Gross Anatomy MCQs Database Contents 1. The abdomino-pelvic boundary is level with: 8. The superficial boundary between and a. the ischiadic spine & pelvic diaphragm does NOT include: b. the arcuate lines of coxal bones & promontorium a. xiphoid process c. the pubic symphysis & iliac crests b. inferior margin of costal cartilages 7-10 d. the iliac crests & promontorium c. inferior margin of ribs 10-12 e. none of the above d. tip of spinous process T12 e. tendinous center of diaphragm 2. The inferior limit of the abdominal walls includes: a. the anterior inferior iliac spines 9. Insertions of external oblique muscle: b. the posterior inferior iliac spines a. , external lip c. the inguinal b. d. the arcuate ligament c. e. all the above d. e. all of the above 3. The thoraco-abdominal boundary is: a. the diaphragma muscle 10. The actions of the : b. the subcostal line a. increase of abdominal pressure c. the T12 horizontal plane b. decrease of thoracic volume d. the inferior costal rim c. hardening of the anterior e. the subchondral line d. flexion of the trunk e. all of the above 4. Organ that passes through the pelvic inlet occasionally: 11. The common action of the abdominal wall muscles: a. sigmoid colon a. lateral bending of the trunk b. ureters b. increase of abdominal pressure c. common iliac vessels c. flexion of the trunk d. hypogastric nerves d. rotation of the trunk e. e. all the above 5. Organs that pass through the pelvic inlet constantly, 12. The anatomy detail of special EXCEPT: surgical importance: a. sigmoid colon a. is located anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle b. ureters b. receives its blood supply through the rectus c. common iliac vessels abdominis muscle d. hypogastric nerves c. is a weak abdominal flexor e. appendix d. is located inside the rectus sheath e. has a common innervation with the lower part of 6. The pelvic inlet is NOT bounded by: rectus abdominis muscle a. superior margin of pubic symphysis b. superior margin of pubic bones 13. The transverse whitish lines of the rectus abdominis c. arcuate line of coxal bones are named: d. promontory a. arcuate lines e. posterior margin of sacral wings b. c. semilunar lines 7. The superficial boundary between abdomen and lines of Spiegel does NOT include: d. e. tendinous intersections a. superior margin of pubic symphysis b. inguinal fold 14. About the , one is FALSE: c. iliac crest a. is formed by the internal oblique and transverse d. posterior margin of sacral wings abdominal muscles e. tip of spinous process L5 b. well developed in both sexes c. in males it elevates the testicle d. accompanies the in males e. included in the in females

- 1 - 15. About the pyramidal muscle, one is FALSE: 22. Actions of transverse abdominal muscle bilateral a. is an inconstant muscle contraction, EXCEPT: b. located inside the rectus sheath a. flexion of the trunk c. located anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle b. abdominal press effect d. is short and thin c. visceral protection e. is a flexor of the trunk d. pulls ribs downwards e. elevates the diaphragm 16. Actions of external oblique muscle bilateral contraction, EXCEPT: 23. Anatomical features of the transverse abdominal a. flexion of the trunk muscle, EXCEPT: b. abdominal press effect a. the deepest anterolateral abdominal muscle c. visceral protection b. the thinnest anterolateral abdominal muscle d. accessory expiratory action c. large posterior aponeurosis e. turns the trunk d. large anterior aponeurosis e. proper named fascia transversalis 17. Actions of external oblique muscle unilateral contraction: 24. Costal attachments of the abdominal muscles: a. turns the trunk towards the opposite side a. rectus abdominis: ribs 5-9 b. bends the trunk towards the opposite side b. external oblique: ribs 5-12 c. extends the trunk c. internal oblique: ribs 9-12 d. abdominal press effect d. transverse abdominal: ribs 9-12 e. elevates the ribs e. quadratus lumborum: ribs 10-12 18. Actions of internal oblique muscle bilateral 25. Direction of fibers in anterolateral abdominal contraction, EXCEPT: muscles: a. flexion of the trunk a. rectus abdominis: vertical b. abdominal press effect b. external oblique: oblique from up downwards and c. visceral protection from lateral to medial d. accessory expiratory action c. internal oblique: oblique from down upwards and e. turns the trunk from lateral to medial d. transverse abdominal: horizontal 19. Actions of internal oblique muscle unilateral all the above contraction: e. a. turns the trunk towards the opposite side 26. Innervation of rectus abdominis muscle: b. bends the trunk towards the same side a. intercostal nn. 5-7 c. extends the trunk b. intercostal nn. 7-11 d. abdominal press effect c. intercostal nn. 11-12 e. elevates the ribs d. lumbar nerves 1-3 e. lumbar nerves 2-5 20. Actions of quadratus lumborum muscle, EXCEPT: a. bends the trunk the same side in unilateral 27. Muscle that does NOT contribute to the abdominal contraction press effect: b. fixes the lumbar vertebral column straight in a. rectus abdominis bilateral contraction b. external oblique c. turns the trunk the same side in unilateral c. internal oblique contraction d. transverse abdominal d. weak accessory respiratory action e. quadratus lumborum e. pulls the last rib downwards 28. Nerve supply of the external oblique muscle, EXCEPT: 21. Actions of the rectus abdominis muscle, EXCEPT: a. intercostal nn. 8-11 a. flexion of the trunk b. subcostal n. b. abdominal press effect c. iliohypogastric n. c. visceral protection d. ilioinguinal n. d. accessory expiratory action e. genitofemoral n. e. elevates the ribs by increasing abdominal pressure

- 2 - 29. Nerve supply of the internal oblique muscle, EXCEPT: 36. The falx inguinalis is formed by: a. intercostal nn. 8-11 a. the external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles b. subcostal n. b. the internal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles c. iliohypogastric n. c. the internal oblique and transverse muscles d. ilioinguinal n. d. the internal and external oblique muscles e. genitofemoral n. e. the external oblique and transverse muscles 30. Nerve supply of the transverse abdominal muscle, 37. The posterior wall of rectus sheath below umbilicus is EXCEPT: formed by: a. intercostal nn. 8-11 a. internal oblique m. aponeurosis b. subcostal n. b. fascia transversalis c. iliohypogastric n. c. transverse abdominal m. aponeurosis d. ilioinguinal n. d. external oblique m. aponeurosis e. genitofemoral n. e. all of the above 31. Regions covered by the external oblique muscle, 38. About linea alba, one is FALSE: EXCEPT: a. runs between the xiphoid process and the pubic a. lumbar region symphysis b. b. is broader at its superior end c. c. includes the umbilical ring d. inguinal region d. is a weak region of the anterior abdominal wall e. hypogastric region e. has a very abundant blood and nerve supply 32. About the quadratus lumborum muscle, one is 39. About the , one is FALSE: FALSE: a. is also named falx inguinalis a. is a posterior abdominal muscle b. is formed by the anterior aponeurosis of internal b. is a paired, transverse, quadrangular muscle oblique and transverse abdominal muscles c. located anterior to the erector spinae muscle c. inserts on the pubic crest and pectineal line d. located posterolateral to the d. strengthens the superficial inguinal ring posteriorly e. is innervated from the lumbar plexus e. runs downwards and lateral 33. Contents of the rectus abdominis sheath, EXCEPT: 40. About the dependencies of the external oblique a. rectus abdominis m. aponeurosis: b. pyramidalis m. a. the lateral crus inserts on the pubic symphysis c. superior epigastric vessels b. the medial crus inserts on the pubic tubercle d. inferior epigastric vessels c. the medial crus is continued by the lacunar e. median umbilical lig. ligament of Gimbernat d. the is continued by the pectineal 34. Linea semilunaris is formed by anterior aponeurosis ligament of Cooper of: e. the reflected ligament continues the pectineal a. external oblique m. ligament b. internal oblique m. c. transverse abdominal m. 41. About the fascia transversalis, one is FALSE: d. all the above a. inserts on the iliac crest e. none of the above b. inserts on the anterior margin of the inguinal ligament 35. The anterior wall of rectus sheath below umbilicus inserts on the pectineal line does NOT include: c. d. runs posterior to the rectus abdominis muscle a. external oblique m. aponeurosis e. contributes to the formation of linea alba b. internal oblique m. aponeurosis c. transverse abdominal m. aponeurosis d. rectus abdominis fascia e. fascia transversalis

- 3 - 42. About the inguinal ligament, one is FALSE: 48. The arcuate line of Douglas is: a. is also named the ligament of Poupart a. the boundary between the thick and thin parts of the b. is attached to the pubic tubercle anterior layer of rectus sheath c. is attached to the anterior superior iliac spine b. the boundary between the thick and thin parts of the d. has the shape of half of an empty cylinder with the posterior layer of rectus sheath concavity downwards c. the place of fusion between the two layers of the e. is a dependency of the external oblique rectus sheath aponeurosis d. the place of fusion of the anterior aponeurosis of the antero-lateral abdominal muscles 43. About the semilunar line, one is FALSE: e. a weak area of the anterior abdominal wall a. is also named Spiegel's line b. runs parallel to the margins of the rectus abdominis 49. The fascia transversalis: c. is the place of fusion for the layers of the rectus a. is very thick and broad sheath b. located between the transverse abdominal muscle d. is a weak area of the anterior abdominal wall and the endoabdominal fascia e. has a different structure in its upper 3/4 and lower c. is the deep layer of the proper fascia of transversus 1/4 abdominis d. is superficial to the parietal 44. About the structure of the lower 1/4 of rectus sheath: e. passes below the inguinal ligament a. external oblique aponeurosis passes anterior to the rectus 50. The inguinal ligament: b. internal oblique aponeurosis passes anterior to the a. is oblique from up downwards and from medial to rectus lateral c. transversus abdominis aponeurosis passes anterior b. is the superior wall of the to the rectus c. is continuous with fascia transversalis d. fascia transversalis passes posterior to the rectus d. is formed by the anterior aponeurosis of internal e. all the above oblique and transverse abdominal muscles e. is the inferior boundary of the inguinal region 45. About the structure of the upper 3/4 of rectus sheath: a. external oblique aponeurosis passes posterior to 51. The internal oblique muscle anterior aponeurosis the rectus contributes to the formation of: b. internal oblique aponeurosis passes anterior to the a. rectus sheath rectus b. linea alba c. transversus abdominis aponeurosis does not c. conjoint tendon contribute at all d. all the above d. fascia transversalis passes posterior to the rectus e. some of the above e. proper fascia of rectus does not contribute at all 52. The two layers of the rectus sheath fuse to each other: 46. Dependencies of the external oblique aponeurosis, a. superior to the rectus abdominis EXCEPT: b. inferior to the rectus abdominis a. inguinal lig. c. lateral to the rectus abdominis b. pectineal lig. d. all the above c. lacunar lig. e. none of the above d. reflected lig. 53. The deep ring of inguinal canal is located: e. arcuate lig. a. inferior to the inguinal ligament 47. Features of the fascia transversalis, EXCEPT: b. medial to the umbilical ligament a. superficial inguinal ring c. lateral to Hesselbach's triangle b. interfoveolar ligament d. inside Hesselbach's triangle c. most of its fibers end in the linea alba e. none of the above d. continued by the internal spermatic fascia in males e. contributes to the posterior layer of rectus sheath

