 7 2 45 6 1 2 3 7 4 1 5 8 3 1 4 9 3 3 Total 12 18 6 30 14 1 4 85

2.3 Key Informant Interview

Key informant interview was conducted to understand existing sanitation policies of the municipalities, the planning process for developing a sanitation program and on- going programs. Similarly, the interview was focused on the existing service delivery mechanism. Mr Kul Bahadur KC, Mayor of Lamahi municipality, Mr Kuleshwor Chaudhry, Chief of environment and sanitation section and Mr Rup Narayan Chaudhary, focal person for the MuNASS project from the municipality were interviewed. Likewise, Mr. Dulam Das Chaudhary, a pioneer entrepreneur of desludging business was interviewed. 2.4 Data Collection Process

The data was collected by using the KoBo Collect application, which was uploaded into mobile phones through the mobilization of the local enumerators. ENPHO engaged its own staff as supervisors to undertake this survey. The supervisors engaged local enumerators to conduct the household and institutional survey. Enumerators were trained on a questionnaire survey and using KoBo Collect. During the training, enumerators to familiarized themselves with questionnaire contents, the flow of questions, mobile data collection devices, and test runs all the devices. 2.5 Data Processing and Analysis

After the fieldwork, all the e-forms submitted in the OBOK dashboard were adequately checked for accuracy and completeness before analysis. The data was cleaned and verified for inconsistency, missing values and errors. After data cleaning, the second

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 5 step of analysis involved the generation of syntax commands to ensure that variables are transformed appropriately for ease of analysis.

The data processing and analysis entailed the following steps:

8 Downloading the data from the KOBO COLLECT in excel and Performing exploratory analysis to check for accuracy, completeness, relevance and consistency of the critical data elements;

8 Performing data cleaning using a set of manipulation commands to ensure that data are aligned to the data analysis plan and the agreed reporting template;

8 Descriptive analysis entailed computing frequency distributions; means and cross tabulations

The data cleaning process is one of the important steps in data processing before its analysis. Data cleaning entails a set of procedures aimed at assessing the sampling protocol adherence, completeness of collected data, accuracy, consistency and relevance of each of the data elements under consideration as well as actual correction of the data with errors for improved data quality.

The process of data cleaning ensures that the errors in data arising from missing data, outliers and other out of range issues are handled in time for better quality results. Following the completion of data collection, the data was cleaned and verified before the analysis and interpretation of data.

6 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Sanitation Status 3

All three VDCs Sonpur, Chailahi and Satbariya were declared Open Defecation Free Zone during 2014 before they were merged to form Lamahi Municipality. Despite ODF, 97.6% of households have a toilet in their house while 0.8% shared toilet with their neighbours and remaining almost 1.6% practices open defecation. Almost every of households with access to toilet relies on onsite sanitation system. The municipality has developed only stormwater drainage system in core urban settlement and newly planned urban areas.

Figure 2: Household Containment in Lamahi Municipality

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 7 3.1 Types of Containments

3.1.1 Types of Containments at Household Level

A toilet in 37.9% of households has linked to a biogas plant, an anaerobic biogas digester which receives the excreta and flushing water directly from a toilet through a pipe. The anaerobic biogas digester is designed for the integrated treatment of toilet products, animal manure and kitchen and garden waste. The system is predominated in the households located at Narti, Kaudya, Sundabari, Raniyapur, Sonpur, Keruniya, Bankatti, Jakhera, Narayanpur, Bangaun, Falkapur, Majgaun, Chailahi, Ghumna, Semrahwa and Badkaghumna located in ward numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Similarly, it is randomly observed in ward numbers 5, 6, 7 and 8.

A containment constructed with bricks and cement wall, plain cemented concrete flooring and totally lining without outlet or overflowsystem is termed as a fully lined tank. The containment is constructed to safely store the faecal sludge for a certain duration of time and emptied regularly. The fully lined tank is installed in 11.2% of the households mostly located at urban clusters in ward number 5, 6 and 8. While a septic tank, basically a containment and primary treatment unit at household were observed only in 0.8% of households as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Types of Household Containment in Lamahi Municipality

8 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Similarly, 10.9% of households have a lined tank with impermeable walls and open bottoms among which 34% of these consists of overflow discharged into a stormwater drain or open environment. Whereas single pits and twin pits were common in rural areas and 34.6% of households have installed such containments. Also, 1.3% of households have an unimproved pit. The types of containments in sampled households in the municipality is shown in Annex 1.

