Work Book in Нuman Anatomy Locomotion Apparatus

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, Educational Establishment “Vitebsk State Order of Peoples’ Friendship Medical University” Work Book in Нuman Anatomy Locomotion apparatus Допущено Министерством образования Республики Беларусь в качестве учебного пособия для иностранных студентов учреждений высшего образования по специальности «Лечебное дело» Vitebsk – 2021 УДК 611.1: 611.3:611.4(075) ББК 28.706я73 У 76 Reviewers: V.V. Roudenok Vice rector, Professor of the Department of Normal Anato- my Belarusian state medical university, MD, DSc, PhD; Department of Human Anatomy with a erative surgery and topographic anatomy Gomel state medical university (Head of the Department V.N. Zda- novich, MD,PhD, docent); T.I. Golikova Associate Professor of the Department of Modern Translation Technologies Minsk State Linguistic University, PhD, docent. Usovich, А.К. У 76 Work Book in Нuman Anatomy. Locomotion apparatus: textbook / A.K. Usovich, I.A. Piatsko, D.A. Tolyaronok, Y.E. Yusifov. – Vitebsk: VSMU, 2020.– 174p. ISBN 978-985-580-046-1 The work book is intended for clinically oriented study of human musculoskeletal system anatomy. It contains assessing criteria of students’ competence and exam questions. The work book was com- pleted by accordance with the program on Human Anatomy for medical students, studying the specialty 1 79 01 01 (General Medicine) (Minsk, 2014). It is a teaching aid supplementary to textbooks and atlases. The book is intended for medical students. ISBN 978-985-580-046-1 УДК 611.1: 611.3:611.4(075) ББК 28.706я73 © A.K. Usovich, I.A. Piatsko, D.A. Tolyaronok, Y.E. Yusifov, 2021 © УО «Витебский государственный медицинский университет», 2021 2 Contents Preface ………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction………………………………………………… 5 Topic 1. Organization of educational process on the Human Anatomy department. Anatomical position. Planes, axes, lines, region of the human body. Anatomical terminology. Bones. Classification of bones. 7 Topic 2. Skeleton of the trunk: vertebrae, ribs and sternum. 14 Topic 3. The bones of the upper limb (clavicle, scapula, humerus, ul- na, radius, bones of the hand).……………………………………. 20 Topic 4. The bones of the lower limb (hip bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, bones of foot). ................................................................................ 25 Topic 5. Cranium: neurocranium and viscerocranium. The bones of neurocranium: (frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, sphenoidal bone, ethmoidal bone).………………………………………………… 32 Topic 6. The temporal bone. Canals of temporal bone. The bones of the viscerocranium: maxilla and mandible, palatine bone, lacrimal bone, zy- gomatic bone, nasal bone, hyoid bone, inferior nasal concha, vomer).… 37 Topic 7. Topography of the skull: calvaria and cranial base, orbital cavity, nasal cavity. Temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossae. Neonatal skull. The concept of craniometry. X-ray anatomy of the skull. 45 Topic 8. Final assessment class on preparations of the bones. 52 Topic 9. Connections between the bones. Classification, general structure and principles of functioning. Connections of the skull bones and trunk. Vertebral column and thorax as a whole. 62 Topic 10. Joints of the superior limb. 69 Topic 11. Joints of the inferior limb. 75 Topic 12. Final assessment class on preparations of connection of bones. 83 Topic 13. Skeletal muscles: classification, structure, principles of their functioning. The muscles and fascia of the back. 92 Topic 14. The muscles and fasciae of the thorax, abdomen and diaphragm. Rectus sheath. Inguinal canal. 100 Topic 15. Muscles and fasciae of the head (facial muscles, masticatory muscles). Muscles and fasciae of the neсk. Regions and triangles of the neсk. 107 Topic 16. Muscles, fascia, topography of the upper lumb. 115 Topic 17. Muscles, fascia, topography of the lower lumb. 123 Topic 18. Developmental and functional anatomy of the locomotor apparatus. 132 Topic 19. Final assessment class on the sceletal muscle prepartions. 141 Answers to test questions. 153 Answers to situational tasks. 155 References. 161 Applications. 162 A. List of the questions from the section “Anatomy of the locomotor apparatus ”, to be included in the examination cards for the supervising the state examination on Human Anatomy for speciality 1 79 01 01 (General Medi- 162 cine). B. Criteria of knowledge evaluation and competence of students. Educational discipline “Human Anatomy”. 165 C. The statute of the rating system. 