- 4 - 54. The inferior wall of the inguinal canal is a dependency 60. The walls of the inguinal canal: of: a. superior: fascia transversalis a. external oblique muscle b. inferior: internal oblique and transverse abdominal b. internal oblique muscle muscles c. transverse abdominal muscle c. anterior: inguinal ligament d. cremaster muscle d. posterior: strengthened by the conjoint tendon and e. rectus abdominis muscle interfoveolar ligament e. none of the above 55. The superficial orifice of the inguinal canal: a. is located above the pubic tubercle 61. Abdominal muscle NOT innervated by the intercostals b. is smaller than the deep orifice nerves: c. has no precise boundaries a. rectus abdominis d. is closed in women b. external oblique e. all the above c. internal oblique d. transverse abdominal 56. Contents of inguinal canal in females: e. quadratus lumborum a. the vestige of processus vaginalis b. ovarian 62. About the lymph drainage of the abdominal walls, one c. pampiniform venous plexus is FALSE: d. the round ligament of a. superficial lymph from above the umbilicus is e. , genital branch drained towards the axillary nodes b. superficial lymph from below the umbilicus is 57. Contents of inguinal canal in males, EXCEPT: drained towards the superficial inguinal nodes a. the vestige of processus vaginalis c. deep lymph from the anterior wall above the b. umbilicus is drained towards the mediastinal nodes c. d. deep lymph from the anterior wall below the d. genital branch of genitofemoral nerve umbilicus is drained towards the iliac nodes e. external spermatic fascia e. deep lymph from the posterior wall is drained 58. The deep inguinal ring: towards cisterna chyli a. may give passage to the femoral branch of 63. About the nerve supply of the anterolateral abdominal genitofemoral nerve walls: b. located below the inguinal ligament a. the area above the umbilicus is supplied by c. located level with the lateral end of the inguinal intercostal nerves 7-11 ligament b. the intercostal nerve 10 runs towards the umbilicus d. the interfoveolar ligament strengthens its lateral c. the subcostal nerve supplies a territory including the margin umbilicus e. gives passage to the round ligament of uterus d. the iliohypogastric nerve supplies the inguinal 59. The inguinal canal: region e. the supplies the skin above the is a natural communication through the anterior a. pubis abdominal wall in males only b. is a communication between the 64. About the superficial veins of the abdominal walls, and the environment one is FALSE: c. runs obliquely from up downwards and from medial a. the blood from above the umbilicus is drained to lateral towards the superior vena cava system d. it is more superficial medially b. the blood from below the umbilicus is drained e. it is star-shaped on a cross section towards the inferior vena cava system c. the abdominal superficial venous network is a cavocaval anastomosis d. the blood from the middle 1/3 of the abdominal walls is drained towards the portal system e. the periumbilical veins are a portocaval anastomosis

- 5 - 65. About the veins in the lumboiliac region, one is 71. The main superficial venous drainage of the FALSE: abdominal walls is insured by: a. there are 5 lumbar veins that drain into the inferior a. superficial epigastric vein vena cava b. lateral thoracic vein b. the lumbar veins are connected through the c. thoracoepigastric vein ascending lumbar vein d. superficial circumflex iliac vein c. the ascending lumbar vein drains upwards into the e. superficial external pudendal vein azygos system 72. The inguinal region: d. the ascending lumbar vein drains downwards into the internal iliac vein a. includes the umbilicus e. the veins in the region act as a cavocaval b. is located above the hypogastric region anastomosis c. is a region of the posterior abdominal wall d. is triangular in shape 66. Aortic branches that supply the abdominal walls, e. is a median region EXCEPT: 73. The is raised by: a. posterior intercostal artery 9 b. posterior intercostal artery 10 a. median umbilical lig. c. posterior intercostal artery 11 b. lateral umbilical lig. d. subcostal artery c. inferior epigastric vessels e. lumbar d. superior epigastric vessels e. umbilical vessels 67. Arteries anastomosing inside the rectus sheath: 74. A midline puncture in the epigastric region would superior and inferior epigastric a. pierce, in order: b. superior, inferior and superficial epigastric c. musculophrenic and iliolumbar a. linea alba - falciform lig. - round lig. of liver d. superficial and deep circumflex iliac b. linea alba - round lig. of liver - falciform lig. e. posterior intercostal and subcostal c. linea alba - falciform lig. - urachus d. linea alba - urachus - 68. Arteries supplying the anterior abdominal wall, e. linea alba - falciform lig. - parietal peritoneum EXCEPT: 75. About the aponeurotic layer in the lumboiliac region: a. musculophrenic artery b. epigastric arteries a. consists in the fascia transversalis c. circumflex iliac arteries b. the medial arcuate ligament enforces the inferior d. subcostal artery end e. lumbar arteries c. is adherent to the inguinal ligament superiorly d. arcus iliopectineus enforces the inferomedial end 69. Arteries supplying the posterior abdominal wall, e. consists in the EXCEPT: 76. About the hypochondrium, one is FALSE: a. posterior intercostal arteries 10-11 b. subcostal artery a. is bounded superiorly by the subchondral line c. lumbar arteries 1-4 b. is bounded inferiorly by the subcostal line d. iliolumbar artery, lumbar branch c. is bounded medially by the semilunar line e. none of the above (all the above supply the posterior d. is bounded laterally by the axillary line abdominal wall) e. its deepest layer is the parietal peritoneum 70. Branch of internal iliac artery that supplies the 77. About the inferior , one is FALSE: abdominal walls: a. is also named the triangle of Petit a. iliolumbar artery, lumbar branch b. is weak area of the posterior abdominal wall b. inferior epigastric artery c. it misses the superficial muscular layer in the region c. deep circumflex iliac artery d. is visible as a hollow on the surface of the body d. superficial circumflex iliac artery e. it allows urinary bladder e. superficial epigastric artery

- 6 - 78. About the lumbar region: 84. About the topographic lines of the abdomen: a. first muscular layer consists of latissimus dorsi a. the middle axillary line descends vertically from the muscle only middle of the shoulder b. second muscular layer consists of erector spinae b. the semilunar line follows the margin of pyramidalis muscle only muscle c. third muscular layer consists of the body of c. the is level with the 9th pair of transversus abdominis muscle costal cartilages d. fourth muscular layer consists of quadratus d. the umbilical plane is usually level with the lumborum muscle only intertubercular plane e. fifth muscular layer consists of muscle e. the midclavicular line runs through the superficial only opening of the inguinal canal 79. About the lumboiliac region: 85. About the triangle of Petit, one is FALSE: a. is an unpaired region a. superomedial boundary: latissimus dorsi b. located in front of the median part of the vertebral b. superolateral boundary: external oblique muscle region c. inferior boundary: iliac crest c. is a superficial region of the back d. it misses the superficial muscular layer in the region d. it is almost rectangular in shape e. the internal oblique muscle forms its bottom e. includes a bony layer 86. Boundaries of anterolateral abdominal region: 80. About the parietal peritoneum in the inguinal region: a. superior: the subchondral line a. the corresponds to the deep b. inferior: the umbilical line opening of the inguinal canal c. medial: the anterior midline b. the corresponds to the d. lateral: the middle axillary line superficial opening of the inguinal canal e. deep: parietal peritoneum c. the corresponds to the 87. Boundaries of the flank, EXCEPT: posterior wall of the inguinal canal d. all the above a. superior: the subcostal line e. none of the above b. inferior: the iliac crest c. anterior: the semilunar line 81. About the rectangle of Grynfelt, one is FALSE: d. posterior: the posterior axillary line a. inferomedial boundary: erector spinae muscle e. none of the above (all are correct boundaries) b. inferolateral boundary: internal oblique muscle 88. Boundaries of the lumboiliac region, EXCEPT: c. superolateral boundary: the 12th rib d. superomedial boundary: serratus posterior inferior a. superior: medial arcuate lig. e. it is covered by the external oblique muscle b. inferior: the plane passing above the c. medial: lateral aspect of vertebral column 82. About the superior abdominal wall, one is FALSE: d. lateral: lateral surface of iliopsoas muscle a. is represented by the diaphragm e. posterior: the frontal plane running through the b. is boundary between the mediastinum and the costiform processes supramesocolic fossa 89. Features of the abdominal vertebral region: c. ascends up to the 5th right rib on the midclavicular line a. well developed subcutaneous tissue d. ascends up to the 6th left rib on the midclavicular b. the thoracolumbar aponeurosis is the superficial line fascial layer e. is dome-shaped with the concavity upwards c. erector spinae muscle is the first muscular layer d. is the second muscular 83. About the superior lumbar triangle, one is FALSE: layer a. is also named the rectangle of Grynfelt e. all the above b. it is visible as a hollow on the surface of the body c. it is covered by the latissimus dorsi muscle d. it misses the second muscular layer in the region e. it allows renal hernias