3.1.2 Types of Containments at the Institutional Level

Majority of institutions are established and operated in the core urban area of the municipality. 62.2% have connected toilet into the fully lined tank while unlined tanks with open bottom and pits were observed at rural areas. Noticeably, 12.2% of institutions functioning from rented buildings in the urban area does not have any idea about types of containment. Figure 4 shows the types of containments at institutional buildings.

Figure 4: Types of Containments in Institutions in Lamahi Municipality

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 9 3.1.3 Public Toilets and Containment

Lamahi Town Development Committee under the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works has constructed three public toilets in the main bus park area. These toilets serve passengers and local people operating their small business around the park. These toilets have been leased by the town development committee through the tender. Public toilet A* was designed for 300 users per day while remaining other two were designed for 100 users per day. It was revealed thata number of users exceeded the designed capacity. The descriptions on public toilets in the bus park are illustrated in table 3.

Table 3: Descriptions on Public Toilets in Bus Park in Lamahi Municipality

The average Containment Public Toilet No. of Urinals No. of a toilet seat number of Size users per day

Male Female

Public Toilet A 6 5 3 600 36m3

Public Toilet B 4 3 3 200 12 m3

Public toilet C No 1 1 120 12 m3

Figure 5 shows physical infrastructure, inner portion and containments of public toilets located in the bus park built and designed by Lamahi Town Development Committee. All the three toilets consist of a septic tank connected with soak pit. The designed capacity for 100 users by the town development committee is 12 m3 as shown in Annex 2.

Similarly, the public toilet has been constructed and operated in the junction to the sub-metropolitan. The toilet consists of 5 urinals and 2 toilet seats in the male compartment while there 3 toilet seats in the female compartment. The FS is collected in the twin pits which is almost completely filled and overflowed as shown in Figure 5.

10 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Identity Infrastructure Inner Structure Containment

Public toilet A

Public toilet B

Public toilet C

Public toilet in Junction to Ghorahi

Figure 5: Super Structure and Types of Containments of Public Toilets in Lamahi Municipality

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 11 3.1.4 Sources of Drinking Water

District Office of Drinking Water established a piped rinkingd water supply to urban areas of Lamahi municipality during 1997. It supplied drinking water in 1298 households through 150 m3 of the overhead water tank as shown in Figure 6. The system was upgraded in 2012 under second small-town drinking water supply and sanitation program. Currently, the system has connected 3477 private taps in ward number 3, 4, 5 and 6. The major sources of water are groundwater extracted from deep boring bored in three places at the depth of 120 m. Similarly, rural drinking water supply systems have been in operation in other wards of the municipality. Regular monitoring of the water quality at the source have been conducted by Lamahi Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Organization. The water quality report monitored in 2072 and 2073 as listed in Annex 3 and 4 shows no microbiological contamination.

Figure 6: Lamahi Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Organization Office Building and Overhead Water Tanks

Still, approximately 50% of households rely on swallow groundwater extracted by hand pump or tube well. The water quality of these sources has not been monitored. However, owing to the distance of water points from the containments (basically lined tank with open bottom and pits) and hygiene behavior there is a higher probability of microbiological contamination.

12 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 3.1.4.1 Distance between Water Points and Containments

Among the households with a hand pump or tube well as a major source of drinking water, 10% have lined tank with impermeable wall and open bottom. Figure 7 shows the percent of household’s horizontal distance of the water point from the containment and depth of the installation. It shows that almost 90% of water points are within the horizontal distance of lower than 25 feet from the containment and a depth of 60 feet, which possess high risk towards contamination of drinking water.

Figure 7: Horizontal Distance of Tube Wells and Hand Pumps from Lined Tank with Open Bottom and There Depth

Similarly, 21% of households with pit rely on hand pump or tube well installed within the premises of their house. All most all the water points are located within the horizontal distance of 25 feet and a depth of lower than 60 feet as shown in Figure 8. Thus, all these possess risk towards contamination of groundwater.

