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Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta

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Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta Lung • It is the main organ of respiration where the gas exchange takes place between blood and atmospheric air. • It occupies the greater part of thoracic cavity. • Color: pink in well bled animals Anatomical features • The consistency of lung is soft, spongy and elastic. It has low specific gravity. • It floats in water (due to air contents). The lung of still born animals sink in water as it contain no air. • Each lung has apex, base, 3 surfaces and 3 borders • Apex: present cranially in cupula pleurae • Base: it is oblique, faces caudoventrally, lies on diaphragm • Dorsal border: between medial and costal surface Pulmonary lobules • It is a small unit of lung tissue with irregular borders. It surrounded by inter lobular CT. it may be ventilated by small bronchus or bronchioles. • The degree of lobulation depends on amount of inter lobular CT In dog lobulation not seen by naked eye (smooth appearance In pig: lobulation is visible In ox: lobulation is very clear In Sheep: lobulation is absent In goat: lobulation in cranial and middle lobe In horse: lobulation not clear Lobation of lung Species Left lung Right lung Cranial Divided cranial Middle Carnivores Caudal Caudal Accessory Cranial (Tracheal bronchus) Divided cranial Middle Pig Caudal Caudal Accessory Divided cranial (Tracheal bronchus) Divided cranial Ruminants Middle Caudal Caudal Accessory Cranial cranial Horse Caudal Caudal Accessory The thoracic Cavity • The thoracic cavity is the part of the body cavity that lies cranial to the diaphragm. • The part of the skeleton which consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs with their cartilages and the sternum is known as, rib cage or Bony thorax (laterally flattened cone which is opened at both cranial and caudal ends, the apex of the cone lies cranially and its base lies caudally) Boundaries of the thoracic cavity Dorsal wall (Roof) Ventral wall (floor) Lateral wall 1- The muscles above the 1-The transverse thoracic 1- The ribs and the thoracic vertebrae. muscle dorsal to the intercostal muscles. sternum. 2- The thoracic vertebrae 2- The sternum and the 2- Some muscles of the and the intervertebral cartilages of the sternal shoulder girdle. discs ribs. 3- The medial aspect of 3- The ventral 3- The pectoral muscles the arm and shoulder longitudinal ligament and ventral to the sternum. the thoracic part of region of the thoracic longus colli m. limb are applied on the lateral wall of the thorax. Openings of the thoracic cavity Cranial thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) Caudal thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet) Shape Small, narrow and oval in shape Large and wide Boundaries Dorsally by the first thoracic vertebra Dorsally by the last thoracic v. Laterally by the first pair of ribs Laterally by the last pair of ribs and the costal arch and the xiphoid process of Ventrally by the Manubrium of the sternum the sternum Ventrally by it is closed by diaphragm . Structures 1- Longus coli muscle, Structures passed through the three pass 2- Esophagus and Trachea openings of the diaphragm and the through it lumbocostal arches. 3-The blood vessels supplying the head, neck, thoracic limb and lateral thoracic wall 4-Lymphatics. 5-Thymus in young animals 6-The two vagus nerves, the recurrent nerves (from vagus), The two phrenic nerves and sympathetic chains. The pleura • The pleura is the serous membrane which lines the thoracic cavity and the lungs. It is arranged in the form of two pleural sacs (right and left), which surround both lungs. • The two pleural sacs are separated by the mediastinum. • As any serous membrane, the pleura is formed of two layers; the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura (pulmonary pleura). • The two layers are continuous at the root of the lung to form the pulmonary ligament. • The two layers are separated by a narrow space The pleural cavity, which contains a small film of serous fluid. Costal pleura (The parietal pleura) It is loosely attached to the endothoracic fascia which lines the ribs and costal cartilages. caudally it reflects onto the diaphragm to form the diaphragmatic pleura. The line of this reflection is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection. Diaphragmatic pleura Is the part of the parietal pleura which covers the diaphragm. form with the costal pleura costodiaphragmatic recess, which lies caudoventral to the basal border of the lung. Mediastinal pleura It is formed by the reflection of the costal pleura (dorsally and ventrally) and diaphragmatic pleura caudally. • two lines of reflections :Vertebral & sternal line of pleural reflection. • two recesses: Dorsal & ventral costomediastinal recesses . The mediastinum • The mediastinum is the interval between the two pleural sacs. • It is median in position but may displaced by the pressure of the two lungs. • It extends longitudinally from the thoracic inlet cranially to the diaphragm caudally and from the thoracic vertebrae dorsally to the sternum ventrally. • All the structures in the thoracic cavity are located in the space of the mediasinum except: 1- The two lungs, 2- The caudal vena cava and 3- The right phrenic nerve caudally. parts of the mediastinum Middle mediastinum Caudal mediastinum (post- Cranial mediastinum (precardiac) (Cardiac). cardiac) 1-Thoracic part of longus coli muscle. 