Anatomy: Cardiovascular

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Anatomy: Cardiovascular Vessels Arteries Branching Cross-sectional area of A + B > parent vessel Directions o Recurrent – back in the direction of the parent vessel o Parallel o At an angle – smaller diameter = larger angle Circumflex Vessels – a pair of vessels arising from one parent vessel and forming a loop around a bone: medial circumflex femoral a. + lateral circumflex femoral a. End Arteries True – blood to one structure: blockage causes an infarct (kidneys) Functional – a potential but inadequate collateral connection exists (heart) Veins Grow larger at tributaries Most have valves Exceptions Dog – angularis oculi v. + venous sinuses (skull) Horse – buccal v. + deep facial v. Satellite Veins – veins draining capillaries that parallel the delivering artery Anastomoses Collateral Circulation – alternative pathway Arties Works well for gradual changes Portal Systems – connect two capillary networks Veins Example – portal vein: GIT liver Structure – surrounded by smooth muscle cusps Function Relaxed = open: blood bypasses the capillaries Arteries- Contracted = closed Veins Example Dermis – vasoconstriction / vasodilation Disease – attachment of the hoof wall to the dermal lamina: open = laminitis Blood Supply Erectile tissue – increased arterial supply + decreased venous drainage Nutritional (O2) and Functional Liver – nutritional = hepatic a., functional = portal v. Lung – nutritional = bronchoesophageal a., functional = pulmonary a. Sampling Arterial – femoral a. Venous – cephalic v. or external jugular v. The Heart Conical with the R side twisting around the L side Orientation Base = cranio-dorsal, apex = caudo-ventral The long axis is at a 45 ° angle to the back Wall thickness – atria R ventricle L ventricle (3x R) External Grooves Coronary – between the A & V (broken on the cranial L side) Interventricular L / Paraconal – conus arteriosus R / Subsinuosal – sinus venarum cavarum Internal Features Atria and Ventricles Blood from the cranial VC + caudal VC + coronary sinus (great cardiac v.) Sinus venarum cavarum Intervenous tubercle – directs blood Fossa ovalis o A depression caudal to the intervenous tubercle R Atrium o Limbus fossa ovalis – ridge marking the edge (septum secundum) Auricle Cranial ‘pouch’ that increases the volume Pectinate muscles o All converge at the crista terminalis o Sulcus terminalis – corresponding external groove to crista terminalis Conus arteriosus Curls cranially around the L side R Terminates at the pulmonary trunk L & R pulmonary a. Ventricle Trabeculae carneae Muscle ridges Papillary muscles – trabeculae carneae form hillocks that extend into lumen L Atrium Blood from the pulmonary vv. L Aorta arises at the centre Ventricle Pulmonary trunk to the L and vena cava to the R Conduction Syncytium – Purkinje Fibres with gap junctions allow ion flow A & V syncytia are separated by CT to prevent simultaneous contraction Nodes Sinoatrial – interatrial wall near the crista terminalis A-V Node – the wall between the L & R A-V valves o Bundle of His (L & R) – down the I-V wall o Trabecular Septomarginalis – to the outer wall .

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4B. the Heart (Cor) 1
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. 4b. The Heart (Cor) 1 The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a somewhat conical form; it lies between the lungs in the middle mediastinum and is enclosed in the pericardium (Fig. 490). It is placed obliquely in the chest behind the body of the sternum and adjoining parts of the rib cartilages, and projects farther into the left than into the right half of the thoracic cavity, so that about one-third of it is situated on the right and two-thirds on the left of the median plane. Size.—The heart, in the adult, measures about 12 cm. in length, 8 to 9 cm. in breadth at the 2 broadest part, and 6 cm. in thickness. Its weight, in the male, varies from 280 to 340 grams; in the female, from 230 to 280 grams. The heart continues to increase in weight and size up to an advanced period of life; this increase is more marked in men than in women. Component Parts.—As has already been stated (page 497), the heart is subdivided by 3 septa into right and left halves, and a constriction subdivides each half of the organ into two cavities, the upper cavity being called the atrium, the lower the ventricle. The heart therefore consists of four chambers, viz., right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The division of the heart into four cavities is indicated on its surface by grooves. The atria 4 are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (auriculoventricular groove); this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.
