DOCSLIB.ORG

The Science of the Vessels (Anglology)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Science of the Vessels (Anglology) G.. KYALYAN R.. PETROSYAN HUMAN ANATOMY ADAPTEC COURSE FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS Volume IV THE TRANSPORT AND COORDINATION YEREVAN 2002 LITERATURE 1. Human Anatomy M.R. Sapin, Russian Edition, 1993 2. Human Anatomy M.Prives N.Lysenkov V.Bushkovich English Edition, 1985 3. Human Anatomy Robert Carola John P. Harley Charles P. Woback English Edition, 1992 4. Gray's Anatomy Edited By Peter L. Willams English Edition, 1993 2 THE SCIENCE OF THE VESSELS (ANGLOLOGY) FLUID-CONDUCTING PATHWAYS The vascular system consists of a network of tubes or canals through which the body's fluids, blood and lymph, circulate. The vascular system, on the one hand, supplies the cells and tissues of the body with necessary nutrients and, on the other hand, removes and transports waste products produced by the vital activity of the cells to the kidneys, the excretory organs. In the Coelenterate the alimentary canal develops numerous growths to facilitate the conveyance of nutrients to various parts of the body, but in the numerations, a subtype of worms, three separate blood vessels develop. The lancelet has a closed system of blood circulation, devoid, however, of a heart; the circulation of colourless blood in the lancelet is achieved by the pulsation of the vessels themselves. The heart appears in the circulatory system of vertebrates as a pulsating organ, which gradually becomes more complicated in structure in the process of phylogenesis. The heart of fish consists of two chambers. The chamber that receives the blood is called the atrium and is preceded by the infundibulum sinus venosus. A second chamber, called the ventricle, discharges the blood. The ventricle is followed by the infundibulum conus arteriosus. Venous blood circulates through the heart and then through the branchial arteries to the gills, where it is enriched with oxygen in branchial respiration. Pulmonary respiration and, with it pulmonary blood circulation developed in addition to branchial respiration when amphibians emerged from the water onto dryland. The pulmonary artery in amphibians, which develops from the last branchial 3 artery, carries blood from the heart to the lunges where the exchange of gases takes place. In connection with this, the atrium is divided by a septum into two separate atria, right and left, as a result of which the heart becomes three-chambered. Venous blood flows through the right atrium, arterial blood through the left, and mixed blood through the common ventricle. Branchial circulation is typical of the larval stage of development while pulmonary circulation develops in maturity, a fact that reflects the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. When reptiles finally emerged onto land and pulmonary respiration fully replaced branchial respiration, pulmonary circulation developed further and two types of circulation formed: circulation in the lungs and circulation through the body. Accordingly, in reptiles the ventricle is also divided into two parts, the right and left ventricles, by an incomplete septum. In birds and mammals, man including, the ventricle is divided by a septum into two, completely separate, ventricles corresponding to the two types of circulation. Because of this, the venous and arterial blood are fully separated: venous blood circulates in the right heart and arterial blood in the left. The vascular systems of man and other vertebrates can be classified into two systems, according to the character of the circulating fluid: (1) the blood vascular system, made up of tubes (the arteries, veins, and heart), through which the blood circulates; and (2) the lymphatic system, made up of tubes along which lymph, a colourless fluid, flows. In the process of embryogenesis, the lymphatic system comes into contact with the blood circulation system and becomes an additional channel for the veins. The fluid in the lymph vessels flows in the same direction as blood in the veins, i.e., from the tissues to the heart. There are, however, substantial differences in the character of the 4 removal of substances are absorbed by the blood occurs much faster. When methylene blue is introduced subcutaneously, for example, it appears in the urine earlier than its presence can be detected in the thoracic duct. THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM The blood vascular system consists of a central organ, the heart, and tubes of various calibre connected to it, which are called blood vessels. The rhythmic contractions of the heart continuously propel the entire mass of blood contained in the vessels. In clinical practice the blood vascular system is called the cardiovascular system. The heart itself is referred to as the central heart. The vessels constitute the peripherial heart. The arteries. The blood vessels passing from the heart to the organs and carrying blood to them are called arteries (GK arterial windpipe). Since the arteries are empty in cadavers, in ancient times they were thought to conduct air. The wall of the artery consists of three coats. The inner coat (tunica intima) is lined with endothelium, under which lies the subenfothelium and an inner elastic membrane. The middle coat (tunica media) is made up of two layers of smooth muscle fibres (en external longitudinal and an internal circular layer), which alternate with elastic fibres. The outer coat (tunica externa s. adventitia) contains connective- tissue fibres. The elastic elements of the arterial wall form a single elastic frame, resilient as a spring, which lends elasticity to the arteries. The further they are form the heart, the more the arteries branch out and the smaller they become. Those nearest the heart (the aorta and its large branches) are primarily concerned with conveying blood. They 5 contract to counteract stretching by the mass of blood expelled by the heart beat. As a result, structures of a mechanical character, i.e., elastic