An Introduction to Human Body
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Inguinofemoral Area
Inguinofemoral Area Inguinal Canal Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal in Infants and Children There are readily apparent differences between the inguinal canals of infants and adults. In infants, the canal is short (1 to 1.5 cm), and the internal and external rings are nearly superimposed upon one another. Scarpa's fascia is so well developed that the surgeon may mistake it for the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, resulting in treating a superficial ectopic testicle as an inguinal cryptorchidism. There also may be a layer of fat between the fascia and the aponeurosis. We remind surgeons of the statement of White that the external oblique fascia has not been reached as long as fat is encountered. In a newborn with an indirect inguinal hernia, there is nothing wrong with the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Removal of the sac, therefore, is the only justifiable procedure. However, it is extremely difficult to estimate the weakness of the newborn's posterior inguinal wall by palpation. If a defect is suspected, a few interrupted permanent sutures might be used to perform the repair. Adult Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal The inguinal canal in the adult is an oblique rift in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall. It measures approximately 4 cm in length. It is located 2 to 4 cm above the inguinal ligament, between the opening of the external (superficial) and internal (deep) inguinal rings. The boundaries of the inguinal canal are as follows: Anterior: The anterior boundary is the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle and, more laterally, the internal oblique muscle. -
MSS 1. a Patient Presented to a Traumatologist with a Trauma Of
MSS 1. A patient presented to a traumatologist with a trauma of shoulder. What wall of axillary cavity contains foramen trilaterum and foramen quadrilaterum? a) anterior b) posterior c) lateral d) medial e) intermediate 2. A patient presented to a traumatologist with a trauma of leg, which he had sustained at a sport competition. Upon examination, damage of posterior muscle, that is attached to calcaneus by its tendon, was found. This muscle is: a) triceps surae b) tibialis posterior c) popliteus d) fibularis longus e) fibularis brevis 3. In the course of a cesarean section, an incision was made in the pubic area and vagina of rectus abdominis muscle was cut. What does anterior wall of the vagina of rectus abdominis muscle consist of? A. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus internus abdominis. B. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. pyramidalis. C. aponeurosis of m. obliquus internus abdominis, m. obliquus externus abdominis. D. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus externus abdominis. E. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus internus abdominis 4. A 30 year-old woman complained of pain in the lower part of her forearm. Traumatologist found that her radio-carpal joint was damaged. This joint is: A. complex, ellipsoid B.simple, ellipsoid C.complex, cylindrical D.simple, cylindrical E.complex condylar 5. A woman was brought by an ambulance to the emergency department with a trauma of the cervical part of her vertebral column. Radiologist diagnosed a fracture of a nonbifid spinous processes of one of her cervical vertebrae. Spinous process of what cervical vertebra is fractured? A.VI. -
Tests Spring 2012
Tests spring 2013 Test 1 Oral cavity 1. Vestibulum oris does not communicate with proper oral cavity through: :r1 oral part of pharynx :r2 tremata :r3 space behind last molar :r4 space when tooth is missing :r5 communicates through all mentioned ways -- 2. Into vestibule of oral cavity opens out: :r1 caruncula sublingualis :r2 papilla parotidea :r3 ductus nasolacrimalis :r4 plica sublingualis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 3. The underlay of lips is: :r1 m. labialis :r2 m. orbicularis oculi :r3 m. orbicularis oris :r4 m. buccalis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 4. The upper lip is partially connected with alveolar process using: :r1 lig. labii superioris :r2 m. platysma :r3 frenulum labii superioris :r4 plica labii superioris :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 5. Cheek is not made up of: :r1 skin :r2 adipose body :r3 muscular layer :r4 adventitia :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 6. Parotid duct passes through: :r1 m. masseter :r2 m. buccinator :r3 m. orbicularis oris :r4 m. pterygoideus lateralis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 7. The underlay of hard palate is not: :r1 praemaxilla :r2 vomer :r3 processus palatinus maxillae :r4 lamina horizontalis ossis palatini :r5 all mentioned bones form the underlay of hard palate -- 8. Which statement describing mucosa of hard palate is not correct: :r1 it contains big amount of submucosal connective tissue :r2 it is covered by columnar epithelium :r3 firmly grows together with periosteum :r4 it is almost not movable against the bottom :r5 it contains glandulae palatinae -- 9. Mark the true statement describing the palate: :r1 there is papilla incisiva positioned there :r2 mucosa contains glandulae palatinae :r3 there are plicae palatinae transversae positioned there :r4 the basis of soft palate is made by fibrous aponeurosis palatina :r5 all mentioned statements are correct -- 10. -