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The Chiari Network: an Anatomical Variation Or a Risk Factor? Case Report
CASE REPORT Eur J Anat, 15 (2): 107-110 (2011) The Chiari network: an anatomical variation or a risk factor? Case report Elena Félix-Dominguez, Blanca Mompeó-Corredera Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain SUMMARY described in the 19th century, becoming important after the introduction of We report an association between a Chiari Echocardiography. Its morphology has been network and an abnormally long coronary studied by echography and it plays a role in sinus. The network, at the Eustachian valve differential diagnosis with some right heart and a morphologically similar network in the pathologies (Goedde et al., 1990; Patane et Thebesian valve, was also associated with a al., 2009). permeable foramen ovale. We review the embryological basis, associated anomalies, The variation is usually discovered during pathological conditions and clinical rele- diagnostic imaging studies, necropsies, and vance. surgical procedures (Loukas et al., 2010). Although it has often been considered clin- ically insignificant, it has been associated with Key words: Chiari network – Embryological some pathologies (Loukas et al., 2010), such as heart development – Vena cava valve – Coro- a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal nary sinus valve aneurysms, and paradoxical embolisms. It has also been described as associated with papil- lary fibroelastomas (Wasdahl et al., 1992), INTRODUCTION arrhythmias, and the development of tumours In human anatomy the concept of normali- (Stanley, 2001). ty includes a range of common morphologies, Some of these associations may be a conse- while less frequent morphologies considered quence of the behavior of the net itself, like normal are described as variations.
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Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta
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The Large Blood Vessels Connected with It
A fibroserous sac Encloses the heart and the root of the large blood vessels connected with it. Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium Inelastic layer Dorsally: Parietal layer Visceral layer Reaches the longus coli muscle. (Epicardium) Ventrally: Attached to the sternum through Lined the Encloses the sterno-pericardiac ligament (also fibrous layer heart and root pericardiophrenic lig. in dog). and attached of large blood to it. vessels. N.B: Pericardium is covered by pericardial pleura (part from Between both layers there‘s the mediastinal pleura) which is the pericardial space, which crossed by left phrenic nerve is filled with serous fluid Irregular flattened cone shape 0.4 % of the body weight In the middle of the mediastinal space, directed caudo-ventrally It is free in the pericardium; but it is attached dorsally from its base by the large blood vessels Two surfaces Two Borders Base Apex Atrial (Right or Dorsally diaphragmatic) Ventrally, located Auricular surface Centrally and dorsal to the last Right ventricular (cranial) border: sternebra convex and parallel to the sternum Left ventricular (caudal) border nearly vertical Right surface of the heart Left surface of the heart Coronary grooves Inter ventricular grooves Indicate the division of the atria and Interventricular Interventricular ventricles paraconal groove Subsinousal groove (Left) (Right) Caudally located Cranially located Not reaches the apex Reaches the apex Opposite to the 5th Opposite to the 4th and 6th intercostal intercostal spac spaces It forms the cranial part of the base. The internal atrial wall is covered by the endocardium. The wall is being smooth except the right and the auricle, which represented muscular ridges (pectinate muscle).