- 7 - 90. Features of the fascia transversalis in the inguinal 97. Muscles of the second muscular layer in the lumbar region: region: a. inguinal lig. a. internal oblique, erector spinae, serratus posterior b. cremaster m. inferior c. reflected & conjoint b. internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior d. Henle's & Hesselbach's ligaments inferior e. all the above c. latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, internal oblique d. iliocostalis, serratus posterior inferior & superior 91. Features of the muscular layer of the lumboiliac latissimus dorsi, internal oblique, iliocostalis region: e. a. lumbar arteries 98. Peritoneal fold ascending from the umbilicus, in the b. lumbar veins mesogastrium: c. ascending lumbar vein a. falciform lig. d. lumbar plexus b. round lig. of liver e. all the above c. median umbilical fold d. medial umbilical fold 92. Features of the musculoaponeurotic layers of lateral umbilical fold inguinal region, EXCEPT: e. a. inguinal lig. 99. Structures that share a common passage through the b. cremaster m. diaphragm: c. Henle's lig. a. inferior vena cava & vagal plexus d. reflected lig. b. esophagus & thoracic duct e. conjoint lig. c. aorta & vagal plexus d. aorta & thoracic duct 93. Horizontal topographical lines of the abdomen, inferior vena cava & vagal plexus EXCEPT: e. a. subcostal line 100. The abdominal circumference is divided into walls by b. subchondral line the following boundaries: c. transpyloric line a. anterior and posterior d. supracristal line b. left and right middle axillary lines e. intertubercular line c. all the axillary lines d. anterior and posterior midlines 94. Level of horizontal abdominal topographical planes: e. arcuate and paravertebral lines a. transpyloric plane: L3 b. : L1 101. The costoiliac region boundaries: c. umbilical plane: L5 a. superior: the 10th rib d. supracristal plane: L4-L5 b. inferior: the iliac crest e. intertubercular plane: L4 c. medial: semilunar line d. lateral: anterior axillary line 95. Lines used in the anatomoclinical division of the all the above anterior abdominal wall: e. a. semilunar or midclavicular lines 102. The deep fascia of the includes: b. subcostal or transpyloric line a. the fascia transversalis c. interspinous or intertubercular line b. all the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal m. d. all the above c. the posterior division of the aponeurosis of internal e. some of the above oblique m. d. all the proper fascia of rectus abdominis m. 96. Muscles of the first muscular layer in the lumbar all the above region: e. a. latissimus dorsi & external oblique 103. The interspinous plane: b. latissimus dorsi & internal oblique a. passes through the anterior superior iliac spines c. external and internal oblique muscles b. passes through the posterior superior iliac spines d. latissimus dorsi & erector spinae c. passes through the spinous processes of the e. external oblique and erector spinae lumbar vertebrae d. passes through the ischiadic spines e. none of the above

- 8 - 104. The large openings of the diaphragm do NOT give 111. The is also named: passage to: a. a. ascending aorta b. mesogastrium b. inferior vena cava c. hypogastrium c. esophagus d. hypochondrium d. thoracic duct e. inguinal region e. vagal plexus 112. Vertical topographical lines of the abdomen, EXCEPT: 105. The lumbar region: a. semilunar line of Spiegel a. is a paired, triangular superficial region b. axillary lines b. superior boundary: the subcostal line c. paravertebral line c. inferior boundary: the supracristal line d. vertebral line d. medial boundary: the vertebral line e. interspinous line e. lateral boundary: the middle axillary line 113. The congenital is a type of: 106. The middle superior region of the anatomoclinical a. obturator hernia division of the abdominal wall is: b. femoral hernia a. epigastrium c. hernia of the linea alba b. mesogastrium d. lumbar hernia c. hypogastrium e. d. hypochondrium 114. The most frequent abdominal hernia in adult: e. inguinal region a. hypogastric 107. The small openings of the diaphragm do NOT give b. inguinal passage to: c. epigastric a. the left ascending lumbar vein d. umbilical b. the right ascending lumbar vein e. diaphragmatic c. the greater splanchnic nerves 115. The most frequent abdominal hernia in children is: d. the paravertebral sympathetic trunks e. the vagal plexus a. inguinal b. diaphragmatic 108. The sternocostopubic region: c. femoral a. is a paramedian region d. umbilical b. is a paired region e. epigastric c. is bounded superiorly by costal cartilages 9-12 116. The superficial inguinal orifice gives passage to: d. is bounded laterally by the lines of Spiegel e. is bounded inferiorly by the subpubic angle a. direct inguinal hernia b. congenital hernia 109. The subcostal plane: c. external oblique inguinal hernia a. runs below the last pair of ribs d. internal oblique inguinal hernia b. runs below the lowermost pair of ribs e. all the above c. runs level with the 10th pair of ribs 117. Weak points of the posterior abdominal wall: d. follows the inferior margin of the thoracic cage e. none of the above a. the inguinal canal b. the triangle of Petit 110. The superficial fascia of the epigastrium does NOT c. the lines of Spiegel include: d. the linea alba a. all the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle e. the umbilicus b. the anterior division of the aponeurosis of internal 118. Abdominal hernias involve the following, EXCEPT: oblique muscle c. the anterior layer of proper fascia of rectus a. increased intra-abdominal pressure abdominis b. natural weak areas of the abdominal walls d. the fascia transversalis c. gained weak areas of the abdominal walls e. none of the above (all the above are included) d. herniated viscera e. none of the above (no exception)

- 9 - 119. About the inguinal hernia, one is FALSE: 124. Caput medusae: a. produces a swelling level with the superficial a. is a normal occurrence in any individual opening of the inguinal canal b. is a birth defect of the umbilical region b. the direct inguinal hernia occurs in the medial c. is a consequence of lymph vessels enlargement inguinal fossa d. is due to periumbilical veins dilation in portal c. the external oblique inguinal hernia occurs in the hypertension lateral inguinal fossa e. is an election area for venous puncture d. the internal oblique inguinal hernia occurs in the 125. Clinical hints offered by the abdominal skin: supravesical fossa e. the congenital inguinal hernia occurs more a. the skin fold thickness is dependent to the hydration frequently in females b. the skin fold persistence is related to the nutritional status 120. About the periumbilical venous anastomoses, one is c. the anterior midline is normally haired in both sexes FALSE: d. hyperpygmentation of anterior midline in females is a. they are both portocaval and cavocaval a sign anastomoses e. the pubic hair is continuous in females with the b. obstruction of superior vena cava leads to an H- midline hair shaped system of elevations 126. Clinical value of the umbilicus as a superficial obstruction of inferior vena cava leads to an U- c. landmark, EXCEPT: shaped system of elevations d. obstruction of vena porta leads to appearance of a. marks half the distance between the xiphoid "caput medusae" process and the pubic symphysis e. obstruction of inferior vena cava leads to an H- b. corresponds to the cutaneous territory of the 10th shaped system of elevations intercostal nerve c. is in most cases level with the supracristal line 121. About the projections of the large openings of the d. corresponds to the cutaneous territory of the 10th diaphragm, one is FALSE: intercostal artery a. the caval opening projects to the right of T8 vertebra e. none of the above (there is no exception) b. the esophageal hiatus projects to the left of midline 127. Contents of the mesogastrium of special clinical the esophageal hiatus projects level with T8 c. significance: vertebra d. the aortic hiatus projects on the midline a. the subcutaneous fat, as it shows the nutritional e. the aortic hiatus projects level with T12 vertebra status b. the superficial nerves, for the abdominal cutaneous 122. About the weak areas of the abdominal walls: reflexes a. linea alba misses the deep muscular layer only c. the superficial veins, as portosystemic anastomoses b. semilunar line misses the middle muscular layer d. the umbilicus, as a weak area of the wall only e. all the above c. inferior lumbar triangle misses the superficial 128. Epigastric hernia is a type of: muscular layer d. inguinal canal misses all the muscular layers a. linea alba hernia e. obturator canal misses the deep muscular layer b. spiegelian hernia c. inguinal hernia 123. Bony landmarks of the anterolateral abdominal walls, d. diaphragmatic hernia EXCEPT: e. incisional hernia a. the inferior margins of ribs 6-12 129. Hernias NOT leading to swellings on the surface of the xiphoid process b. the body: c. the iliac crests d. the pubic tubercles a. inguinal hernia e. the anterior superior iliac spines b. spiegelian hernia c. inferior lumbar hernia d. diaphragmatic hernia e. umbilical hernia

- 10 - 130. Hollow marking a weak area of the posterior 135. Transpyloric plane location landmarks, EXCEPT: abdominal wall: a. midway between the suprasternal notch and the a. superior lumbar groove upper border of the pubic b. lateral lumbar groove c. inferior lumbar triangle symphysis d. posterior median groove b. midway between the xiphosternal joint and the e. none of the above umbilicus c. one hand breadth below the tip of the xiphoid 131. Orifices prone to develop abdominal hernias, process EXCEPT: d. runs through the upper ends of the semilunar lines a. inguinal canal e. runs through the tips of the 9th costal cartilages b. femoral ring c. esophageal hiatus of diaphragm 136. Umbilicus as a landmark for intra-abdominal d. aortic hiatus of diaphragm structures, EXCEPT: e. obturator canal a. is usually level with L4 vertebra b. is level with the end of abdominal aorta 132. Projections related to the inguinal canal: c. is level with the origin of inferior vena cava a. inguinal ligament: between the pubic tubercle and d. is approximately level with the fundus of a 20 weeks the anterior superior iliac spine pregnant uterus b. superficial opening: level with the pubic tubercle e. none of the above (there is no exception) c. deep opening: level with the anterior superior iliac spine 137. Boundaries of the left mesenterocolic triangle, d. inguinal canal: immediately below the inguinal EXCEPT: ligament a. e. all the above b. fascia of Toldt I c. descending colon and mesocolon 133. Projections related to the inguinal fossae: d. sigmoid colon and mesocolon a. median umbilical lig.: between the umbilicus and e. xiphoid process b. lateral umbilical lig.: between the umbilicus and the 138. Boundaries of the epiploic foramen of Winslow: pubic tubercle a. the caudate lobe of liver, posterior c. inferior epigastric vessels: between the umbilicus b. the inferior vena cava, inferior and anterior superior iliac spine c. the pancreas, posterior & inferior d. medial inguinal fossa: between median and lateral d. the superior duodenum, superior umbilical ligaments e. the right margin of lesser omentum, anterior e. lateral inguinal fossa: lateral to the lateral umbilical 139. Features of the previsceral space: lig. a. inferior epigastric vessels 134. The transpyloric plane is landmark for: b. urachus a. the gall bladder lies behind the tip of the 9th right c. round ligament of the liver costal cartilage d. inguinal fossae b. the renal vessels run across the hila of the kidneys e. all of the above at this level 140. Part of the : c. the superior mesenteric artery is given off from the aorta at this level a. previsceral d. the origin of vena porta is level with this plane b. paracolic e. all the above c. mesenterocolic d. supramesocolic e. pelvisubperitoneal 141. Parts of the intraperitoneal space: a. mesenterocolic spaces b. paracolic grooves c. previsceral space d. supramesocolic space e. all of the above