Figure 8: Horizontal Distance of Tube Wells and Hand Pumps from Pit Latrines and Depth

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 13 3.1.5 Size of Containments Size of containment is highly variable except with anaerobic biogas digester. Anaerobic biogas digester has been subsidized by the Government of Nepal and constructed within the guideline. The volume of the anaerobic biogas digester are between 6 m3 and 8 m3. Figure 9 shows the histogram of the size of the containment. The minimum and maximum sizes are 1 m3 and 33 m3 respectively. The average size is 5.67 m3 with 0.457 standard error of mean and standard deviation of 6.8. The skewness value is 2.3 indicating skewed at right. Also, kurtosis value is 5 that implies there are significant outliers with respect to average size. Thus, the average size could not be generalized for all the types of containment.

Figure 9: Histogram on Size of Containments with Normal Line 3.1.5.1 Size of Rectangular Containment

Figure 10 shows the histogram of the size of the rectangular containments. The average size of the containment is 11 m3 with a standard error of the mean at 0.89 and a standard deviation of 8.3. The minimum and maximum sizes are 1 m3 and 33 m3 respectively. The skewness value is 1.16 which implies right hand skewed and kurtosis is 0.383 (no significant at kurtosis value of 3).

Figure 10: Histogram on Size of Rectangular Containments and Normal Line

14 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 3.1.5.2 Size of Circular Containment

Figure 11 shows a histogram of the size of circular containments which is almost normally distributed with a skewness value of 1.2 and kurtosis of 1.3. The average size is 2.2 m3 with a 0.08 standard error of mean and standard deviation of 1.01. The minimum and maximum sizes are 1m3 and 5 m3 respectively.

Figure 11: Histogram on Size of Pits and Normal Line

3.1.6 The relation between Size of Containment and User

Figure 12 shows the relation between the size of the containment and the number of a user. Pearson’s Coefficient of the Correlation value is -0.095 with a coefficient of determination 0.009. This implies that there is no significant relationship between the size of the containments and user.

Figure 12: Graph on Relation between Size of Containment and Number of Users

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 15 3.2 Emptying and Transportation

Emptying is one of the major components of the sanitation value chain. It ensures the proper functioning of containment basically for a septic tank which functioned well until the volume of sludge is one-third of the total volume of the tank. Also, in other containments, regular emptying prevents overflow of the sludge and blockages. However, anaerobic biogas digester has been designed treated slurry is automatically overflowed from the outlet chamber which is used as anure.m Thus, anaerobic biogas digester has been excluded in the analysis.

The data revealed that only 19.4% of households have emptied their containment at least once since the installation. These containments are emptied after it got filled. Both traditional manual scavenging and mechanical emptying of the containments are practised in the municipality. In an average 34% of household emptied using mechanical desludging services.

3.2.1 Emptying Frequency

Emptying frequency is variable with respect to types of the containment. Generally, containments located in the waterlogged area and on the banks of the river/ irrigation channel have higher emptying frequency. It was observed that 38.6% of the containments were emptied twice a year followed by 25% of the containments with the emptying frequency of once every 3 to 5 years. Figure 13 shows the emptying frequency of the containments.

Figure 13: Emptying Frequency of Containments

3.2.2 The relation between Size of containment and Emptying Frequency

Generally, the size of the containment determines the emptying frequency. Thus the correlation between the size and emptying frequency was conducted as shown in Figure 14. The coefficient of correlation is -1.9th awi coefficient of determination 0.036. It shows that there exist negative relation suchat th bigger the size lower the emptying frequency. However, the relation in the case is yver weak and with very less significant.

16 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV

Figure 14: Graph on Relation between Size of Containment and Emptying Frequency

3.2.3 Characteristics of Never Emptied Containment

Almost 80% of the containments have never been emptied since their installation as none of these were filled or overflowed. The averageolume v of these never emptied containments with its average users is as shown in table 4.