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The Pulmonary Veins in Pigs and Horses: Research Towards the Development of a New Treatment Strategy of Atrial Fibrillation in Human Patients and Horses
The pulmonary veins in pigs and horses: research towards the development of a new treatment strategy of atrial fibrillation in human patients and horses Tim Vandecasteele Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Veterinary Sciences 2018 Promoters: Prof. dr. P. Cornillie Prof. dr. G. van Loon Prof. dr. W. Van den Broeck dr. G. Van Langenhove Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Tim Vandecasteele 2018 The pulmonary veins in pigs and horses: research towards the development of a new treatment strategy of atrial fibrillation in human patients and horses Front cover: heart image by Henry Vandyke Carter (Gray’s Anatomy) Printed by University Press, Zelzate, Belgium www.universitypress.be Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm -Winston Churchill- Table of contents List of abbreviations Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter 1: General introduction………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 1.1 Heart and pulmonary veins (PVs)………………………………………….……………………………….. 13 1.2 Cardiac conduction………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 1.3 Atrial fibrillation (AF)………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 25 1.4 PVs in horses……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 45 1.5 Pigs as cardiovascular model……………………………………………………………………….…………. 46 Chapter 2: Scientific aims………………………………………………………………………………………….…….... 73 Chapter 3: The pulmonary veins of the pig………………………………………………………………………… 77 Chapter 4: Presence of ganglia
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Fibrous Pericardium
Circulatory System in Animals Organs of the cardiovascular system -Circulatory system made up of: 1- organ: -heart 2- tissues & cells: a-blood vessels -arteries -veins -capillaries b- blood: -red blood cells -plasma The blood vessels are arranged as two circuits of blood flow, following a figure of 8 pattern with the heart in the centre. The larger, systemic circulation conveys oxygenated blood from the heart to all the organs of the body and transports deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The smaller, pulmonary circulation conveys deoxygenated blood from the heart to the exchange tissue of the lungs, where it is oxygenated before it is returned to the heart. Circulatory systems open closed hemolymph blood • In fishes the blood only passes through the heart once on its way to the gills and then r o u n d t h e r e s t of t h e b o d y . • However, in mammals and birds that have lungs, the blood passes through the heart twice: once on its way to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and then through the heart again to be pumped all over the body. The heart is therefore two separate pumps, side by side Vertebrate Heart • 4-Chambered heart – atria (atrium) • thin wall • collection chamber left • receive blood atrium – ventricles right • thick wall pump atrium • pump blood out right left ventricle ventricle Lub-dub, lub-dub • 4 valves in the heart – flaps of connective tissue – prevent backflow • Heart sounds – closing of valves SL – “Lub” • force blood against AV closed AV valves AV – “Dub” • force of blood against semilunar valves • Heart murmur – leaking valve causes hissing sound – blood squirts backward through valve Pericardium • The pericardium, or heart sac, is the fibroserous covering of the heart.
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Lab 12 Dissection Steps
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Gross Anatomy of the Heart of Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros Bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758)
Published online: 2019-08-05 THIEME 190 Original Article Gross Anatomy of the Heart of Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758) Noelia Vazquez1 Dellis Dos Santos1 William Pérez1 Rody Artigas2 Victoria Sorriba3 1 Division of Anatomy, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Address for correspondence Noelia Vazquez, MSc DMV, Área de República (UDELAR), Lasplaces, Montevideo, Uruguay Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República 2 Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Laboratorio de (UDELAR), Alberto Lasplaces 1550, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay Análisis Genéticos de Animales Domésticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, (e-mail: [email protected]). Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Lasplaces, Montevideo, Uruguay 3 Imaging Department, Centro Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Lasplaces, Montevideo, Uruguay J Morphol Sci 2019;36:190–195. Abstract The pampas deer belongs to the Cervidae family (Artiodactyla order). It used to be a common and abundant species that had a wide distribution. However, at the end of the 19th century, the populations were decimated. In general, the hearts of mammals share many similarities, but size, shape, position, vessel organization and branching can vary among species. The objective of the present study was to describe the macroscopic morphology, topography and irrigation of the heart of the pampas deer. The anatomical study was conducted with 20 animals that had died of natural causes. Keywords The animals were studied by simple dissection. All animals had colored latex injected ► atrium into one of the common carotid arteries to facilitate the visualization. The position of ► cervidae the heart, with a 45° axis, the presence of a double sternopericardial ligament, and the ► coronary artery bilateral cardiac circulation were some of the notable ﬁndings.