- 11 - 142. Primary retroperitoneal organs, EXCEPT: 149. Contents of the preperitoneal space, EXCEPT: a. duodenum a. the round ligament of the liver b. kidney b. the median umbilical ligament c. abdominal aorta c. the lateral umbilical ligaments d. inferior vena cava d. the inferior epigastric vessels e. lumbar paravertebral nodes e. the superior epigastric vessels 143. Secondary retroperitoneal organs: 150. Different in primary and secondary retroperitoneal a. adrenal glands viscera: b. abdominal aorta a. the secondary ones develop in the retroperitoneal c. pancreas space d. kidneys b. the primary ones have coalescence e. sympathetic paravertebral ganglia c. the secondary ones are affixed through regular connective tissue 144. About the intraperitoneal viscera, one is FALSE: d. the primary ones are more numerous a. are prominent towards the e. the secondary ones have almost no mobility b. are almost completely wrapped byvisceral peritoneum 151. Features of retroperitoneal viscera, EXCEPT: c. are provided with a. located in close contact with the posterior d. have a certain mobility abdominal wall e. migrate forwards from the posterior abdominal wall b. affixed to the posterior abdominal wall c. do not have mesenteries 145. Anatomical structures in immediate vicinity of the visceral peritoneum covers them only partially , EXCEPT d. e. have almost no mobility a. the common bile duct, anteriorly b. the proper hepatic artery, anteriorly 152. Functions of peritoneal fluid: c. the vena porta, anteriorly a. lubricates the peritoneal membrane d. the duodenal cap, inferiorly b. brings nutrients to the intraperitoneal viscera e. the common hepatic artery, inferiorly c. carries nutrients away from the intraperitoneal viscera 146. Boundaries of the hiatus of Winslow: d. acts as a water reserve for the body a. posterior: the hepatoduodenal lig. e. none of the above b. inferior: peritoneum of the duodenal cap c. anterior: peritoneum of the caudate lobe of the liver 153. Intaperitoneal viscus that has sometimes a d. superior: peritoneum over the inferior vena cava retroperitoneal situation: e. medial: peritoneum of the lesser curvature of the a. duodenum b. pancreas c. caecum 147. Boundaries of the paracolic grooves, EXCEPT: d. transverse colon a. ascending/descending colon e. sigmoid colon b. fascia of Toldt I/II c. ascending/descending mesocolon 154. Part of peritoneal cavity bounded posteriorly by the d. lateral parietal peritoneum greater omentum: e. greater omentum a. previsceral space b. supramesocolic compartment 148. Boundaries of the right mesenterocolic triangle, inframesocolic compartment EXCEPT: c. d. paracolic grooves a. transverse colon and mesocolon e. mesenterocolic triangles b. ascending colon and mesocolon c. fascia of Toldt II 155. Parts of the supramesocolic compartment, EXCEPT: d. mesentery a. hepatic lodge e. greater omentum b. gastric lodge c. splenic lodge d. omental bursa e. none of the above (no exception)

- 12 - 156. Pelvisubperitoneal viscera with peritoneal relations, 163. The round ligament of the liver: EXCEPT: a. is the obstructed former umbilical artery a. urinary bladder b. runs upwards and forwards from the umbilicus b. prostate c. crosses the diaphragmatic surface of the liver c. uterus d. raises the falciform ligament d. salpinx e. crosses the supravesical fossa e. rectum 164. The thickest of the extraperitoneal spaces is: 157. Peritoneal puncture is performed: a. the supraperitoneal space a. through the middle of the left spinoumbilical line b. the preperitoneal space b. through the middle of the right spinoumbilical line c. the retroperitoneal space c. through the crossing of interspinous line and left d. the pelvisubperitoneal space margin of rectus abdominis e. it varies individually d. through the crossing of interspinous line and right 165. Viscus that resides partially inside the peritoneal margin of rectus abdominis cavity: e. through half the distance between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis a. b. testicle 158. The borders of the peritoneal ovarian opening are c. duodenum known as: d. caecum a. the Farre-Waldeyer line e. there is no such viscus b. the fossa of Claudius 166. About the lesser omentum: c. the fossa of Krause d. the hiatus of Winslow a. is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach e. the epiploic foramen b. is attached to the superior margin of pancreatic body 159. The following about the peritoneum are true, EXCEPT: c. its right margin gives passage to the hepatic pedicle a. it is a d. covers the anterior surface of abdominal aorta b. it has a parietal layer e. its superior margin ends close to the spleen c. it has a visceral layer 167. The greater omentum: d. the peritoneal cavity is completely closed e. the peritoneal cavity contains about 50ml of a. separates the pre and retroperitoneal spaces peritoneal fluid b. bounds the vestibule of the omental bursa c. inserts on the lesser gastric curvature 160. The lateral umbilical ligament: d. is formed by 4 peritoneal layers a. is the obstructed former umbilical vein e. covers the subperitoneal viscera b. runs downwards and backwards in the midsagittal 168. The root of the mesentery does NOT cross: plane from the umbilicus c. attaches to the prostate in males a. the abdominal aorta d. raises the medial umbilical fold of the peritoneum b. the inferior vena cava e. attaches to the uterus in females c. the descending duodenum d. the horizontal duodenum 161. The median umbilical ligament: e. the right iliopsoas muscle a. lies in the supraperitoneal space 169. Regarding the lesser omentum, one is FALSE: b. runs upwards in the midsagittal plane from the umbilicus a. lies between the liver and the stomach c. it forms the urachus in males b. extends into the fissure for the ligamentum teres d. ends on the apex of the urinary bladder c. contains the portal vein e. raises the medial umbilical fold of peritoneum d. forms part of the anterior wall of the lesser sac e. has a free margin in front of the epiploic foramen 162. The omental foramen is a communication between: a. the supramesocolic and inframesocolic spaces b. the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs c. the left and right mesenterocolic spaces d. the greater and lesser omenta e. the peritoneal cavity and the exterior

- 13 - 170. The lesser omentum contains all of the following 176. About the intersigmoid recess, one is FALSE: EXCEPT: a. is formed by the two parts of the sigmoid mesocolon a. hepatic artery b. is located close to the promontorium b. bile duct c. opens downwards and to the left c. portal vein d. contains the superior rectal vessels d. inferior vena cava e. is located to the left of midline e. lymph nodes 177. About the lesser omentum, one is FALSE: 171. About fascia of Treitz, one is FALSE a. its inferior margin hosts the right gastric vessels a. is a derivative of the greater peritoneal sac b. its superior margin hosts the vena porta b. descending duodenum lies anterior c. its right margin hosts the common bile duct c. body of pancreas lies anterior d. its right margin hosts the proper hepatic artery d. abdominal aorta lies posterior e. its left margin hosts the anastomosing left & right e. paravertebral sympathetic chains lie posterior gastric vessels 172. About mesenteries, one is FALSE: 178. About the small mesenteries, one is FALSE: a. are peritoneal dependencies a. the mesoduodenum attaches to the duodenal cap b. are double layered b. the mesoappendix is triangle-shaped c. give passage to vessels supplying the c. the mesoappendix contains the appendicular corresponding viscus vessels d. give passage to nerves supplying the corresponding d. the mesorectum is placed on midline viscus e. the mesorectum attaches to the superior 2/3 of e. are attached to organs with very low mobility rectum 173. About the configuration of the greater omentum: 179. About the structure of the greater omentum, one is a. its anterior surface bounds the preperitoneal space FALSE: posteriorly a. the first layer continues the peritoneum of the b. its posterior surface covers the omental bursa anterior gastric surface c. its inferior margin is free b. the second layer continues the peritoneum of the d. its lateral margins attach to the omental tenia of the posterior gastric surface colon c. the third layer continues on the superior aspect of e. its superior margin is attached to the hepatogastric transverse colon ligament d. the fourth layer continues as the posterior wall of the omental bursa 174. About the , one is FALSE: e. the inner loop opens into the omental bursa in a. its inferior margin continues over the posterior young children abdominal wall b. its superior margins continue downwards with the 180. About the structure of the greater omentum: falciform ligament a. it consists of 4 joined (not fused) peritoneal layers c. its margins are continued on both sides by the b. the first layer is continuous with the third triangular ligaments c. the second layer is continuous with the third d. its superior margins continue over the diaphragm d. the outer fold is made of peritoneum of the lesser e. it is also named pars affixa, as it affixes the liver to sac the diaphragm e. the inner fold is always fused at birth 175. About the falciform ligament, one is FALSE: 181. About the structure of the lesser omentum, one is a. anterior margin inserts on the anterior abdominal FALSE: wall a. it consists of two fused layers of peritoneum b. superior margin inserts on diaphragm b. its anterior layer is peritoneum of the c. posterior margin is free c. its posterior layer is peritoneum of the lesser sac d. continues superiorly with the coronary ligament d. its anterior layer continues on the prehilar visceral e. is in fact a peritoneal fold surface of the liver e. its posterior layer continues on the posterior surface of the stomach

- 14 - 182. About the structure of the transverse mesocolon, one 189. Divisions of the lesser omentum: is FALSE: a. hepatogastric & hepatoduodenal ligg. a. the left 2/3 of the superior layer is peritoneum of the b. hepatogastric & hepatoesophageal ligg. lesser sac c. hepatophrenic & gastrophrenic ligg. b. the right 1/3 of the superior layer is peritoneum of d. hepatophrenic & hepatoduodenal ligg. the greater sac e. hepatoesophageal & hepatoduodenal ligg. c. the left 2/3 of the inferior layer is peritoneum of the 190. Insertions of the lesser omentum: lesser sac d. the right 1/3 of the inferior layer is peritoneum of the a. hepatic hilum and groove of the venous ligament greater sac b. diaphragm and esophagus e. the limit between the left and right parts is the hiatus c. gastric lesser curvature and superior duodenum of Winslow d. all the above e. some of the above 183. About Toldt's fasciae, one is FALSE: 191. Ligament formed by peritoneum of both the greater are derivatives of the peritoneum of the greater sac a. and lesser sacs: b. there are two of them: left and right c. they may be replaced by mesenteries a. gastrocolic d. the right one may extend inferiorly behind the b. gastrosplenic caecum c. gastrophrenic e. the left one may extend inferiorly behind the sigmoid d. all the above colon e. none of the above 184. Attachments of the greater omentum, EXCEPT: 192. Peritoneal dependency that does NOT protrude towards the omental bursa: a. gastrocolic lig. b. splenorenal lig. a. gastropancreatic fold c. gastrosplenic lig. b. hepatopancreatic fold d. gastrophrenic lig. c. e. hepatocolic lig. d. e. 185. Avascular peritoneal fold: 193. Peritoneal dependency with NO vascular contents: a. inferior duodenal b. superior duodenal a. gastropancreatic fold c. paraduodenal b. hepatopancreatic fold d. gastropancreatic c. gastrocolic ligament e. hepatopancreatic d. gastrosplenic ligament e. gastrophrenic ligament 186. Boundaries of the subhepatic recesses, EXCEPT: 194. Peritoneal prominences, EXCEPT: a. visceral surface of the liver b. fundus of the stomach a. omenta c. superior duodenum b. mesenteries d. transverse colon and mesocolon c. coalescence fasciae e. left kidney and d. ligaments e. recesses 187. Coalescence fasciae: 195. Peritoneal recess determined by incomplete are dependencies of the posterior abdominal wall a. coalescence of the mesoduodenum: b. are thin layers of connective tissue c. have their origin in former mesenteries a. inferior duodenal d. affix the primary retroperitoneal organs b. superior duodenal e. have multiple layers in their structure c. paraduodenal d. retroduodenal 188. Contents of the mesentery, EXCEPT: e. all the above a. superior mesenteric vessels b. inferior mesenteric vessels c. jejunoileal arterial arches d. jejunoileal nerves e. lymph nodes