Table 4: Descriptions on Average Size and Number of User of Never Emptied Household Containments

S.N. Types of Containments Average Size (m3 ) Average no. of Users

1 Septic Tank 16 4

2 Fully Lined Tank 11 5.5

3 Lined Tank and Open Bottom 10 5.8

4 Pits 2 5.8

Similarly, the age of these containments is shown in table 5. It shows that almost 50% of the containments were installed only either 2 years ago or within 5 years ago. Thus, it is possible that almost half of the never emptied containments have never filled while there may be unauthorized open emptying of the remaining containments.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 17 Table 5: Descriptions of Types of Never Emptied Household Containment and its Age

Constructed Total Time Period S.N. Containment 0-2 years 3-5 years 6-10 years > 10 years ago ago ago ago

1 Septic Tank 0.74% 0.74% 0.74% 0% 2.2%

2 Fully Lined Tank 8.15% 10.37% 5.19% 4.44% 28.15%

Lined Tank and 3 2.96% 5.93% 14.07% 2.96% 25.93% Open Bottom

4 Pits 4.4% 17.03% 21.48% 0.74% 43.7%

3.2.4 Accessibility of Containments

Almost 92% of the households have easy access to either tractor or truck for emptying of their containments. Only 4% of the households do not have access to the containment within 40 m distance from the nearby road. Figure 15 shows accessible vehicles within 40 m distance from the containments.

Figure 15: Accessible Vehicles within 40 m distance from the containment

3.2.5 Emptying and Transportation Services

Municipality and private entrepreneur have been providing desludging service in Lamahi Municipality. The municipality has initiated emptying service since 2018 through its sanitation section. The service is being provided within the municipality and it’s neighboring . The municipality has imported a suction tank

18 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV with a capacity to load 3500 liters of a faecal sludge per trip, shown in Figure 16. All together six staffs were engaged in sanitation section while only a driver and a helper are mobilized during the emptying services. These staffs were provided with general personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks and gumboots along with 20% of collected tariffs as an incentive. However, the knowledge on health hygiene and safety procedure are not provided till date.

Presently, the municipal emptying vehicle has been emptying 5 trips of FS per week. Out of which 50% is being emptied from fully lined tanks. It charges NPR 2500 per trip within the municipal boundary. While service charge for costumer from Rapti Rural Municipality is NPR 3500 and additional NPR 1000 charged with respect to travelling distance. The Customer can get service once they fillup the form and pay a service charge in advance in the municipality office. The ovisionpr has hindrance customers living far away from the municipality office. Also in many cases, the volume of the containment is very large than mentioned during the payment, thus requiring the customer to revisit and pay an additional charge in the municipality.

Similarly, DN Septic Tank Cleaners, a private desludging entrepreneur has been providing the service since 1994 in the region. Currently, the entrepreneur owns a desludging vehicle with a capacity of 3500 liters, shown in Figure 17. The desludging vehicle was manufactured and assembled in Butwal Industrial Zone. A vacuum pump operated with tractor generator is assembled in the tank. The entrepreneur has invested NPR 7,00,000 for a tanker and NPR 20,00,000 for a tractor.

Figure 16: Desludging Vehicle of Lamahi Municipality

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 19 Figure 17: Desludging Vehicle of DN Septic Tank Safai One helper with a driver is mobilized for emptying the containment. General PPE such as gloves and mask were provided to the labor while they lack formal training on the emptying, health and hygiene. He has been emptying and transporting FS from Lamahi, Bhaluwang and Ghorahi Sub-metropolitan of Dang District. The entrepreneur used to charge NPR 4500 per trip, currently, it is reduced to NPR 3000 to compete with municipal service. In an average 10 trips of FS per week is bei ng emptied from households and institutions. Apart from this, the main source of income for the entrepreneur is emptying charge collected from public toilet located in the bus park. It was revealed that 15 to 20 trips of FS are emptied every biweekly from the public toilet.

Thus in an overall, both municipal and private desludging service providers currently empty and transport 7.5 m3 of FS per day. 3.3 Treatment and Disposal/Reuse

The municipality does not have any forms of the treatment plant for faecal sludge. The FS emptied and transported by the municipality is disposed of in its landfill site which is extended approximately in 2500 square meter located in the jungle, shown in Figure 19. The FS is dumped into open land and buried with solid waste collected from the municipality.

On the contrary, the private entrepreneur disposed FS in his own land after preliminary treatment. The entrepreneur has developed pits where solids and liquids are separated. The liquid is pumped up and used for irrigation and solid left to dry. The dried sludge has been used as a soil conditioner in his own farm. Figure 18 shows the disposal pit, liquid and solid separation site and dried sludge cake.