fibres and membranes, are relatively more developed in the arterial wall. Such arteries are called arteries of the elastic type. In arteries of a small and moderate calibre, the inertia of the heart thrust weakens, and contraction of the vascular wall itself is required to circulate the blood furthr. This predominantly contractile function can be properly performed because of the relatively greater development of smooth muscle tissue in the vascular wall. Such arteries are called arteries of the muscular type. Some arteries supply whole organs or parts of organs with blood. Arteries can be classified as extraorganic arteries, which pass outside the organ before entering it, and their continunations,intraorganic arteries, which branch out inside the organ. Lateral branches of a single trunk or branches of different trunk can join one another. Such a junction of vessels befor their division into capilliaries is called an anastomoses (GK anastomoein to provide with a mouth). Most arteries from anstomoses. Arteries which do not anaostomose with neighbouring trunks before they transform into capilliaries(see below) are called end arteries(in the spleen, for instance).End arteries are susceptible to thrombosis, the formation of blood clots, to infarction, the local necrosis of an organ. The final branches of the arteries are very fine and delicate and are, therefore, clssified separately as arterioles. They are directly continuous with the capillarirs and perform a regulatory function with the help of contractile elements. Capillaries are hair-like vessels concerned with metabolism. The capillary wall consists of a single layer of a flat endothelial cells permeable to substances and gases dissolved in liquids. It has not yet been determined whether capillaries have no muscular elements and, 6 therefore, no efferent innervation. The capillaries anastomose widely among themselves and form networks continuous with the veins. The veins carry blood from the organs to the heart, i. e .,in a direction opposite to the flow of blood in the arteries. The walls of veins are formed in the same way as those of arteries, except that they are much thinner and contain less elastic and mascular tissue.As a result, empty veins drop flat while the lumen of an artery in cross section gapes. The initial segments of the venous bed are particularly fine. These are the venules, which form directly from the capillary network and make up the roots of the veins. The venules are continuous with the veins merge to form large venous trunks passing to the heart. The veins anastomose widely among themselves and form venous plexuses. Blood flows through the veins because of the suction action of the heart and the thoracic cavity. Suction is created by the negative pressure produced during inhalation as the result of the difference of pressure in the cavities, the contraction of striated and smooth muscles of the organs, and other factors. The contraction of the muscular coat of the veins, more developed in veins of the lower half of the body, where conditions for venous drainage are more difficult, also plays a role. Venous blood is prevented from flowing in the opposite direction by special valves. in the venous walls. These valves are shaped from the folds of the endothelium with a layer of connective tissue inside. The free edge of the valves is turned toward the heart. Consequently, they do not obstract the flow of blood to the heart but prevent it from flowing back. As an individual grows older, the diameter of the veins and the capacity of the venous bed increase relative to the diameter of the arteries and the volume of the arterial bed. 7 Direct connection between the tiniest arteries and veins exist in many organs. These connections, called arteriovenous anastomoses, form in such a way that the artery divides into arterioles and capillaries, while the smaller merges with the veins, losing the characteristics of an arterial vessel and becoming closer in structure to a vein. As a consequence, an excess of arterial blood flowing at any given moment to the tissues may be diverted, bypassing the capillary network.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Anatomical Exploration Into the Variable Patterns of the Venous Vasculature of the Human Kidney
    AN ANATOMICAL EXPLORATION INTO THE VARIABLE PATTERNS OF THE VENOUS VASCULATURE OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY. by KAPIL SEWSARAN SATYAPAL Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE in the Department of Surgery University of Natal Durban 1993 To my wife Pratima, daughter Vedika, son Pravir, and my family. m ABSTRACT In clinical anatomy, the renal venous system is relatively understudied compared to the arterial system. This investigation aims to clarify and update the variable patterns of the renal venous vasculature using cadaveric human (adult and foetal) and Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) kidneys and to reflect on its clinical application, particularly in surgery and radiology. The study employed gross anatomical dissection and detailed morphometric and statistical analyses on resin cast and plastinated kidneys harvested from 211 adult, 20 foetal and 10 baboon cadavers. Radiological techniques were used to study intrarenal flow, renal veins and collateral pathways and renal vein valves. The gross anatomical description of the renal veins and its relations were confirmed and updated. Additional renal veins were observed much more frequently on the right side (31 %) than previously documented (15.4%). A practical classification system for the renal veins based on the number of primary tributaries, additional renal veins and anomalies is proposed. Detailed morphometric analyses of the various parameters of the renal veins corroborated and augmented previous anatomical studies. Contrary to standard anatomical textbooks, it was noted that the left renal vein is 2.5 times the length of its counterpart and that there are variable levels of entry of the renal veins into the IVe.