- 15 - 196. Process leading to formation of omenta: 203. The coronary ligament: a. rotation of the gut during its development a. is almost round in shape b. migration of secondary retroperitoneal viscera b. attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall c. incomplete resorption of mesenchyme c. bounds the area nuda of the liver d. visceral adherences due to inflammation d. is formed by two peritoneal layers e. ample functional movements of the intestine e. gives passage to the inferior vena cava 197. Relations of the transverse mesocolon, EXCEPT: 204. The descending part of sigmoid mesocolon: a. omental bursa, superior and to the left a. crosses the left greater psoas muscle b. visceral surface of liver, superior and to the right b. runs along the common iliac vessels c. the lesser peritoneal sac, superior and to the left c. starts close to the promontorium d. the greater peritoneal sac, superior and to the right d. has a contorted insertion line e. the lesser peritoneal sac, inferior e. ends level with S5 vertebra 198. Small constant mesenteries: 205. The left gastric artery raises: a. mesentery proper a. the gastropancreatic fold b. mesoappendix b. the hepatopancreatic fold c. mesocaecum c. the gastrocolic ligament d. sigmoid mesocolon d. the gastrosplenic ligament e. transverse mesocolon e. the gastrophrenic ligament 199. Structures to which the fascia of Treitz is attached, 206. The mesentery proper: EXCEPT: a. attaches to the entire small intestine a. descending duodenum b. is a flat membrane b. transverse duodenum c. is oblique upwards and to the left c. head of pancreas d. is triangular in shape d. body of pancreas e. consists of four peritoneal layers e. duodenal cap 207. The parietal margin of mesentery does NOT cross: 200. The anterior margin of transverse mesocolon: a. the horizontal duodenum a. attaches along the free tenia of the colon b. the abdominal aorta b. is folded multiple times c. the inferior vena cava c. continues to the right with the phrenicocolic lig. d. the left ureter d. is curved, with convexity downwards e. the right greater psoas muscle e. crosses the body of pancreas 208. The parietal margin of transverse mesocolon: 201. The common hepatic artery raises: a. is oblique downwards and to the left a. the gastropancreatic fold b. starts level with the inferior pole of left kidney b. the hepatopancreatic fold c. ends level with the superior pole of the right kidney c. the gastrocolic ligament d. crosses the descending duodenum d. the gastrosplenic ligament e. crosses the tail of pancreas e. the gastrophrenic ligament 209. The root of mesentery: 202. The continuity of the mesenteric organ is depicted in: a. is almost straight a. mesentery - mesoappendix - ascending mesocolon b. attaches to the jejunum and ileum b. right Toldt's fascia - left Toldt's fascia - sigmoid c. is oblique downwards and to the left mesocolon d. starts on the right of L2 vertebra c. descending mesocolon - sigmoid mesocolon - e. ends close to the left sacroiliac joint mesorectum 210. The subhepatic recesses: d. mesoduodenum - mesentery - mesocaecum e. mesentery - mesocaecum - ascending mesocolon a. are separated by the falciform ligament b. the left one forms the hepatorenal recess c. communicate with the omental bursa d. communicate with the left renal lodge e. communicate with the right mesenterocolic space

- 16 - 211. The subphrenic recesses: 217. Relations of the main part of omental bursa, EXCEPT: a. bounded inferiorly by the visceral surface of the liver a. anterior: stomach b. bounded superiorly by the diaphragmatic surface of b. posterior: diaphragm the liver c. superior: gastrophrenic lig. c. separated by the triangular ligaments d. inferior: gastrocolic lig. d. open anteriorly into the preperitoneal space e. lateral: pancreas e. the left one is considerably larger than the right 218. Relations of the omental bursa vestibule, EXCEPT: 212. The transverse mesocolon allows surgical approach a. anterior: the lesser omentum of: b. posterior: abdominal aorta a. omental bursa c. superior: caudate lobe of liver b. inframesocolic compartment d. inferior: lesser curvature of stomach c. supramesocolic compartment e. lateral: diaphragm d. small intestine 219. The boundary between the vestibule and main part of stomach e. the omental bursa: 213. About the omental bursa, one is FALSE: a. lesser curvature of the stomach a. is the lesser peritoneal sac b. gastropancreatic fold b. is a diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity c. hepatopancreatic fold c. is located between the two omenta d. all the above d. is located in the upper part of the abdomen e. none of the above e. is a feature of the supramesocolic compartment 220. About the blood and nerve supply of the peritoneum, 214. About the recesses of omental bursa, one is FALSE: one is FALSE: a. the superior recess lies between the esophagus a. the venous blood of visceral peritoneum is drained and inferior vena cava mainly by the porta vein b. the superior recess extends below the diaphragm b. the parietal peritoneum is supplied by the arteries of c. the inferior recess descends towards the greater the abdominal walls omentum c. the lymph of visceral peritoneum is drained into the d. the splenic recess lies between the stomach and cisterna chyli spleen d. the visceral peritoneum has autonomic sensory e. the inferior recess lies between the stomach and innervation pancreas e. the parietal peritoneum innervation is mainly supplied by the splanchnic nerves 215. Communications of the omental bursa: a. with the greater peritoneal sac, through the omental 221. Esophageal varices are related to: foramen a. the esophageal anastomosis between v. porta and b. with the inframesocolic compartment, through the superior v. cava inferior recess b. the narrow esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm c. with the left subphrenic recess, through the superior c. the esophageal anastomosis between v. porta and recess inferior v. cava d. with the splenic hilum, through the splenic recess d. the smooth muscular layer of the abdominal e. all the above esophagus e. the thin mucosa of the abdominal esophagus 216. Part of omental bursa that is larger in young children: a. vestibule 222. Blood supply of the gastric greater curvature: b. superior recess a. left gastroepiploic artery c. inferior recess b. right gastroepiploic artery d. splenic recess c. short gastric arteries e. none of the above d. all of the above e. none of the above

- 17 - 223. Gastric features related to its deposit function: 231. Which of the following directly supplies the fornix of a. folded mucosa the stomach: b. orifices provided with valves/sphincters a. right gastroepiploic artery c. increased cross section b. right gastric artery d. oblique muscular layer c. left gastroepiploic artery e. all the above d. short gastric arteries e. left gastric artery 224. Glands of gastric mucosa: a. pyloric 232. Regarding the stomach, all are correct EXCEPT: b. endocrine a. the lesser curvature is supplied by the right and left c. cardial gastroepiploic arteries d. gastric b. the lesser sac lies behind the stomach e. all of the above c. the lymph is drained to the celiac lymph nodes d. the duodenum anchor the pyloric end to the 225. Peritoneal relations of the stomach: posterior abdominal wall a. greater peritoneal cavity e. the body of the pancreas is a part of the stomach b. lesser omentum bed. c. greater omentum d. lesser peritoneal cavity 233. The stomach: e. all the above a. is separated from the liver by the lesser sac b. forms gastric impression on the right lobe of the liver 226. The anatomical relations of the stomach: c. forms gastric impression above the hilum of the a. the pancreas, inferior & posterior spleen b. the right kidney, inferior d. has gastrophrenic ligament attached to the lesser c. the spleen, anterior curvature d. the greater omentum, anterior e. is related to the front of the left kidney below the e. the liver, posterior body of the pancreas 227. The angle of His is formed by: 234. The stomach: a. gastric fornix and greater curvature a. lies anterior to the greater sac b. esophagus and lesser curvature b. receives all its arterial supply from the celiac trunk c. vertical and horizontal parts of stomach c. all its veins drain directly into the portal vein d. pylorus and duodenum d. has only parasympathetic innervation to its muscle e. esophagus and gastric fornix layer 228. The digestive part of the stomach consists of: e. has branches of the splenic artery along its lesser curvature a. antrum pyloricum only b. fundus & corpus 235. About duodenum: c. fundus only a. it is the last part of the small intestine d. antrum & canalus pylorici b. it is the longest part of the small intestine e. all the above c. it is barely attached to the abdominal wall 229. The structure of the gastric wall: d. it is entirely intraperitoneal e. it is horseshoe-shaped a. the muscular coat has three layers b. the cardia is provided with a muscular sphincter 236. Intraperitoneal part of duodenum: c. the mucosa produces an alkaline juice a. horizontal d. the mucosa is almost free of folds b. descending e. the serous coat is the lesser omentum c. superior 230. The venous blood of the stomach is drained into: d. ascending e. duodenal cap a. esophageal venous plexi b. celiac plexus c. inferior vena cava d. superior vena cava e. vena porta

- 18 - 237. Morphological particularities of the duodenal cap, 244. The duodenal cap is part of: EXCEPT: a. horizontal duodenum a. has no mucosa folds b. ascending duodenum b. is completely intraperitoneal c. superior duodenum c. is rather mobile d. descending duodenum d. has a thicker wall e. is an individual segment of duodenum e. has a larger diameter than the rest of duodenum 245. Regarding the duodenum, all the statements are 238. Peritoneal relations of duodenum: correct EXCEPT: a. fascia of Treitz a. is about 25cm long b. root of mesentery b. it surrounds the head of the pancreas c. root of transverse mesocolon c. the second part receives the opening of the d. omental bursa common bile duct e. all the above d. it is supplied by both the celiac and the superior mesenteric arteries 239. Relations of the horizontal duodenum: e. it is completely surrounded with peritoneum a. pancreas, inferior b. insertion of mesentery, anterior 246. Regarding the first part of the duodenum, one is c. superior mesenteric artery, posterior FALSE: d. inferior vena cava, superior a. is supplied by the celiac artery e. abdominal aorta, to the right b. is anterior to the portal vein c. is posterior to the gastroduodenal artery 240. Relations of the superior duodenum: d. has greater omentum attached to it a. vena porta, superior e. lies in the transpyloric plane b. pancreas, to the right c. lesser omentum, inferior 247. Regarding the first part of the duodenum, one is d. common bile duct, posterior FALSE: e. liver, posterior a. is developed from the foregut b. is anterior to the bile duct 241. The ampulla of Vater is raised by: c. has lesser omentum attached to it a. the middle duodenal sphincter d. forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen b. the sphincter of Oddi e. lies in the subcostal plane c. the duodenojejunal junction d. the prominence of the vertebral bodies 248. Regarding the second part of the duodenum, one is e. the pyloric sphincter FALSE: a. is posterior to the transverse colon 242. The blood supply of the duodenum is insured by is related anteriorly to the right lobe of the liver branches of: b. c. is anterior to the hilum of the right kidney a. inferior mesenteric artery only d. has the bile duct opening in its anterior wall b. celiac trunk & superior mesenteric artery e. is supplied by both the celiac artery and the superior c. superior & inferior mesenteric arteries mesenteric artery d. superior mesenteric artery only e. celiac trunk only 249. The duodenum: a. is completely covered with peritoneum 243. The circular folds of duodenum involve: b. is 50 cm long a. mucous & muscular coats plus peritoneum c. the second part receives the opening of the cystic b. mucous & muscular coats plus coalescence fascia duct c. mucous coat only d. is supplied by the celiac and superior mesenteric d. mucous & muscular coats arteries e. coalescence fascia only e. is related posteriorly to the hilum of the left kidney.