20 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Figure 18: Landfill site of Lamahi Municipality

Figure 19: Disposal Site of Private Desludging Entrepreneur in Lamahi Municipality 3.4 People’s Perceptions and Knowledge on FSM

People’s perception of emptying, disposal and its consequences was assessed. Also, their perception of improved management of FS was measured.

3.4.1 Perception of Preferred Emptying Mechanism

Figure 20 shows the perception of the preferred emptying mechanism of containments after it gets filled. Majority of households that have never emptied their containment preferred mechanical emptying mechanism through contacting either municipality or private service providers. Whereas 22.96% perceived self-emptying and disposed into a pit. Whereas, 10.37% of households do not have any idea.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 21

Figure 20: Perception on Preferred Emptying Mechanism

3.4.2 Perception of Current Practices of FSM

Figure 21 shows the perception of local people on current FSM practices in the municipality. It shows that the majority of the households applies FS into farmland. It also revealed that ideally, only 1% of households have never emptied the containment. Almost 10% of households dumped into the forest, water bodies, stormwater drain or open land.

Figure 21: Perception on Current Practices of FSM

22 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 3.4.3 Perceptions of Improved FSM

Figure 22 shows the perception of improved FSM, which shows that the majority of people preferred construction of the treatment plant. Also, they insist on strict law and punishment disobeying the rule. Only 7% of people claimed encouraging reuse option would improve current practices of FSM despite the majority of households using FS in farmland.

Figure 22: Perception on Improved FSM

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 23 Situational 4 Assessment

4.1 Lack of Standard Containments

Installation of both households and institutional containments vary widely within the settlements. The types of containments range from effective to unimproved based upon management and storage of faecal sludge. Installatio n of anaerobic biogas digesters is effective with respect to the treatment of FS and reuse of resources recovered at the household level. While fully lined tanks are effective for safe storage whereas lined tank with an open bottom and single pits are ineffective since it has higher potential to pollute groundwater used by many households.

Besides the size of containments were determined without considering major factors like a number of users and emptying frequency. This has led to variable emptying frequencies that range from more than once a year to more than once in 10 years. Thus the lack of standard containments has consequences in the safe management of faecal sludge and amount of FS generated in the municipality. 4.2 Unregulated Emptying Mechanism

Almost 92% of containments in the municipality has easy access to emptying vehicle service provided by the municipality and private desludging service provider. Despite easy access, still manual emptying practices is preferred by many households. Also, the private desludging service has not been registered thus lacks regulation and monitoring of the services. The consequences can be observed in lack of proper personal preventive equipment and negligence on occupational health safety of the desludging labors. 4.3 Lack of Treatment Plant

Haphazard disposal of FS is common practice in the municipality due to lack of treatment facility. The municipality openly disposed of colle cted FS in the landfill site located inside the community forest. Though the private desludging service providers have initiated proper disposing mechanism due to lack of technical guidance, the initiation is not enough to properly manage FS. The foul smell around the disposal area and direct application of FS into the farm has a higher risk towards the degradation of health and environment.

24 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 4.4 Shit Flow Diagram

The overall status of the flow of faecal sludge is represented by the Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) as shown in Figure 23. 21% of FS collected in an anaerobic biogas digester has been treated while 40% of FS collected in the fully lined tank is considered safely managed until it is emptied and rest being disposed of haphazardly to the environment. It increased threat on groundwater contamination res ulting degradation of human health upon consumption of contaminated water.

Figure 23: Shit Flow Diagram of Lamahi Municipality

4.5 Quantification of Faecal Sludge

Quantification of faecal sludge depends upon many factors like the type of the containment, water content, climate, inflow and infiltration, presence of overflow pipe, user behaviours, sludge age, non-biodegradable fraction and soil characteristics (Borouckaert CJ, 2013). Quantity of FS is estimated based upon the average size of various containment and their emptying frequency obtained from primary data collected during the household survey.