    [Show full text]
  • GROSS ANATOMY and CLINICAL PROBLEMS of CNS BLOOD SUPPLY and GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE © 2019Zillmusom
    GROSS ANATOMY AND CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF CNS BLOOD SUPPLY AND GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE © 2019zillmusom I. OVERVIEW - Branches to CNS are described as arising from two sources: Vertebral and Internal Carotid arteries. A. Spinal Cord - Anterior Arteries and Posterior Spinal Arteries form as branches of Vertebral Arteries; however, most blood supply to the spinal cord is derived from Radicular arteries (branches of segmental arteries that enter via Intervertebral Foramina) B. Brain - Common Carotid arteries bifurcate to Internal and External Carotid arteries; Internal Carotid arteries supply 80% of brain; 15% of strokes are associated with stenosis (narrowing) of Internal Carotid artery at or near bifurcation. II. GROSS ANATOMY OF BLOOD SUPPLY OF SPINAL CORD A. Arterial supply 1. Anterior Spinal artery - single artery formed from branches of both Vertebral arteries; courses on anterior surface of cord. 2. Posterior Spinal arteries - paired arteries dorsolateral to spinal cord; arise (75%) from Posterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries (branch of Vertebral Artery) or directly from Vertebral arteries (25%). 3. Radicular (root) arteries - Most of blood supply to spinal cord is provided by Radicular (root) arteries; most these arteries arise from the Aorta and enter the spinal canal through Intervertebral foramina; one particularly large artery (Great Radicular Artery of Adamkiewicz, usually unpaired) arises from T9-T12 and provides major blood supply to lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Clinical Note: Obstruction of Radicular Artery (of Adamkiewicz) - Can occur during clamping for heart surgery or by a dissecting Aortic aneurysm; causes infarction (tissue death in spinal cord) similar to an Anterior Spinal Artery syndrome (symptoms include paraplegia (Corticospinal tracts, bilateral voluntary paralysis of legs and lower body), loss of pain and temperature sense (Spinothalamc tract, loss of sphincter control) with sparing of vibration and position sense (Dorsal Columns, sensory).
    [Show full text]
  • Netter's Musculoskeletal Flash Cards, 1E
    Netter’s Musculoskeletal Flash Cards Jennifer Hart, PA-C, ATC Mark D. Miller, MD University of Virginia This page intentionally left blank Preface In a world dominated by electronics and gadgetry, learning from fl ash cards remains a reassuringly “tried and true” method of building knowledge. They taught us subtraction and multiplication tables when we were young, and here we use them to navigate the basics of musculoskeletal medicine. Netter illustrations are supplemented with clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic images to review the most common musculoskeletal diseases. These cards provide the user with a steadfast tool for the very best kind of learning—that which is self directed. “Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.” —Abigail Adams (1744–1818) “It’s that moment of dawning comprehension I live for!” —Calvin (Calvin and Hobbes) Jennifer Hart, PA-C, ATC Mark D. Miller, MD Netter’s Musculoskeletal Flash Cards 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NETTER’S MUSCULOSKELETAL FLASH CARDS ISBN: 978-1-4160-4630-1 Copyright © 2008 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions for Netter Art figures may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Science Licensing Department in Philadelphia PA, USA: phone 1-800-523-1649, ext. 3276 or (215) 239-3276; or e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies Anouk Scholten, MD; Robin M. Cisco, MD; Menno R. Vriens, MD, PhD; Wen T. Shen, MD; Quan-Yang Duh, MD Importance: Knowing the types and frequency of ad- Results: Variant venous anatomy was encountered in renal vein variants would help surgeons identify and con- 70 of 546 adrenalectomies (13%). Variants included no trol the adrenal vein during laparoscopic adrenalec- main adrenal vein identifiable (n=18), 1 main adrenal tomy. vein with additional small veins (n=11), 2 adrenal veins (n=20), more than 2 adrenal veins (n=14), and vari- Objectives: To establish the surgical anatomy of the main ants of the adrenal vein drainage to the inferior vena cava vein and its variants for laparoscopic adrenalectomy and and hepatic vein or of the inferior phrenic vein (n=7). to analyze the