- 19 - 250. The fourth part of the duodenum: 257. Posterior relations of the jejunum & ileum: a. is the terminal part of the foregut a. ureters b. is anterior to the left gonadal vessels b. transverse colon c. is crossed anteriorly by the inferior mesenteric artery c. sigmoid colon d. is completely covered with peritoneum d. stomach e. is supplied by the superior pancreatico-duodenal e. omental bursa artery 258. Present in ileum but not in jejunum: 251. The second part of the duodenum: a. Peyer’s patches a. is developed entirely from the midgut b. intestinal villi b. has an opening for the accessory pancreatic duct c. intestinal glands c. is supplied only by branches of the celiac artery d. mucous glands d. lies anterior to the left renal vessels e. circular folds e. completely covered with peritoneum 259. The surgical jejuno-ileal boundary is marked by: 252. The third part of the duodenum: a. the lateral margin of left greater psoas muscle a. lies at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra b. the L4 horizontal plane b. has arterial supply from the inferior mesenteric c. the change in position of the loops artery d. two fifths of the length of the small intestine c. is anterior to the bile duct e. all of the above d. is anterior to the superior mesenteric vessels 260. Regarding the ileum, all are correct EXCEPT: e. is anterior to the inferior vena cava and aorta a. has more arterial arcades than the jejunum 253. About the jejuno-ileal loops: b. has large amount of fat in its mesentery than that of a. the ileal ones are tighter the jejunum b. their number is usually of 14-16 c. its lower part has Peyer’s patches in the mucous c. the jejunal ones are mostlyvertical membrane d. they converge towards the umbilicus d. the plicae circulares are more prominent than in the e. all of the above jejunum e. has parasympathetic innervation from the vagus 254. Differences between jejunum and ileum: a. ileum carries almost all Payer's patches 261. When compared with the ileum, the upper part of the b. jejunal wall is thinner jejunum: c. jejunum has smaller intestinal villi a. has a thinner wall d. ileal circular folds are thicker b. has complicated arterial arcades e. ileum is wider c. has numerous mucous folds called plicae circulares 255. Inferior relations of the jejunum & ileum: d. has more aggregated lymphoid follicles a. (in female) e. is less vascular b. c. urinary bladder 262. About the „insertion” of appendix: d. prostate (in male) a. it is located on the medial wall of caecum e. all of the above b. it is the point of convergence for the colic teniae c. it is located 3cm below the ileocaecal valve 256. Morphological features of jejunum & ileum to all of the above increase the nutrients absorption: d. e. some of the above a. rich blood supply b. circular folds 263. About the ileocaecal valve of Bauhin: c. intestinal villi a. it acts as an active sphincter d. loops b. it is formed by mucosa only e. all the above c. it ensures unidirectional passage of intestinal contents d. it is the point of convergence for the colic teniae e. it is located on the lateral caecal wall

- 20 - 264. Communications of the caecum: 271. Regarding the vermiform appendix, one is FALSE: a. ascending colon a. the commonest site in surgery is retrocaecal b. ileum b. the base is located opposite the McBurney’s point c. appendix c. has a nerve supply from the tenth thoracic spinal d. all of the above cord segment e. some of the above d. has taenia coli e. the appendicular artery usually lies behind the 265. Ileocaecal valve feature promoting ileocaecal terminal part of the ileum. intussusception: a. is situated just above the appendix 272. About the taeniae of the colon: b. presents two lips and two frenuli a. taenia omentalis gives insertion to the lesser c. its mucosa and muscular layer protrude omentum intracaecally b. taenia libera is visible on the transverse colon only d. is located on the medial caecal wall c. taenia mesocolica is present in the transverse colon e. allows unidirectional passage of intestinal contents only only d. taenia omentalis disappears in the sigmoid colon e. taenia libera does not allow epiploic appendices 266. Most frequent position of appendix: attachment a. retroileal b. preileal 273. Colic segment presenting a multiple layer networked c. retrocaecal blood supply: d. descendent (pelvic) a. sigmoid e. lateral b. ascending c. transverse 267. Possible peritoneal relations of the caecum: d. descending a. partially intraperitoneal e. none of the above b. completely retroperitoneal c. completely intraperitoneal 274. Internal features of colon: d. all the above a. colic haustrae e. subperitoneal b. epiploic appendices c. colic taeniae 268. Structures of the ileocaecal valve of Bauhin: d. semilunar folds a. an external sphincter e. all the above b. an internal sphincter c. two orifices 275. Mobile parts of the colon: d. a single fraenulum a. ascending & transverse e. two labiae (lips) b. transverse & sigmoid c. ascending & descending 269. Surgical direction for the root of appendix: d. descending & sigmoid a. convergence of muscular teniae e. transverse & descending b. posterior wall of caecum c. appendicular artery 276. Relations of the right colic flexure: d. ileocaecal junction a. the descendent duodenum, posterior e. medial wall of caecum b. the visceral surface of the liver, anterior c. the right kidney, posterior 270. Regarding the caecum, one is FALSE: d. all the above a. lies in the right iliac fossa e. some of the above b. may be mobile (surrounded by peritoneum) c. has blood supply from the superior mesenteric artery d. may have a retrocaecal recess that contains the appendix e. has no taenia coli

- 21 - 277. The haustrae of the colon are a consequence of: 283. The expanded region of the lower rectum, where fecal a. the abundant mucous secretion of the colic matter is retained, is known as the: mucosa a. anal columns b. the mobility of the colon b. anal sinuses c. the uneven distribution of the circular muscular c. ampulla layer d. transverse folds d. the uneven distribution of the longitudinal muscular e. none of the above layer 284. About the porta vein: e. the large diameter of the colon a. it passes posterior to the inferior vena cava 278. The taeniae of the colon are a consequence of: b. it passes posterior to the pancreatic a. the abundant mucous secretion of the colic c. it drains most of the liver mucosa d. it presents lots of valves along its course b. the mobility of the colon e. it drains most of the digestive tract c. the uneven distribution of the circular muscular 285. Anastomoses between the portal and caval systems: layer d. the uneven distribution of the longitudinal muscular a. rectal layer b. esophageal e. the large diameter of the colon c. paraumbilical d. all of the above 279. About the anatomy of the rectum: e. none of he above a. rectal ampulla is enforced by muscle 286. The vena porta is formed by: b. it presents only two muscular teniae c. it hosts a portocaval anastomosis a. inferior mesenteric v. d. it has no relation with the tendinous center in males b. lienal v. e. peritoneum covers its posterior surface only c. superior mesenteric v. d. all of the above 280. Anal continence is insured by: e. two of the above a. transverse mucosa folds 287. Portosystemic shunt is not seen in: b. anal valves of Morgagni c. internal and external anal sphincters a. liver d. longitudinal smooth muscular coat b. spleen e. anal sinuses of Morgagni c. rectum d. esophagus 281. Anterior relations of rectal ampulla in female, e. periumbillical EXCEPT: 288. Regarding the inferior mesenteric artery, all are the rectovaginal septum a. correct EXCEPT: b. vagina c. uterus a. arises from the aorta opposite the 3rd part of the d. the recess of Douglas duodenum e. urachus b. it supplies the left 3rd of the transverse colon c. it supplies the sigmoid colon 282. Structures within the lower gastrointestinal tract d. its branches contribute to the marginal artery specialized for physical support of fecal material are e. it continues as the inferior rectal artery the: 289. Regarding the portal vein, one is FALSE: a. transverse rectal folds b. circular folds a. formed by the union of the splenic and superior c. anal valves mesenteric veins d. anal columns b. runs upward behind the epiploic foramen e. all of the above c. lies posterior to the hepatic artery d. lies posterior to the bile duct e. lies posterior to the first part of the duodenum

- 22 - 290. Regarding the superior mesenteric artery, one is 297. Relations of the head of pancreas: FALSE: a. surrounded by the duodenum a. arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the b. posterior: fascia of Treitz transpyloric plane c. pierced by the common bile duct b. lies to the left of the superior mesenteric vein d. anterior: transverse mesocolon c. lies in the root of the mesentery e. all of the above d. supplies the jejunum and ileum 298. Relations of the pancreas: e. supplies the left colic flexure a. vena porta, inferior 291. The celiac trunk: b. fascia of Treitz, anterior a. arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the c. omental bursa, superior 2nd lumbar vertebra d. stomach, posterior b. is accompanied by the celiac vein e. all the above c. gives off the right gastric artery as a direct branch 299. The endocrine secretion of pancreas is drained: d. supplies all parts of the duodenum e. gives indirect supply to the gall bladder a. by the common bile duct b. by the accessory pancreatic duct Santorini 292. The following veins form portal-systemic c. by the venous blood of the organ anastomoses, EXCEPT: d. by the main pancreatic duct of Wirsung a. esophageal branches of the left gastric vein with e. by the arterial blood of the organ tributaries of azygos vein 300. Regarding the pancreas, all are correct EXCEPT: b. paraumbilical veins and the superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall a. it receives part of its arterial supply from the splenic c. superior rectal vein and the inferior vena cava artery d. veins of the ascending and descending colon with b. the common bile duct passes behind the head of the lumbar veins the pancreas e. veins of the bare area of the liver with the phrenic c. the main pancreatic duct opens into the 3rd part of veins the duodenum d. the transverse mesocolon is attached to the anterior 293. The inferior mesenteric artery: border of the body a. supplies the whole length of the transverse colon e. the tail passes in the lienorenal ligament b. arises from the celiac artery 301. Regarding the pancreas, one is FALSE: c. continues as the superior rectal artery d. is present in the root of the mesentery a. is part of the stomach bed e. gives off the right colic artery b. has a neck anterior to the origin of the portal vein c. has a tail that lies in the gastrosplenic ligament 294. Blood supply of the pancreas: d. has an uncinate process that lies behind the a. branches of splenic artery superior mesenteric vessels b. branches of gastroduodenal artery e. supplied by branches of the celiac and superior c. branches of superior mesenteric artery mesenteric arteries d. all of the above 302. The pancreas: e. none of the above a. has a head that lies posterior to the portal vein 295. About the acinous part of pancreas, one is FALSE: b. has a neck related to the terminal part of the a. represents most of the volume of the organ superior mesenteric vein b. is drained by the pancreatic ducts c. has a body that lies posterior to the splenic vein c. secretes the pancreatic juice d. has a tail that forms an impression above the lateral d. is the exocrine part of the organ end of the hilum of the spleen e. is surrounded by endocrine tissue e. has a main duct that opens in the 2nd part of the duodenum above the accessory duct. 296. About the pancreas: a. it has two ducts: main and accessory b. it lies behind the stomach c. it is a mixed gland d. it lies between duodenum and spleen e. all of the above