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University SPLANCHNOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS STUDY GUIDE Recommended by the Academic Council of Sumy State University Sumy Sumy State University 2016 1 УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 С72 Composite authors: V. I. Bumeister, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor; L. G. Sulim, Senior Lecturer; O. O. Prykhodko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant; O. S. Yarmolenko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant Reviewers: I. L. Kolisnyk – Associate Professor Ph. D., Kharkiv National Medical University; M. V. Pogorelov – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Sumy State University Recommended for publication by Academic Council of Sumy State University as а study guide (minutes № 5 of 10.11.2016) Splanchnology Cardiovascular and Immune Systems : study guide / С72 V. I. Bumeister, L. G. Sulim, O. O. Prykhodko, O. S. Yarmolenko. – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2016. – 253 p. This manual is intended for the students of medical higher educational institutions of IV accreditation level who study Human Anatomy in the English language. Посібник рекомендований для студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів IV рівня акредитації, які вивчають анатомію людини англійською мовою. УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 © Bumeister V. I., Sulim L G., Prykhodko О. O., Yarmolenko O. S., 2016 © Sumy State University, 2016 2 Hippocratic Oath «Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε. -
SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–Łacinsłownik Anatomiczny (Angielsko-Łacińsko-Polski)´ SKO–POLSKI)
ANATOMY WORDS (ENGLISH–LATIN–POLISH) SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–ŁACINSłownik anatomiczny (angielsko-łacińsko-polski)´ SKO–POLSKI) English – Je˛zyk angielski Latin – Łacina Polish – Je˛zyk polski Arteries – Te˛tnice accessory obturator artery arteria obturatoria accessoria tętnica zasłonowa dodatkowa acetabular branch ramus acetabularis gałąź panewkowa anterior basal segmental artery arteria segmentalis basalis anterior pulmonis tętnica segmentowa podstawna przednia (dextri et sinistri) płuca (prawego i lewego) anterior cecal artery arteria caecalis anterior tętnica kątnicza przednia anterior cerebral artery arteria cerebri anterior tętnica przednia mózgu anterior choroidal artery arteria choroidea anterior tętnica naczyniówkowa przednia anterior ciliary arteries arteriae ciliares anteriores tętnice rzęskowe przednie anterior circumflex humeral artery arteria circumflexa humeri anterior tętnica okalająca ramię przednia anterior communicating artery arteria communicans anterior tętnica łącząca przednia anterior conjunctival artery arteria conjunctivalis anterior tętnica spojówkowa przednia anterior ethmoidal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior tętnica sitowa przednia anterior inferior cerebellar artery arteria anterior inferior cerebelli tętnica dolna przednia móżdżku anterior interosseous artery arteria interossea anterior tętnica międzykostna przednia anterior labial branches of deep external rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae gałęzie wargowe przednie tętnicy sromowej pudendal artery externae profundae zewnętrznej głębokiej -
Gross Anatomy Mcqs Database Contents 1
Gross Anatomy MCQs Database Contents 1. The abdomino-pelvic boundary is level with: 8. The superficial boundary between abdomen and a. the ischiadic spine & pelvic diaphragm thorax does NOT include: b. the arcuate lines of coxal bones & promontorium a. xiphoid process c. the pubic symphysis & iliac crests b. inferior margin of costal cartilages 7-10 d. the iliac crests & promontorium c. inferior margin of ribs 10-12 e. none of the above d. tip of spinous process T12 e. tendinous center of diaphragm 2. The inferior limit of the abdominal walls includes: a. the anterior inferior iliac spines 9. Insertions of external oblique muscle: b. the posterior inferior iliac spines a. iliac crest, external lip c. the inguinal ligament b. pubis d. the arcuate ligament c. inguinal ligament e. all the above d. rectus sheath e. all of the above 3. The thoraco-abdominal boundary is: a. the diaphragma muscle 10. The actions of the rectus abdominis muscle: b. the subcostal line a. increase of abdominal pressure c. the T12 horizontal plane b. decrease of thoracic volume d. the inferior costal rim c. hardening of the anterior abdominal wall e. the subchondral line d. flexion of the trunk e. all of the above 4. Organ that passes through the pelvic inlet occasionally: 11. The common action of the abdominal wall muscles: a. sigmoid colon a. lateral bending of the trunk b. ureters b. increase of abdominal pressure c. common iliac vessels c. flexion of the trunk d. hypogastric nerves d. rotation of the trunk e. uterus e. all the above 5. -
ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY of the GROIN; IMPLICATION for TRANSABDMOMINAL PREPERITOTONEAL HERNIORRHAPHY Saidi H