The calculation as shown in table 7 shows 14249 m3 of FS is produced per year excluding FS from households with an anaerobic biogas digester.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 25 Table 6: Calculation of FS Generation based on Size of Containment in Household

Average Emptying Total FS in Containment HHs Volume of frequency containment containment Septic tank 76 10 0.1 76 Fully lined tank (sealed) 1057 11 0.65 7557 Lined tank with impermeable 1032 11 0.25 2838 walls and open bottom

Twin Pits 654 4 0.42 1098 Single Pit 2616 2 0.5 2616 Unimproved pit 126 2 0.25 63 FS produced per year 14249

4.5.1 The volume of Faecal Sludge Emptied from Households

In an average total of 2601 m3 of FS is being emptied per year in the municipality. The amount is only 18% of the calculated total volume of FS generated per year. Figure 24 shows the total FS generated calculated based upon the size of the containment and emptied portion. Among this, an average 1820 m3 and 781 m3 of FS per year are being mechanically and manually emptied in the municipality. Mainly FS is being emptied from a fully lined tank and lined tank with impermeable walls and open bottom. Also, the considerable volume of FS from twin pits is being emptied mechanically. Calculation of volume of FS emptied is given in Annex 3, 4, and 5.

Figure 24: Volume of FS Generated and Emptied Manually and Mechanically

26 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 4.5.2 The volume of Faecal Sludge Emptied from Institutional Containment

Similarly, the volume of FS generated from institutional containments is calculated based upon the size of the containment and its emptying frequency. Since the institution with septic has never been emptied, it was assumed the emptying frequencies for such institutions as more than 10 years. The calculation is shown in table 8 and in an average 2160 m3 of FS per year is generated from institutions.

Table 7: Calculation on FS Generated from Institutional Containment

Average Total Volume Types of Institutional No. of Emptying Volume of FS per year Containment Institutions Frequency (m3) (m3)

Septic tank 11 15.5 0.1 17.05 Fully lined tank 94 33 0.65 2016.3 (sealed)

Lined tank with impermeable walls and 4 11 1 44 open bottom

Twin Pits 11 9 0.42 41.58

Single Pit 10 3 1.38 41.4 Total 2160

However, only approximately 345 m3 of FS per year is being emptied from institutional containment which is 16% of the total FS generated. The volume of manually emptied is 18 m3 per year. Table 9 shows the volume of FS being emptied manually and mechanically from various types of institutional containment.

Table 8: Calculation of FS Emptied from Institutional Containment

Manual Emptying Mechanical Emptying Containment (m3/year) (m3/year)

Septic Tank 0 23.25

Fully Lined Tank 0 305.25 Lined Tank and 0 0 Open Bottom

Twin pit 18 0

Single Pit 0 0

Total 18 328.5

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 27 4.5.3 The volume of Faecal Sludge from Public Toilets

The volume of FS generated and emptied from the public toilets were calculated based on the responses from the public toilet operators a nd DN Septic Tank Safai. In an average 528 m3 of FS is generated per year. Whereas the volume of FS generated from a public toilet injunction to Ghorahi sub-metropolitan can be managed onsite with proper maintenance and operation of twin pits.

Table 9: Volume of FS Generated from Public Toilets

Containment The volume of Sludge Public Toilet Emptying Frequency Size (m3) per year (m3)

Public Toilet A 36 Once every month 432

Public Toilet B 12 Once every three months 48

Public toilet C 12 Once every three months 48

Total 528

Thus in total 16937 m3 of FS per year is being generated from households, institutions and a public toilet in the municipality. Out of these only 3475 m3 of FS is being emptied and 2676 m3 emptied mechanically either by municipal or private service. Thus, at present the total FS emptied mechanically and manually is 7.3 m3 per day and 2.18 m3 per year respectively.

28 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV Conclusion and 5 Recommendation

The overall sanitation status of the municipality indicates an urgent need for FSM interventions. Installation of anaerobic biogas digester at the hou sehold level is remarkable and has a tendency to promote whereas other existing containments are not appropriate owing to groundwater pollution except for fully lined tanks. The higher portion of containment never emptied indicates leakages or unauthorized open emptying practices into the environment with the potential threat to human health. The FS being emptied and disposed of without any treatment by the municipality is a serious issue. The private sector initiating treatment should be encouraged to upgrade the system. In the absence of regulating agency and lack of treatment plants the problem could lead to an outbreak of an epidemic. Hence, the municipality should immediately act on to improve FSM for better environment and human health.