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Cardiac Physiologist Training Manual
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Adipogenesis and Epicardial Adipose Tissue: a Novel Fate of the Epicardium Induced by Mesenchymal Transformation and Pparγ Activation
Adipogenesis and epicardial adipose tissue: A novel fate of the epicardium induced by mesenchymal transformation and PPARγ activation Yukiko Yamaguchia, Susana Cavalleroa, Michaela Pattersona, Hua Shena, Jian Xub, S. Ram Kumarc, and Henry M. Sucova,1 aBroad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, cDepartment of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, and bCenter for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 Edited* by Eric N. Olson, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved January 15, 2015 (received for review September 5, 2014) The hearts of many mammalian species are surrounded by an ex- transformation to generate mesenchymal cells that first reside in tensive layer of fat called epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). The the subepicardial space between the epicardium and myocar- lineage origins and determinative mechanisms of EAT development dium. One subset of these cells assembles around nascent cor- are unclear, in part because mice and other experimentally tractable onary endothelial tubes and constitutes the smooth muscle layer model organisms are thought to not have this tissue. In this study, of the mature coronary vessels. A separate subpopulation migrates we show that mouse hearts have EAT, localized to a specific region as single cells into the myocardium and becomes the predominant in the atrial–ventricular groove. Lineage analysis indicates that this source of cardiac fibroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix adipose tissue originates from the epicardium, a multipotent epi- needed for mature heart structure (12). These two fates are well thelium that until now is only established to normally generate established; additional speculated fates for the epicardium, in- cardiac fibroblasts and coronary smooth muscle cells.
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Latin Term Latin Synonym UK English Term American English Term English
General Anatomy Latin term Latin synonym UK English term American English term English synonyms and eponyms Notes Termini generales General terms General terms Verticalis Vertical Vertical Horizontalis Horizontal Horizontal Medianus Median Median Coronalis Coronal Coronal Sagittalis Sagittal Sagittal Dexter Right Right Sinister Left Left Intermedius Intermediate Intermediate Medialis Medial Medial Lateralis Lateral Lateral Anterior Anterior Anterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Ventralis Ventral Ventral Dorsalis Dorsal Dorsal Frontalis Frontal Frontal Occipitalis Occipital Occipital Superior Superior Superior Inferior Inferior Inferior Cranialis Cranial Cranial Caudalis Caudal Caudal Rostralis Rostral Rostral Apicalis Apical Apical Basalis Basal Basal Basilaris Basilar Basilar Medius Middle Middle Transversus Transverse Transverse Longitudinalis Longitudinal Longitudinal Axialis Axial Axial Externus External External Internus Internal Internal Luminalis Luminal Luminal Superficialis Superficial Superficial Profundus Deep Deep Proximalis Proximal Proximal Distalis Distal Distal Centralis Central Central Periphericus Peripheral Peripheral One of the original rules of BNA was that each entity should have one and only one name. As part of the effort to reduce the number of recognized synonyms, the Latin synonym peripheralis was removed. The older, more commonly used of the two neo-Latin words was retained. Radialis Radial Radial Ulnaris Ulnar Ulnar Fibularis Peroneus Fibular Fibular Peroneal As part of the effort to reduce the number of synonyms, peronealis and peroneal were removed. Because perone is not a recognized synonym of fibula, peronealis is not a good term to use for position or direction in the lower limb. Tibialis Tibial Tibial Palmaris Volaris Palmar Palmar Volar Volar is an older term that is not used for other references such as palmar arterial arches, palmaris longus and brevis, etc.
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Anatomical Eponyms — Unloved Names in Medical Terminology F
Folia Morphol. Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 413–438 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0012 R E V I E W A R T I C L E Copyright © 2016 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical eponyms — unloved names in medical terminology F. Burdan1, 2, W. Dworzański1, M. Cendrowska-Pinkosz1, M. Burdan1, A. Dworzańska2 1Human Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2St. John Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland [Received: 29 July 2015; Accepted: 21 December 2015] Uniform international terminology is a fundamental issue of medicine. Names of various organs or structures have developed since early human history. The first proper anatomical books were written by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen. For this reason the modern terms originated from Latin or Greek. In a modern time the ter- minology was improved in particular by Vasalius, Fabricius and Harvey. Presently each known structure has internationally approved term that is explained in anatomical or histological terminology. However, some elements received eponyms, terms that incorporate the surname of the people that usually describe them for the first time or studied them (e.g., circle of Willis, follicle of Graff, fossa of Sylvious, foramen of Monro, Adamkiewicz artery). Literature and historical hero also influenced medical vocabulary (e.g. Achilles tendon and Atlas). According to various scientists, all the eponyms bring colour to medicine, embed medical traditions and culture to our history but lack accuracy, lead of confusion, and hamper scientific discussion. The current article presents a wide list of the anatomical eponyms with their proper anatomical term or description according to international anatomical terminology.
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