Review Anatomy Journal of Africa 1 (1): 2-10 (2012) ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE GROIN; IMPLICATION FOR TRANSABDMOMINAL PREPERITOTONEAL HERNIORRHAPHY Saidi H. BSc, MBChB, MMed, FACS Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi Correspondence: Prof. Saidi Hassan, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. P.O. Box 30197 00100 Nairobi Email: [email protected] SUMMARY Hernia surgery is in many ways the quintessential case for demonstrating anatomy in action. Laparoscopic hernia surgery has a more recent history compared to open surgery. The demand for the procedure is increasing. The indications for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy include bilateral disease, recurrence following anterior repairs and patient preference. Anatomy of the lower anterolateral abdominal wall appreciated from a posterior profile compounds the challenge of a steep learning curve for the procedure. The iliopubic tract and Cooper’s ligaments, less obvious to anterior surgeons, are important sites for mesh fixation for laparoscopic surgeons. Their neural and vascular relations continue to receive plenty of mention in hernia literature as explanations for troublesome procedure-related morbidities. The one ‘rectangle’ (trapezoid of disaster), one ‘circle’ (of death) and two ‘triangles’ (of doom, of pain) geometric concepts denote application of anatomy in mapping the danger areas of the groin where dissection and staples for fixation should be minimized. INTRODUCTION costs and learning curve. However, patients who Groin hernia surgery is common globally with desire faster return to work and cosmetic around twenty million hernias repaired wounds are demanding the procedure from local worldwide annually (Heuvel et al., 2011). surgeons. This review reconstructs the pertinent Although open anterior approaches suffice for anatomy as a prerequisite and reminder for safe most unilateral hernias, the advantages of Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPPP) repair of shorter convalescence, lower pain scores, groin hernia. -
Clinical Anatomy of the Neck Region
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY "NICOLAE TESTEMIȚANU" DEPARTMENT TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND OPERATIVE SURGERY Gheorghe GUZUN, Radu TURCHIN, Boris TOPOR, Serghei SUMAN CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE NECK REGION Methodical recommendations for students CHISINAU, 2017 CZU 611.93(076.5) C 57 Lucrarea a fost aprobată de Consiliul Metodic Central al USMF “Nicolae Testemițanu”; proces-verbal nr. 2 din 10.03.2017 Autori: Gheorghe GUZUN – dr. med, conf. univ. Radu TURCHIN – dr.șt.med., conf. univ. Boris TOPOR – dr.hab.șt.med., prof. univ. Serghei SUMAN – dr.hab.șt.med., conf. univ. Recenzenți: Ilia catereniuc – dr.hab.șt.med., prof. univ. Nicolae Fruntașu – dr.hab.șt.med., prof. univ. Machetare: Serghei Suman – dr.hab.șt.med., conf. univ. DESCRIEREA CIP A CAMEREI NAȚIONALE A CĂRȚII Clinical anatomy of the neck region : Methodical recommendations for students / Gheorghe Guzun, Radu Turchin, Boris Topor [et al.] ; State Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemiţanu", Dep. Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery. – Chişinău : S. n., 2017 (Tipogr. "Print-Caro"). – 52 p. : fig. 100 ex. ISBN 978-9975-56-466-3. 611.93(076.5) C 57 ISBN 978-9975-56-466-3. CEP Medicina, 2017 Gheorghe Guzun, Radu Turchin, Viorel Nacu, Boris Topor, 2017. © Gheorghe Guzun, 2017 CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE NECK The upper limit of the neck (cefalocervical limit) is a conventional line that crosses the lower jaw (basis of mandible) and its angle, the bottom of the external auditory canal, the apex of mastoid process (procesuus mastoideus) and superior nuchal line (linea nuchae superior) to the external occipital protuberance (occipitalis external protuberance). -
Surgical Anatomy of the Groin
Chapter 2 Surgical Anatomy of the Groin Kamer Tomaoglu Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69448 Abstract Most surgeons are familiar with the inguinal anatomy from the anterior perspective. With the advent of laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair, it became important to understand the inguinal anatomy from the preperitoneal view for a posterior approach to the inguinal region. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the anatomic landmarks of the groin region. Keywords: anatomy, groin, surgery 1. Introduction The inguinofemoral region extends to above and under the line of Malgaigne. It composes the borderline region between anterolateral abdominal wall and upper portion of the triangle of Scarpa [1, 2]. It represents an important structure, which is a passage zone between the abdominal area, the external genital region, and the root of lower extremity. Two pedicles, the spermatic cord (or the round ligament of uterus) and the iliofemoral vascular pedicle cross the inguinofemoral region. It is equally a zone of embryologic importance, character‐ ized by the evolution of peritoneo‐vaginal channel, the testicular descent, and rarely an ecto‐ pic engagement of ovaries [2–4]. The groin is the region where most hernias of the abdominal wall occur. Inguinal hernia repair is the most commonly performed operation worldwide. Approximately 75% of abdom‐ inal wall hernias occur in the groin [5, 6]. Its surgical interest is evident which we understand easily by the consecutive diverse technical discussions after the apparition of the Shouldice Hospital technique, considered by many authors as a return to the “starting point” [7, 8]. -