- 23 - 303. Blood is drained from the liver by: 311. The hilum of the liver is: a. cystic vein a. the left sagittal groove, posterior half b. inferior vena cava b. the right sagittal groove, posterior half c. hepatic veins c. the transverse groove d. superior vena cava d. the left sagittal groove, anterior half e. vena porta e. the right sagittal groove, anterior half 304. Boundary of the anatomical hepatic lobes: 312. The smallest surgically approachable division of the a. inferior vena cava liver: b. gall bladder a. lobule c. hepatic hilum b. functional lobe d. triangular ligaments c. segment e. falciform ligament d. section e. anatomical lobe 305. Functional blood supply of the liver is insured by: a. hepatic veins 313. The space of Kiernan in the liver gives passage to: b. proper hepatic artery a. an interlobular branch of proper hepatic artery c. vena porta b. an interlobular bile duct d. inferior vena cava c. an interlobular branch of vena porta e. common hepatic artery d. all of the above e. none of the above 306. Hepatic ligament that is NOT a peritoneal dependency: 314. The spaces of Disse in the hepatic lobule drain: a. round ligament of the liver a. mixed (nutritious & portal) blood b. falciform ligament b. hepatic lymph c. left triangular ligament c. functional blood d. right triangular ligament d. nutritious blood e. coronary ligament e. hepatic venous blood 307. Hepatic segments features: 315. The vessels in the hepatic hilum, antero-posteriorly: a. proprietaryvenous blood drainage a. hepatic artery - hepatic duct - vena porta b. proprietary functional blood supply b. hepatic artery - vena porta - hepatic duct c. proprietary bile drainage c. hepatic duct - vena porta - hepatic artery d. proprietary nutritional blood supply d. hepatic duct - hepatic artery - vena porta e. all of the above e. vena porta - hepatic artery - hepatic duct 308. The area nuda of liver is bounded by: 316. One of the following is NOT related to the visceral a. surface of the liver: b. lesser omentum a. right colic flexure c. falciform ligament b. right kidney d. coronary ligament c. stomach e. venous ligament of Arantius d. duodenum e. tail of the pancreas. 309. The area nuda of the liver: a. hosts the gall bladder 317. Regarding the liver, all are correct EXCEPT: b. is attached to the diaphragm a. the lesser omentum connects the stomach to the c. is located on the visceral surface of the liver porta hepatis d. is not covered by the hepatic capsule b. the is attached to the left e. gives passage to the hepatic pedicle branch of the portal vein c. it is mainly supported by the attachment of the 310. The groove of the inferior vena cava on the liver is: hepatic veins to the IVC a. the right sagittal groove, posterior half d. the right hepatic duct drains the quadrate and b. the left sagittal groove, posterior half caudate lobes c. the transverse groove e. the ligamentum teres is the remains of the left d. the right sagittal groove, anterior half umbilical vein. e. the left sagittal groove, anterior half

- 24 - 318. The condition in which the liver becomes infused with 324. Direct relations of the distal end of the common bile fibrous tissue is known as: duct, EXCEPT: a. hepatitis a. descendent duodenum b. cirrhosis b. inferior vena cava c. jaundice c. sphincter of Oddi d. hepatoma d. ampoule of Vater e. fibrosis e. main pancreatic duct of Wirsung 319. The following statements concerning the liver are 325. Relations of the gall bladder: correct, EXCEPT: a. anterior with the abdominal wall a. the quadrate lobe drains into the right hepatic duct b. to the right with the kidney b. the lesser omentum suspends the stomach from the c. superior with the duodenum visceral surface of the liver d. inferior with the liver c. the left triangular ligament of the liver lies anterior to e. to the left with the spleen the abdominal part of the esophagus 326. The cystic artery approaches the gall bladder level the attachment of the hepatic vein to the inferior d. with: vena cava is one of the most important supports of the liver a. the body e. the ligamentum venosum is attached to the left b. the collum - body junction branch of the portal vein in the porta hepatis c. the fundus d. the collum 320. The following statements concerning the liver are e. any of the above correct, EXCEPT: 327. The fundus of the gall bladder: a. its lymph drainage is to the celiac nodes b. the quadrate and caudate loves are functionally part a. is continuous with the collum of the gall bladder of the left lobe b. is completely covered by the liver c. its parasympathetic innervations is from the vagus c. has direct relations with the anterior abdominal wall nerve d. is oriented backwards d. it receives highly oxygenated blood from the portal e. is not covered by peritoneum vein 328. Regarding the common bile duct, one is FALSE: e. the triangular ligaments connect the liver to the opens in the second part of the duodenum diaphragm a. b. lies anterior to the portal vein 321. The following structures are connected to the liver, c. lies to the right of the hepatic artery EXCEPT: d. descends in front of the first part of the duodenum a. the falciform ligament e. descends in the free margin of the lesser omentum b. the coronary ligament 329. Regarding the gall bladder, one is FALSE: c. the greater omentum a. has capacity of 30 - 50 ml of bile d. the ligamentum teres b. has fundus located opposite the tip of the right 9th e. the ligamentum venosum costal cartilage 322. Within the liver, bile is produced and secreted into c. has body that is adherent to the inferior surface of bile canaliculi by: the liver a. Kupffer cells d. has neck that is continuous with the bile duct b. liver lobules e. receives its arterial supply from the hepatic artery c. hepatocytes d. acinar cells e. hepatic stellate cells 323. Bile duct with a physiological bidirectional bile flow: a. common hepatic duct b. common bile duct c. cystic duct d. all of the above e. none of the above

- 25 - 330. The following statements concerning the gallbladder 336. About the location of the kidneys: are correct, EXCEPT: a. the left kidney descends till level with L3 a. the arterial supply is from the cystic artery, branch of b. the right kidney ascends till level with T11 the right hepatic artery c. the superior poles are closer to each other than the b. the fundus is located just beneath the tip of the right inferior ones ninth costal cartilage d. lateral margin is 2 fingerbreadth medial to the c. the peritoneum completely surrounds the fundus, paravertebral muscles the body and the neck e. they are secondary retroperitoneal d. the nerves of the gallbladder are derived from the 337. About the renal fascia, one is FALSE: celiac plexus e. pain sensation from gallbladder my be referred to a. bounds the renal lodge the skin over the shoulder b. is a condensed part of the extraperitoneal fascia c. forms a septum between the kidney and the adrenal 331. Located in the renal cortex: gland a. columns of Bertin d. does not cover the adrenal gland b. loop of Henle e. consists of 2 layers c. pyramids of Ferrein 338. The fascia of Zuckerkandl: d. pyramids of Malpighi e. renal papillae a. has anterior relations with the psoas m. b. has posterior relations with the quadratus lumborum 332. How much of the cardiac output do kidneys receive m. during normal resting conditions? c. attaches to the costiform processes of the vertebrae a. 5%-7% d. is the anterior layer of the renal fascia b. 15%-20% e. lies just behind the pararenal fat body c. 20%-25% 339. About the two layers of the renal fascia, one is FALSE: d. 45%-50% e. 60%-70% a. fuse inferiorly immediately below the kidney b. attach superiorly to the diaphragm 333. In the kidneys, capillaries are found within the: c. fuse laterally beyond the kidney a. afferent arterioles d. surround the perirenal fat b. urinary tubules e. do not fuse medially c. interlobar vessels 340. The renal lodge: d. glomeruli e. nephron loops a. is surrounded by the perirenal fat capsule b. communicates with the opposite one 334. About the renal hilum, one is FALSE: c. is open superiorly, towards the diaphragm a. is a vertical fissure d. communicates with the adrenal lodge b. gives passage to the renal sinus e. hosts the pararenal fat body of Gerota c. gives passage to the renal pelvis 341. About the pararenal fat body of Gerota, one is FALSE: d. gives passage to the renal vessels e. located on the medial margin of the kidney a. located posterior to the retrorenal fascia of Zuckerkandl 335. The renal sinus: b. it affixes the kidney to the renal fascia a. is flattened transversely c. is made of constitutional fat b. gives passage to the renal pelvis d. located anterior to the quadratus lumborum m. c. communicates with the parenchyma through the e. it affixes the renal fascia to the abdominal wall renal hilum 342. The perirenal fat: d. is a cavity in the lateral part of the kidney e. gives passage to the inferior suprarenal vessels a. affixes the renal fascia to the lumbar wall b. located only behind the kidney c. also named fat capsule d. surrounds the renal lodge e. is a mass of yellow (deposit) fat

- 26 - 343. The fibrous capsule of the kidney: 351. The renal papillae: a. is a structural part of the kidney a. are prominences of the renal columns into the sinus b. sends septa inside the renal parenchyma b. enter the lesser calices c. surrounds the perirenal fat c. are equal in number with the renal pyramids d. does not enter the renal sinus d. present a papillary orifice each e. is made of loose connective tissue e. are triangular in shape 344. Posterior relations of the kidney, EXCEPT: 352. About the renal parenchyma: a. diaphragm a. the renal pyramids are part of the cortex b. quadratus lumborum m. b. the renal columns are prolongations of the medulla c. 12th rib c. the medullary rays are prolongations of the medulla d. ilioinguinal n. d. the cortical labyrinth is a prolongation of the cortex e. spleen e. the renal columns are located in the cortex 345. Anterior relations of the left kidney, EXCEPT: 353. About the pyramids of Malpighi, one is FALSE: a. spleen a. the papillary foramina open into the lesser calices b. splenic flexure of colon b. the tip is prominent into the sinus c. body of pancreas c. the cribriform area is located on the base of the d. stomach pyramid e. descending duodenum d. are part of the renal medulla e. the number of pyramids is greater than the one of 346. Anterior relations of the right kidney, EXCEPT: papillae a. right lobe of liver b. body of pancreas 354. The columns of Bertin: c. intestinal loops a. are prolongations of the renal medulla d. hepatic flexure of colon b. are located deep inside the medulla e. descending duodenum c. start in the cortical labyrinth d. are reddish in color 347. Common anterior relations of both kidneys: e. protrude the sinus as the renal papillae a. intestinal loops b. spleen 355. About the cribriform area, one is FALSE: c. liver a. is prominent towards the renal sinus d. stomach b. is part of a renal crest e. pancreas c. is located on a renal papilla d. presents 10-20 papillary foramina 348. Lateral relations of the kidneys: e. protrudes inside a lesser calyx a. descending colon, on the right b. left lobe of the liver, on the right 356. Parts of the renal cortex, EXCEPT: c. intestinal loops, on the left a. cortex corticis d. spleen, on the right b. pyramids of Ferrein e. ascending colon, on the left c. renal crests d. cortical labyrinth 349. Medial relations of both the kidneys: e. columns of Bertin a. abdominal aorta b. inferior vena cava 357. About the medullary rays, one is FALSE: c. descending duodenum a. also named pyramids of Ferrein d. duodenojejunal flexure b. are prolongations of the medulla e. greater psoas m. c. arise from the bases of renal pyramids d. are very thin and numerous 350. The fibrous coat of the calices continues: e. protrude into the cortex corticis a. the renal fascia b. the fascia of Zuckerkandl c. the fat capsule d. the renal capsule e. the fat of Gerota