The specific recommendation on each of sanitation value chain for improved FSM are: i. Formulate Standards of Containment and Upgrade Existing Containment Formulation of standards of technically appropriate containment is the foremost step towards managing faecal sludge. The standard should prescribe detail design of the containment together with construction manual. It can be immediately implemented in newly constructed buildings and periodically implemented through the upgrading of the existing containment. ii. Data Management and Effective Monitoring The municipality has to develop a data management system such that all details on types of containment, number of users, size and last emptied of all the households are recorded in digital form. This would assist in developing the proper size of the treatment plants, formulating desludging schedule and monitoring to prevent unauthentic discharge of FS into the environment at the household level. iii. Formulation of Regulations for Emptying Services Formulation of regulations is essential to discourage unhealthy manual emptying practices and regulate the private sector in the emptying services. The regulation should focus on recognition of private emptying service providers, ways for effective, accessible and affordable services along with occupational health safety of the labors.

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 29 iv. Classification of Service Delivery Area and Appropriate Treatment Facilities

Considering the types of containments and distance, the municipality should classify service area into three categories as shown in figure 25 andbriefly described in the below: a. Biogas Promoted Area: The municipality can classify ward numbers 1, 2, 3, and some settlements of wards 4 and 5 as biogas promoted area, a majority of households in these settlements have connected the FS into individual household anaerobic biogas digester. Thus, onsite treatment of FS and recovery of resource would effectively manage the FS. b. Centralized Service Area: The core urban areas of ward number 5, 6, and 7 can be classified as a centralized service area. The majority of containments currently being emptied mechanically are located in these areas. Also, all most all households have good access to the road. Thus, an FS service delivery in the area can be improved by constructing a Centralize Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant. c. Decentralized Service Area: The FS service delivery in the households in ward number 8 and 9 through the construction of decentralized treatment facilities, considering the haulage time and scattered households in the wards.

Figure 25: Classification of Service Delivery Area

30 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV References

Borouckaert CJ, F. K. (2013). Modelling the filling rate of pit latrines. Water SA, ISSN 1816-7950 (On-line) = Water SA Vol. 39 No. 4 July 2013. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/ view/91295/80795

L Strande et. al., L. S. (2018). Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. Journal of Environmental Management, 223 (2018), 898-907. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman

Picot B., J. J. (2003, February). Biogas production, sludge accumulation and mass balance of carbon in anaerobic ponds. Water Science and Technology, 243_250. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/5820578

WHO. (1992). A Guide to the Development of On-site Sanitation. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/ Jh0210e/3.1.1.html

Yvonne Lugali, A. Z. (2016). Modelling sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala city, Uganda. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10(8), 253_262. doi:10.5897/ AJEST2016.2016

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 31 unicipality Annexure Annex 1 : Various types of containments in the Lamahi M Lamahi the in containments of types 1 : Various Annex

32 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV by Lamahi Town Development Committee Development Town Lamahi by Annex 2: Schematic Diagram of Design of Septic Tank Tank Septic of Design of Diagram Schematic 2: Annex

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 33 0 0 51 76 26 177 HHs (population) 0.0% 0.0% 20.0% 50.0% 50.0% 28.0% Percent

7 0 1 3 2 0 Count (sample) 51 76 26 101 453 HHs (population) ntainments and Emptied and ntainments 0.0% 72.0% 50.0% 50.0% 80.0% 100.0% Percent 1 4 3 2 18 Count 0 0 26 101 152 126 629 HHs (population) 9.5% 0.0% 14.6% 19.2% 24.0% 20.0% Percent 1 5 6 4 0 25 Count (sample) 76 126 654 HHs 2616 1057 (Population) 1.3% 0.8% 6.9% 27.7% 11.2% 10.9% 1032 Percent Annex 3 : Descriptions on Total Household with Various Co Various with Household Total on 3 : Descriptions Annex 5 41 42 26 104 Count Containments Single Pit Unimproved Unimproved pit Twin Pits Twin Lined tank with impermeable and walls open bottom Fully lined Fully tank (sealed) Septic tankSeptic 3