1 Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall 1
Chapter 1 Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall 1 Orhan E. Arslan 1.1 Introduction The abdominal wall encompasses an area of the body boundedsuperiorlybythexiphoidprocessandcostal arch, and inferiorly by the inguinal ligament, pubic bones and the iliac crest. Epigastrium Visualization, palpation, percussion, and ausculta- Right Left tion of the anterolateral abdominal wall may reveal ab- hypochondriac hypochondriac normalities associated with abdominal organs, such as Transpyloric T12 Plane the liver, spleen, stomach, abdominal aorta, pancreas L1 and appendix, as well as thoracic and pelvic organs. L2 Right L3 Left Visible or palpable deformities such as swelling and Subcostal Lumbar (Lateral) Lumbar (Lateral) scars, pain and tenderness may reflect disease process- Plane L4 L5 es in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere. Pleural irrita- Intertuber- Left tion as a result of pleurisy or dislocation of the ribs may cular Iliac (inguinal) Plane result in pain that radiates to the anterior abdomen. Hypogastrium Pain from a diseased abdominal organ may refer to the Right Umbilical Iliac (inguinal) Region anterolateral abdomen and other parts of the body, e.g., cholecystitis produces pain in the shoulder area as well as the right hypochondriac region. The abdominal wall Fig. 1.1. Various regions of the anterior abdominal wall should be suspected as the source of the pain in indi- viduals who exhibit chronic and unremitting pain with minimal or no relationship to gastrointestinal func- the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. The sub- tion, but which shows variation with changes of pos- costal plane that passes across the costal margins and ture [1]. This is also true when the anterior abdominal the upper border of the third lumbar vertebra may be wall tenderness is unchanged or exacerbated upon con- used instead of the transpyloric plane. -
Anatomy and Physiology Model Guide Book
Anatomy & Physiology Model Guide Book Last Updated: August 8, 2013 ii Table of Contents Tissues ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Bone (Somso QS 61) ........................................................................................................................... 7 Section of Skin (Somso KS 3 & KS4) .......................................................................................................... 8 Model of the Lymphatic System in the Human Body ............................................................................. 11 Bone Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Skeletal System ........................................................................................................................................... 13 The Skull .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Artificial Exploded Human Skull (Somso QS 9)........................................................................................ 14 Skull ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Auditory Ossicles .................................................................................................................................... -
The Origin of the Inferior Epigastric Artery in Relation to the Inguinal
Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci., Vol. 27, No. 3, Pages 171-174 Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Formerly ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKLODOWSKA, SECTIO DDD, PHARMACIA journal homepage: http://www.curipms.umlub.pl/ The origin of the inferior epigastric artery in relation to the inguinal ligament in various periods of human life Mariusz Klepacki1, Monika Cendrowska-Pinkosz1, Wojciech Dworzanski1, Franciszek Burdan1,2 1 Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego, 20-090 Lublin, Poland 2 St. John’s Cancer Center; Lublin, Poland Article INFO ABSTRACT Received 30 June 2014 The aim of the study was to evaluate the origin of the inferior epigastric artery, in relation Accepted 20 October 2014 to the inguinal ligament, in various stages of human life. The study was conducted on randomly selected 220 non-fixed cadavers, including 110 males and 110 females, from Keywords: the age of the 7th month of prenatal life, to 82 years. In all examined bodies, the inferior inferior epigastric artery, epigastric artery originated mostly from the external iliac, or less commonly, from the external iliac artery, pelvis, femoral artery. Three types of origin were observed: above, at the level or below the inguinal ligament. ligament. In males, the lowest incidence of typical anatomical origin, over the ligament, was observed in the group aged 60-69 years. Herein, the artery departed usually on the level of the ligament. The highest incidence of typical anatomical origin was found during the prenatal period and among children. Similar data, but with higher asymmetry, was revealed among females. The lowest incidence of typical origin was seen on the left side in the group aged 60-69.