relationship between variant adrenal ve- Variants occurred more often on the right side than on nous anatomy and tumor size, pathologic diagnosis, and the left side (42 of 250 glands [17%] vs 28 of 296 glands operative outcomes. [9%], respectively; P=.02). Patients with variant anatomy compared with those with normal anatomy had larger Design, Setting, and Patients: In a retrospective re- tumors (mean, 5.1 vs 3.3 cm, respectively; PϽ.001), more view of patients at a tertiary referral hospital, 506 patients pheochromocytomas (24 of 70 [35%] vs 100 of 476 [21%], underwent 546 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalecto- respectively; P=.02), and more estimated blood loss mies between April 22, 1993, and October 21, 2011. Pa- (mean, 134 vs 67 mL, respectively; P=.01).
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructive
    RECONSTRUCTIVE Angiosomes of the Foot and Ankle and Clinical Implications for Limb Salvage: Reconstruction, Incisions, and Revascularization Christopher E. Attinger, Background: Ian Taylor introduced the angiosome concept, separating the M.D. body into distinct three-dimensional blocks of tissue fed by source arteries. Karen Kim Evans, M.D. Understanding the angiosomes of the foot and ankle and the interaction among Erwin Bulan, M.D. their source arteries is clinically useful in surgery of the foot and ankle, especially Peter Blume, D.P.M. in the presence of peripheral vascular disease. Paul Cooper, M.D. Methods: In 50 cadaver dissections of the lower extremity, arteries were injected Washington, D.C.; New Haven, with methyl methacrylate in different colors and dissected. Preoperatively, each Conn.; and Millburn, N.J. reconstructive patient’s vascular anatomy was routinely analyzed using a Dopp- ler instrument and the results were evaluated. Results: There are six angiosomes of the foot and ankle originating from the three main arteries and their branches to the foot and ankle. The three branches of the posterior tibial artery each supply distinct portions of the plantar foot. The two branches of the peroneal artery supply the anterolateral portion of the ankle and rear foot. The anterior tibial artery supplies the anterior ankle, and its continuation, the dorsalis pedis artery, supplies the dorsum of the foot. Blood flow to the foot and ankle is redundant, because the three major arteries feeding the foot have multiple arterial-arterial connections. By selectively performing a Doppler examination of these connections, it is possible to quickly map the existing vascular tree and the direction of flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Double Inferior Vena Cava Associated with Double Suprarenal and Testicular Venous Anomalies: a Rare Case Report
    THIEME Brief Communication 221 Double Inferior Vena Cava Associated with Double Suprarenal and Testicular Venous Anomalies: A Rare Case Report Kimaporn Khamanarong1 Jarupon Mahiphot1 Sitthichai Iamsaard1,2 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Khon Kaen Address for correspondence Sitthichai Iamsaard, PhD, Department University, Khon Kaen, Thailand of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 2 Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Thailand, 40002 (e-mail: [email protected]). Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand J Morphol Sci 2018;35:221–224. Abstract Introduction The variant courses of blood vessels are very important in considera- tions for retroperitoneal surgeries or interventional radiology. The present study attempted to describe a very rare case of double inferior vena cava (IVC) associated with double left suprarenal veins (LSRVs) and double right testicular veins (RTVs) in a Thai male embalmed cadaver. Material and Methods A 70-year-old Thai male cadaver was systemically dissected and observed for the vascular distributions during gross anatomy teaching for medical students at the anatomy department of the faculty of medicine of the Khon Kaen University. Keywords Results We found that the double IVCs were connected with the transverse interiliac ► double inferior vena vein. While the upper LSRV is a tributary of the IVC, the lower LSRV is a tributary of the cava left renal vein. The RTV bifurcates at about the height of the iliac cristae to form the ► double suprarenal medial and lateral RTVs, which drain into the right IVC at different heights. veins Conclusion All these duplications and associated anomalies are assumed to occur ► double right during the embryological development.