170 3 Preface The Department of Anatomy lays the foundation for special knowledge for a doctor of any speciality. The proposed book is intended for the 1st - year students studying in speciality 1-79 01 01 (General Medicine) as an auxiliary teaching aid in studying human anatomy. The subject "human anatomy" is the most difficult for the 1st - year students, because its study requires a systematic independent work of the student. An instructor is a consultant that guides the student's cognitive interest in the right direction. Therefore, we offer such a guide, following our recommendations will make it easier for you to obtain detailed knowledge about the structure of a human body. The structure of the workshop corresponds to the schedule of laboratry classes. In the description of each topic, there is given an objective defined, a motivational justification for studying the topic, a list of basic questions, meth- odological recommendations for studying the topic with the emphasis on the topic and, if necessary, a detailed description of the structural features of the organs studied. For each topic, 25 test questions are proposed for checking the quality of self-training and for self-monitoring of the studied material, as well as several clinically oriented situational tasks. The answers to test questions and situational tasks are given at the end of the workshop before the literature index. In test questions for recognizing the studied structures, illustrations from publicly available teaching aids are proposed, which does not infringe on the copyrights of the creators of the illustrations, but advertises these publica- tions as textbooks. In each topic, the pages of obligatory and additional literature are indicated, where you can get information on the topics. For convenience, the refer- ence on the topic is given under numbers in the full list at the end of the workshop (For example: 1. from. 23-28. It means that the material on this topic is presented in the first Volume of the textbook "Human anatomy": for medical students: in 2 vol. Vol. 1: edited by M. R. Sapin. – Moscow: New Wave Pub- lishing Agency, 2018 on pages 23-28). The appendix presents "Criteria for assessing the results of educational activities of students in the discipline "Hu- man Anatomy "for the specialty 1-79 01 01 I stage of higher education" and "exam questions from the section" Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal system". We express our gratitude to the colleagues – - teachers of the VSMU, who provided assistance in compiling the workshop. The authors are grateful to experts Prof. V.V. Rudenko and Associate Professor V.N. Zhdanovich for suggestions that have improved the design of the workbook. We hope that the proposed publication will be useful for students. The authors will gratefully accept the comments of instructors and students aimed at improving this book. 4 Introduction Human Anatomy is a fundamental medical science aimes at training fu- ture doctors to start their study with. By studying anatomy, you can create a holistic view of the structure of the body of a healthy person. Studying the development and age-related characteristics of organs and systems of the body will let you understand the occurrence of numerous structural options and developmental anomalies. Without knowledge of human anatomy, it is impossi- ble to study a single medical specialty (surgery, therapy, gynecology, neurolo- gy, etc.). You will study human anatomy for 3 semesters. In the first semester, the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system is traditionally studied: 1. Bones, 2. Joints, 3. Muscles. Anatomy is taught in the form of lectures and laboratory exercises. Lec- ture plans and laboratory classes are posted on the information boards of departments, on the pages of departments in the distance learning website. The lecture material contains questions about the general laws of the structure and the functioning of body systems, the development of organs, causes and stages of the formation of anomalies and malformations. Having familiarized them- selves with the contents in a printed (electronic) collection before attending a lecture, students, listening to the lecturer, receive clarifications on the most difficult issues of clinically oriented anatomy. In laboratory classes, students study in detail the anatomy of all organs and parts of the human body on anatomical preparations. The materials of the lecture course and laboratory studies are not duplicated, but complement each other. After studying each of the sections of human anatomy, students demon- strate their knowledge, abilities and skills of anatomical preparations in the final assessment class (colloquium). At the end of the first and second semesters, students take semester tests. At the end of the third semester, students pass the exam. The most effective algorithm for studying human anatomy at a medical university is as: 1. Preparation for the next laboratory class on the topic set by the instructor at the follows class. 1.1. Reading the guidelines for the topic of the class in this workshop. Learning the purpose and motivation for studying the topic. 1.2. At the extracurricular time reading the appropriate section in the textbook; 1.3. Reading the topic material in the textbook, writing out all new Latin terms and their translation into the working vocabulary list; 5 1.4. Considering all the drawings on the topic of the class in the textbook and atlases (pages are indicated in the index of the literature to the topic); 1.5. At the Department of Human Anatomy, reading the appropriate section of the textbook, finding each anatomical formation in the atlas drawing, and then finding this formation on the anatomical preparation.

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