1-The heart and the large 1-The thoracic part of the 2-Thoracic part of the esophagus and blood vessels at the base of esophagus. trachea the heart. 2-The thoracic aorta and the 3-The thymus in young animals. 2-The thoracic part of the caudal mediastinal lymph 4-The cranial mediastinal Ln. and the esophagus and the principle node. end of the thoracic duct. bronchi. 3-Neves; the dorsal and 5-Branches of the brachiocephalic trunk. 3-The two vagi, the two ventral vagal trunks 6-Some nerves as, the sympathetic phrenic Nn. and the (terminal branches of the chains, the right & left vagus nerves sympathetic chains. two vagi), the right and left recurrent nerves and the right & left sympathetic chains and the phrenic nerves. left phrenic nerve only. structures related to the pleura 1- The mediastinal recess: It is the part of the right pleural cavity which lies between the caudal mediastinum and the plica venae cavae. It contains the accessory lobe of right lung. 2- The plica venae cavae: It is a fold of parietal pleura of the right pleural sac which enclose the caudal vena cava and the caudal part of right phrenic nerve. It lies between the accessory and diaphragmatic lobes of the right lung. 3- The pulmonary ligament: It is formed by the continuity of mediastinal pleura (parietal) and pulmonary pleura (visceral) caudal to the root of the lung. Circulatory System in Animals Organs of the cardiovascular system -Circulatory system made up of: 1- organ: -heart 2- tissues & cells: a-blood vessels -arteries -veins -capillaries b- blood: -red blood cells -plasma The blood vessels are arranged as two circuits of blood flow, following a figure of 8 pattern with the heart in the centre. The larger, systemic circulation conveys oxygenated blood from the heart to all the organs of the body and transports deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The smaller, pulmonary circulation conveys deoxygenated blood from the heart to the exchange tissue of the lungs, where it is oxygenated before it is returned to the heart. Circulatory systems open closed hemolymph blood • In fishes the blood only passes through the heart once on its way to the gills and then r o u n d t h e r e s t of t h e b o d y . • However, in mammals and birds that have lungs, the blood passes through the heart twice: once on its way to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and then through the heart again to be pumped all over the body. The heart is therefore two separate pumps, side by side Vertebrate Heart • 4-Chambered heart – atria (atrium) • thin wall • collection chamber left • receive blood atrium – ventricles right • thick wall pump atrium • pump blood out right left ventricle ventricle Lub-dub, lub-dub • 4 valves in the heart – flaps of connective tissue – prevent backflow • Heart sounds – closing of valves SL – “Lub” • force blood against AV closed AV valves AV – “Dub” • force of blood against semilunar valves • Heart murmur – leaking valve causes hissing sound – blood squirts backward through valve Pericardium • The pericardium, or heart sac, is the fibroserous covering of the heart. It is essentially a deeply invaginated sac, contains a small amount of serous fluid (liquor pericardii) which facilitates movement of the heart against the pericardium. • The pericardium can be divided 1- Serous pericardium -Visceral layer - Parietal layer 2 - Fibrous pericardium • The visceral layer of the pericardium is firmly attached to the heart wall, forming the epicardium. It covers the myocardium, the coronary vessels and fat on the surface of the heart. • The parietal layer of the serous pericardium is firmly fused to the fibrous pericardium. • The base of the fibrous pericardium is continuous with the great arteries and veins that leave and enter the heart, uniting with the adventitia of these vessels. Ventrally it continues into the following ligaments: Sternopericardiac Phrenopericardiac ligament ligament (only present in the dog ) Position and size of the heart • The heart is located within the mediastinum with the larger part (60%) lying to the left of the median plane. It extends between the third and sixth (seventh in the cat and dog) rib. The heart base is roughly located on a horizontal plane drawn through the middle of the thorax. Most of the surface of the heart is covered by the lung, • Variations in position and size occur among species, breeds and individuals, according to age, condition and the presence of disease. As a rough guide, the heart provides about 0.75% of the body weight.
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