    [Show full text]
  • 4B. the Heart (Cor) 1
    Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 4b. The Heart (Cor) 1 The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig. 490). It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the left than into the right half of the thoracic cavity, so that about one-third of it is situated on the right and two-thirds on the left of the median plane. Size.—The heart, in the adult, measures about 12 cm. in length, 8 to 9 cm. in breadth at the 2 broadest part, and 6 cm. in thickness. Its weight, in the male, varies from 280 to 340 grams; in the female, from 230 to 280 grams. The heart continues to increase in weight and size up to an advanced period of life; this increase is more marked in men than in women. Component Parts.—As has already been stated (page 497), the heart is subdivided by 3 septa into right and left halves, and a constriction subdivides each half of the organ into two cavities, the upper cavity being called the atrium, the lower the ventricle. The heart therefore consists of four chambers, viz., right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The division of the heart into four cavities is indicated on its surface by grooves. The atria 4 are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (auriculoventricular groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Vessels
    Exercise 21 – Anatomy of blood vessels 1. Fig 21.1 – pay attention to structure of arteries, capillaries and veins. 2. Major arteries In Fig 21.2 – read and remember organs supplied by these arteries 3. aorta left and right coronary artery 4. aortic arch 1 brachiocephalic 2 left common carotid 3 left subclavian 5. Brachiocephalic 1 right subclavian 2 right common carotid 6. Thoracic aorta esophagus, inter costal muscles and diaphragm 7. Abdominal aorta 1 celiac trunk 2 superior and inferior mesenteric arteries 3 suprarenals 4 gonadial 8. Abdominal aorta divides into 2 common iliacs that supply blood to pelvis and leg of its side. 9. Main veins – fig 21.6 – External jugular from head and neck, axillary from the arm, both join to form subclavian veins. 10. Subclavians open into Brachicephalic veins that also receive vertebral and internal jugular veins. 11. 2 brachiocephalic veins form Superior Vena cava that receive Azygos system – collects blood from chest. Superior vena cava opens into right atrium. 12. Femoral and other veins of leg form Common Iliac vein on each side. 13. Common Iliac veins join to form Inferior vena cava. 14. Inferior vena cava receives blood from 4 veins. 1. suprarenal veins adrenal gland 2. gonadial from ovary or testis 3. renal veins from kidney on each side 4. hepatic veins from liver. 15. Hepatic Portal System : Note that Inferior vena cava does not receive blood from any digestive organs other than liver. Hepatic Portal Vein is formed of 2 main veins, Superior Mesenteric and Splenic vein. 1. Superior Mesenteric collects blood from small intestine, and parts of colon and stomach.
    [Show full text]
  • MSS 1. a Patient Presented to a Traumatologist with a Trauma Of
    MSS 1. A patient presented to a traumatologist with a trauma of shoulder. What wall of axillary cavity contains foramen trilaterum and foramen quadrilaterum? a) anterior b) posterior c) lateral d) medial e) intermediate 2. A patient presented to a traumatologist with a trauma of leg, which he had sustained at a sport competition. Upon examination, damage of posterior muscle, that is attached to calcaneus by its tendon, was found. This muscle is: a) triceps surae b) tibialis posterior c) popliteus d) fibularis longus e) fibularis brevis 3. In the course of a cesarean section, an incision was made in the pubic area and vagina of rectus abdominis muscle was cut. What does anterior wall of the vagina of rectus abdominis muscle consist of? A. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus internus abdominis. B. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. pyramidalis. C. aponeurosis of m. obliquus internus abdominis, m. obliquus externus abdominis. D. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus externus abdominis. E. aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis, m. obliquus internus abdominis 4. A 30 year-old woman complained of pain in the lower part of her forearm. Traumatologist found that her radio-carpal joint was damaged. This joint is: A. complex, ellipsoid B.simple, ellipsoid C.complex, cylindrical D.simple, cylindrical E.complex condylar 5. A woman was brought by an ambulance to the emergency department with a trauma of the cervical part of her vertebral column. Radiologist diagnosed a fracture of a nonbifid spinous processes of one of her cervical vertebrae. Spinous process of what cervical vertebra is fractured? A.VI.