34 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 0 0 0 0 FS emptied emptied per year 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.125 factor Emptying Emptying frequency Volume Mechanical c Tank HHS (population) Per cent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Count (sample) 9.8 10.9 Volume Average Average Septic Tank Septic FS emptied emptied per year Volume HHs Manual (population) Annexe : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Septi Household from Emptied FS of : Calculation Annexe Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000300000000000200000000000100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Count (sample) Emptying Emptying Frequency Once every 3_5 years Twice a year Twice Every Year 2 Every Years Three a Times year more than more than 10 years Once every 6_10 Years

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 35 0 0 0 FS 572 71.5 643.5 emptied emptied per year Total 2 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.125 factor Emptying Emptying frequency 286 286 Volume Mechanical 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 26 26 HHS Lined Tank Lined (population) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% Per cent 1 0 0 Count (sample) 11 Volume Average Average Fully Lined Tank Fully FS 100 71.5 emptied emptied per year Total 286 286 28.6 Volume 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 HHS (population) Manual Annex 5 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Fully Household from Emptied FS of 5 : Calculation Annex 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 50% Per cent 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Count (sample) Emptying Emptying Frequency Every 2 Every Years Twice a Twice year Every Year Once every 6_10 Years Three a Times year Once every 3_5 years more than 10 years

36 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 0 0 0 FS 143 572 286 1001 emptied emptied per year Total 2 1 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.125 factor Emptying Emptying frequency 286 286 286 Volume Mechanical 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 26 HHS (population) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 33.3% 33.3% 33.3% Per cent 0 0 0 nk with Impermeable Walls and Open Bottom and Walls Impermeable with nk Count (sample) 11 Volume Average Average FS 5.5 6.87 1.375 emptied emptied per year Total 11 22 Volume Lined Tank with Impermeable Walls and Open Bottom Walls Impermeable with Tank Lined 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 51 26 HHs Manual (population) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 67% 33% Percent 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 Count (sample) Annex 6 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Lined Ta Lined Household Annex from Emptied 6 FS of : Calculation Emptying Emptying Frequency Three a Times year Twice a Twice year Every Year Every 2 Every Years Once every 3_5 years more than more than 10 years Once every 6_10 Years

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 37 0 0 0 FS per 10.4 10.4 year emptied emptied Total 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.125 factor Emptying Emptying frequency 104 Volume its Mechanical 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 HHS (population) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% Per cent 0 0 0 0 Count (sample) 4 Volume Average Average Twin Pits Twin 51 52 FS 207 emptied emptied per year Total 104 104 104 204 Volume 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 51 26 26 HHs Manual (population) Annex 7 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Twin P Twin Household from Emptied FS of 7 : Calculation Annex 0% 0% 0% 0% 25% 25% 50% Percent 1 0 1 0 0 2 Count (sample) Emptying Emptying Frequency Every Year Twice a yearTwice 0 Three Times Times Three a year Every 2 Every Years more than 10 years Once every 6_10 Years Once every 3_5 years

38 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 0 0 13 FS 152 165 emptied per year Total 0.1 0.5 0.25 0.125 factor Emptying frequency 52 304 Volume Mechanical e Pit 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 26 152 HHS (population) Per cent 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3% 85.7% 0 6 0 0 1 Count (sample)

2 Volume Average Average Single Pit FS 277 25.5 12.75 467.5 emptied per year Total 152 152 102 102 554 Volume 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 51 76 277 HHs Manual (population) Annex 8 : Calculation of FS Emptied from Household Singl Household from Emptied FS of 8 : Calculation Annex 0% 0% 0% Per 11% 11% cent 61% 17% 3 0 0 2 2 0 11 Count (sample)

Emptying Frequency Every 2 Every Years Every Year Twice a Twice year more than more than 10 years Once every 6_10 Years Once every years 3_5 Three Three a Times year

Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV 39 Further Information: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) 110/25 Adarsa Marg-1, Thapagaon, New Baneshwor G.P.O Box No. : 4102, Kathmandu (East), Nepal Tel: 977-1-5244641; 5244051; 5244992; 5244609 Fax: 977-1-5244376, Email: [email protected] web: www.enpho.org

40 Sanitation Situation Report of Lamahi Municipality, Volume IV