Studies in Contemporary History 6 6 Studies in Contemporary History 6 Machteld Venken (ed.) Machteld Venken (ed.) Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies This book provides a comparative analysis and Central Europe invented practices (ed.) Venken Machteld Borderland Studies of the history of borderland children that contributed to the creation of a during the 20th Century. More than their socially cohesive Europe. parents, children were envisioned to Meets Child Studies play a crucial role in bringing about a peaceful Europe. The contributions show the complexity of nationalisation within The Author A European Encounter various spheres of borderland children´s Machteld Venken studied Slavic Studies lives and display the dichotomy between at the Catholic University in Leuven and nationalist policies and manifest non-na- European Studies at the Jagiellonian tional practices of borderland children. University in Kraków. She holds a PhD Despite the different imaginations in History from the Catholic University of East and West that had influenced in Leuven. After holding postdoctoral peace negotiators after both World Wars, fellowships in Warsaw, she is now an Elise moreover, borderland children in Western Richter Fellow at the University of Vienna. Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies Borderland Studies ISBN 978-3-631-67555-7 Studies in Contemporary History 6 6 Studies in Contemporary History 6 Machteld Venken (ed.) Machteld Venken (ed.) Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies This book provides a comparative analysis and Central Europe invented practices (ed.) Venken Machteld Borderland Studies of the history of borderland children that contributed to the creation of a during the 20th Century. More than their socially cohesive Europe. parents, children were envisioned to Meets Child Studies play a crucial role in bringing about a peaceful Europe. The contributions show the complexity of nationalisation within The Author A European Encounter various spheres of borderland children´s Machteld Venken studied Slavic Studies lives and display the dichotomy between at the Catholic University in Leuven and nationalist policies and manifest non-na- European Studies at the Jagiellonian tional practices of borderland children. University in Kraków. She holds a PhD Despite the different imaginations in History from the Catholic University of East and West that had influenced in Leuven. After holding postdoctoral peace negotiators after both World Wars, fellowships in Warsaw, she is now an Elise moreover, borderland children in Western Richter Fellow at the University of Vienna. Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies Borderland Studies Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY HISTORY Edited by Dariusz Stola / Machteld Venken VOLUME 6 Machteld Venken (ed.) Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies A European Encounter Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbi- bliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Open Access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This edited volume was kindly supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under the Elise Richter Grant V 360 - G 22. Thanks to the additional publication grant PUB 401 – G 28 of FWF, the full edited volume is published in Open Access. Cover image: ‘It’s chic to speak French’ (Departmental archives of the Haut-Rhin (Colmar, France). 756.W.OD, 24.OD.378. Éclaireurs de France (1946-1965)). Photography: Julien Fuchs ISSN 2364-2874 ISBN 978-3-631-67555-7 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-07080-4 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-71210-8 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-71211-5 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b11559 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2017 All rights reserved. Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Acknowledgements This edited volume was kindly supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under the Elise Richter Grant V 360 – G 22. Thanks to the additional publication grant PUB 401 – G 28 of FWF, the full edited volume is published in Open Access. Machteld Venken wishes to thank all the authors included in this edited volume for their useful comments on an earlier full version of the volume, as well as the anonymous peer reviewers for their helpful remarks. She is also grateful for the research assistance provided by Enno Lindemann and Marcin Bogusz, and the proofreading offered by Mark Trafford. All maps, if not specified otherwise, are designed by Karol Perepłyś (Studio27, Warsaw). Table of Content List of Figures, Illustrations and Maps.......................................................................9 Machteld Venken Introduction: Borderland Studies Meets Child Studies. A European Encounter .............................................................................................11 Catherine Maurer & Gabrielle Ripplinger Destitute Children in Alsace from the Beginning of the Twentieth Century to the End of the 1930s: Orphan Care in Strasbourg, in between France and Germany ...........................43 Ruth Leiserowitz Childhood in the Memel Region .............................................................................65 Julien Fuchs Youth Movements in Alsace and the Issue of National Identity, 1918–1970 ......85 Beata Halicka The Everyday Life of Children in Polish-German Borderlands During the Early Postwar Period ......................................................................... 115 Tobias Haimin Wung-Sung ‘We Remain What We Are’ ‘Wir bleiben was wir sind?’ North Schleswig German Identities in Children’s Education After 1945......... 139 Andreas Fickers Generational Conflicts, the Spirit of ‘68 and Cultural Emancipation in the German Speaking Community of Belgium. A Historical Essay About the ‘73 Generation ......................................................................................................... 163 Deutsche Abstracts .................................................................................................. 185 Notes on Contributors ............................................................................................ 191 Index of Places ......................................................................................................... 193 List of Figures, Illustrations and Maps Map 1: German Territorial Changes in the 20th Century. Map 2: Alsace-Lorraine 1871–1918. Map 3: The Memel Region in the Interwar Period. Map 4: Poland’s Border Shifts After the Second World War. Map 5: Danish North Schleswig since 1920. Map 6: The Border Regions After theTreaty of Versailles (1920). Map 7: The Border Regions During the Second World War (1940–44). Illustration 1: (cover image) ‘It’s chic to speak French’. Illustration 2: A plan of the municipal orphanage, viewed from the front, in 1909. Illustration 3: The veranda of a sanatorium and a back view of the municipal orphanage and of its veranda. Illustration 4: The bathrooms of the orphanage. Illustration 5: The orphanage Saint-Joseph in Mulhouse. Illustration 6: The ancient orphanage of Colmar. Illustration 7: Members of the local ‘Bar Kochba’ in 1937 on the sports field. Illustration 8: Inaugural assembly of the Betar in Memel 1927. Illustration 9: Cover of the first issue of the magazine Jeune Alsace. Figure 1: Religion of girls admitted in the orphanage between 1904 and 1933. Figure 2: Religion of boys admitted in the orphanage between 1904 and 1933. MEMEL TERRITORY SOUTH JUTLAND Königsberg / Kaliningrad Gdańsk EAST PRUSSIA Lübeck Rostock POMERANIA Hamburg Szczecin WEST PRUSSIA Bremen Berlin POSEN Hanover Frankfurt (Oder) Kassel Wrocław Cologne Erfurt Dresden Aaachen SILESIA EUPEN -MALMEDY Frankfurt (Main) Mainz Nuremberg SAAR TERRITORY German Territorial Changes Karlsruhe ALSACE-LORRAINE in the 20th Century Stuttgart Territory changes after the First World War Munich Freiburg Territory changes after the Second World War Inner German border 1945-1990 Germany since October 1990 1920-1935 under the control of the League of Nations, 1947-1956 autonomous Map 1: German Territorial Changes in the 20th Century. Machteld Venken Introduction: Borderland Studies Meets Child 1 Studies. A European Encounter Abstract: With the demise of four multinational empires at the end of the First World War (Russian, German, Habsburg and Ottoman), nationalist forces all over Europe claimed the right to a territory for what they considered to be their own people. The peace treaties resulting from the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 caused a major redrawing of the map of Europe. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany handed over a considerable amount of its territory at its Western, Northern and, most significantly, Eastern borders, to neighbouring states. This edited volume focuses on the regions lying in what one could call a ring around Germany lost by Germany after the First World War. The European border regions of an- nexation, as I call them, switched their sovereignty as follows: Alsace-Lorraine became French, Eupen-Malmedy Belgian, North Schleswig Danish, various former Prussian Eastern provinces became Polish, the Hlučin region Czechoslovakian, and the Memel region Lithuanian. By set- ting