    [Show full text]
  • Intervertebral Veins Directly Connecting the Vertebral Venous System to the Azygos Venous System Rather Than the Proximal End Of
    Intervertebral Veins Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2015, 7 (2): 88-92 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Original Communication INTERVERTEBRAL VEINS DIRECTLY CONNECTING THE VERTEBRAL VENOUS SYSTEM TO THE AZYGOS VENOUS SYSTEM RATHER THAN THE PROXIMAL END OF THE POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS Naief Dahran1,2, Roger Soames1 1Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Art, Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom 2Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia RESUMEN ABSTRACT La estructura de las venas de la cavidad torácica varía Veins in the thoracic cavity are highly variable in terms significativamente en función de sus conexiones. of their communications. Thirty Thiel-embalmed Treinta cadáveres embalsamados con la técnica de cadavers were dissected (18 females and 12 males), Thiel fueron disecados (18 mujeres, 12 hombres), con ranging in age from 48 to 98 years old (mean edades comprendidas entre 48 y 98 años (media 81.3±12.40). The lungs, heart, thoracic aorta, 81.3±12.40). Los pulmones, el corazón, la aorta oesophagus and parietal pleura were removed torácica, el esófago y la pleura parietal fueron carefully to expose the azygos, hemiazygos, accessory cuidadosamente retirados para permitir la visualización hemiazygos veins and thoracic duct. In most de las venas ácigos, hemiácigos y hemiácigos specimens (21) intervertebral veins were connected accesoria así como el conducto torácico. En la directly to the azygos venous systems rather than the mayoría de los especímenes (21) se encontró que las proximal end of the posterior intercostal veins. This venas intervertebrales estaban directamente presentation was observed to be more common on the conectadas con el sistema venoso ácigos en vez de right side, but not at all vertebral levels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chiari Network: an Anatomical Variation Or a Risk Factor? Case Report
    CASE REPORT Eur J Anat, 15 (2): 107-110 (2011) The Chiari network: an anatomical variation or a risk factor? Case report Elena Félix-Dominguez, Blanca Mompeó-Corredera Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain SUMMARY described in the 19th century, becoming important after the introduction of We report an association between a Chiari Echocardiography. Its morphology has been network and an abnormally long coronary studied by echography and it plays a role in sinus. The network, at the Eustachian valve differential diagnosis with some right heart and a morphologically similar network in the pathologies (Goedde et al., 1990; Patane et Thebesian valve, was also associated with a al., 2009). permeable foramen ovale. We review the embryological basis, associated anomalies, The variation is usually discovered during pathological conditions and clinical rele- diagnostic imaging studies, necropsies, and vance. surgical procedures (Loukas et al., 2010). Although it has often been considered clin- ically insignificant, it has been associated with Key words: Chiari network – Embryological some pathologies (Loukas et al., 2010), such as heart development – Vena cava valve – Coro- a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal nary sinus valve aneurysms, and paradoxical embolisms. It has also been described as associated with papil- lary fibroelastomas (Wasdahl et al., 1992), INTRODUCTION arrhythmias, and the development of tumours In human anatomy the concept of normali- (Stanley, 2001). ty includes a range of common morphologies, Some of these associations may be a conse- while less frequent morphologies considered quence of the behavior of the net itself, like normal are described as variations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0
    Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University SPLANCHNOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS STUDY GUIDE Recommended by the Academic Council of Sumy State University Sumy Sumy State University 2016 1 УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 С72 Composite authors: V. I. Bumeister, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor; L. G. Sulim, Senior Lecturer; O. O. Prykhodko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant; O. S. Yarmolenko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant Reviewers: I. L. Kolisnyk – Associate Professor Ph. D., Kharkiv National Medical University; M. V. Pogorelov – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Sumy State University Recommended for publication by Academic Council of Sumy State University as а study guide (minutes № 5 of 10.11.2016) Splanchnology Cardiovascular and Immune Systems : study guide / С72 V. I. Bumeister, L. G. Sulim, O. O. Prykhodko, O. S. Yarmolenko. – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2016. – 253 p. This manual is intended for the students of medical higher educational institutions of IV accreditation level who study Human Anatomy in the English language. Посібник рекомендований для студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів IV рівня акредитації, які вивчають анатомію людини англійською мовою. УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 © Bumeister V. I., Sulim L G., Prykhodko О. O., Yarmolenko O. S., 2016 © Sumy State University, 2016 2 Hippocratic Oath «Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε.
    [Show full text]