- 27 - 358. The renal lobe consists in: 365. The polar pad: a. a renal pyramid and the parts of renal columns in a. is a blood pressure receptor contact with it b. is a sphincter regulating blood flow b. the parenchyma corresponding to a renal papilla c. is an arteriolar narrowing c. a renal pyramid and the medullary rays arising from d. is a blood flow receptor its base e. is located on the efferent arteriole d. a medullary ray and the surrounding cortical tissue 366. About the capsule of Bowman, one is FALSE: e. a renal column and the parts of renal pyramids in contact with it a. the vascular pole is opposed to the urinary pole b. the capsular space receives the primary urine 359. The renal lobule consists in: c. consists of two layers a. a medullary ray and the surrounding cortical tissue d. is a epithelial contender of the glomerulus b. a renal pyramid and the parts of renal columns in e. the inner layer is continuous with the renal tubule contact with it proper c. a renal column and the parts of renal pyramids in 367. About the capsule of Bowman: contact with it d. a renal pyramid and the medullary rays arising from a. its layers continue with each other at the urinary its base pole e. the parenchyma corresponding to a renal papilla b. the vascular pole gives passage to the glomerulus c. the inner layer contributes to the formation of the 360. Which is NOT part of the renal parenchyma: filter membrane a. renal column d. the outer layer is in contact with the mesangium b. renal pyramid e. the urinary pole gives passage to the two arterioles c. medullary ray 368. INCORRECT statement about the proximal segment of renal papilla d. the renal tubule proper: e. renal sinus a. includes the proximal straight tubule 361. About the renal tubules, one is FALSE: b. resorps most of the water a. are the structural units of the kidneys c. includes the proximal convoluted tubule b. drain urine into a collecting system d. includes the thick segment of descending limb of c. are the surgical units of the kidneys Henle's loop d. are in relation with juxtaglomerular complexes e. secretes glucose and Na e. are the functional units of the kidneys 369. INCORRECT statement about the intermediate 362. FALSE statement about the renal corpuscle: segment of the renal tubule proper: a. is spherical in shape a. is located in the medulla b. is the initial segment of nephron b. is U-shaped c. performs only passive filtration of blood plasma c. is concave towards the apex of the pyramid d. produces the secondary urine d. includes only the thin part of Henle's loop e. is located in the cortical labyrinth e. resorps most of the urea 363. Parts of the nephron, EXCEPT: 370. INCORRECT statement about the distal segment of the a. distal straight tubule renal tubule proper: b. loop of Henle a. includes the thick segment of ascending limb of c. distal convoluted tubule Henle's loop d. collecting tubule b. secretes urea and glucose e. proximal convoluted tubule c. includes the distal convoluted tubule d. resorps water and Na 364. FALSE statement about the renal glomerulus: e. includes the distal straight tubule a. starts at the afferent arteriole b. ends at the efferent arteriole c. is a bundle of arterial capillaries d. the polar pad is located on the efferent arteriole e. capillaries run through the mesangium

- 28 - 371. About the macula densa: 379. About the renal segment, one is FALSE: a. inhibits renin secretion a. is the parenchyma supplied by a segmental artery b. lies in the wall of proximal convoluted tubule b. it has an independent blood supply c. includes presoceptors c. is the morphological unit of the kidney d. takes contact with the renal corpuscle d. there are usually 5 segments in a kidney e. located next to the urinary pole of the Bowman's e. is the surgical unit of the kidneys capsule 380. The natural order of the arterial blood flow in the 372. About the juxtaglomerular complex, one is FALSE: kidney: a. located in the cortex of the kidney a. arcuate a. --> segmental a. --> interlobar a. --> b. lies close to the vascular pole of Bowman's capsule interlobular a. c. consists of macula densa and polar pad b. segmental a. --> arcuate a. --> interlobar a. --> d. regulates the blood flow through the glomerulus interlobular a. e. secretes renin from the macula densa c. segmental a. --> interlobar a. --> interlobular a. --> arcuate a. 373. About the urine collecting system: d. segmental a. --> interlobar a. --> arcuate a. --> a. collecting tubules are located in the medulla only interlobular a. b. collecting ducts drain urine from the nephrons e. segmental a. --> arcuate a. --> interlobular a. --> c. collecting ducts run through the renal columns interlobar a. d. collecting tubules are the last part of nephrons e. papillary ducts open into the minor calices 381. About the arterioles in the renal parenchyma: a. the afferent arterioles drain the renal glomerulus 374. The cortical labyrinth of kidney does NOT include: b. the afferent arterioles are branches of the arcuate a. distal convoluted tubules arteries b. juxtaglomerular complexes c. the straight arterioles are branches of the afferent c. proximal convoluted tubules arterioles d. renal glomeruli d. the efferent arterioles end in a capillary network e. collecting ducts around the tubule 375. The medullary rays contain: e. there are no capsular arterioles in the parenchyma a. renal glomeruli 382. About the renal veins: b. proximal convoluted tubules a. run behind the renal arteries c. collecting tubules b. the left vein is shorter d. distal convoluted tubules c. the right vein is higher e. juxtaglomerular complexes d. receive the genital (ovarian/testicular) veins 376. The medulla of kidney does NOT include: e. the left one passes through the aortomesenteric clamp a. Henle's loops b. collecting ducts 383. About the lymph drainage of the kidneys, one is c. renal glomeruli FALSE: d. proximal straight tubules a. originates in a deep network in the renal e. distal straight tubules parenchyma 377. About the renal arteries: b. lymph is drained into periaortic nodes on both sides c. originates in a capsular network in the perirenal fat a. are terminal branches of abdominal aorta d. lymph is drained into pericaval nodes on the right b. their origin is level with L2-L3 intervertebral disc e. originates in a superficial network in the renal the left one is longer than the right one c. capsule d. the right one is on a lower level then the left one e. run ascending towards lateral 384. Sympathetic innervation of kidneys does NOT use: 378. Retropyelic branch of renal a.: a. greater splanchnic n. b. least splanchnic n. a. superior segment a. c. lesser splanchnic n. b. antero-inferior segment a. d. celiac plexus c. posterior segment a. e. hypogastric plexus d. inferior segment a. e. antero-superior segment a.

- 29 - 385. Parasympathetic innervation of kidneys is ensured 392. FALSE statement about the major calices: by: a. cylindrical in shape a. pelvic splanchnic nn. b. located entirely inside the renal sinus b. vagus nn. c. are small musculomembranous tubes c. sacral splanchnic nn. d. drain the urine into the minor calices d. lumbar splanchnic nn. e. are usually 2 or 3 in each kidney e. least splanchnic nn. 393. Extrarenal relations of the renal pelvis, EXCEPT: 386. Condition in which a kidney is missing: a. posteriorly with the psoas m., on both sides a. unilateral renal agenesis b. anteriorly with the descending duodenum, on the b. supernumerary kidneys right c. horseshoe-shaped kidney c. anteriorly with the inferior vena cava, on the left d. sigmoid kidney d. anteriorly with the body of pancreas, on the left e. concrescent kidneys e. posteriorly with the fat capsule, on both sides 387. Which is the acquired condition in which the kidney is 394. Intrarenal relations of the renal pelvis: placed lower than normal? a. posteriorly with the psoas m., on both sides a. kidney failure b. anteriorly with the inferior vena cava, on the right b. nephroptosis c. anteriorly with the body of pancreas, on the left c. urinary incontinence d. anteriorly with the descending duodenum, on the d. urinary retention right e. renal ectopia e. none of the above 388. Fully extrarenal urinary pathways: 395. About the renal pelvis: a. ureter a. its apex is continuous with the minor calices b. greater calyces b. is funnel-shaped and flattened transversely c. renal pelvis c. is a narrowed part of the urinary pathways d. lesser calyces d. it is both intrarenal and extrarenal e. all the above e. its base is oriented downwards 389. Regarding the ureter, one is FALSE: 396. Segments of the ureter, EXCEPT: a. is about 25 cm long a. intramural b. lies posterior to the gonadal vessels b. lumbar c. lies posterior to genitofemoral nerve c. visceral d. crosses the bifurcation of the common iliac artery d. interstitial e. has a constriction opposite the pelvi-ureteric e. iliac junction 397. Pelvisubperitoneal parts of the ureter: 390. Which of the following is NOT a congenital a. lumbar, iliac and parietal malformation of the urinary system? b. parietal & visceral a. renal calculi c. lumbar & iliac b. renal agenesis d. parietal, visceral and intramural c. epispadias e. iliac, parietal and visceral d. renal ectopia 398. Curvatures of the ureter: e. hypospadias a. renal, level with the superior pole of the kidney 391. FALSE statement about the minor calices: b. marginal, level with the pelvic outlet a. are small musculomembranous tubes c. pelvic, below the urinary bladder b. are trumpet-shaped d. all the above c. their number is equal to that of renal pyramids e. none of the above d. insert on the renal papillae e. they join in groups to form the major calices

- 30 - 399. Natural narrowings of the ureter: 405. INCORRECT statement about the structure of the a. neck of ureter, at its superior end urinary pathways: b. marginal narrowing, level with the iliac vessels a. the abdominal ureter has 2 muscular layers: c. terminal narrowing, in the bladder wall superficial longitudinal and deep circular d. all the above b. the pelvic ureter has 3 muscular layers: superficial e. none of the above and deep longitudinal, middle circular c. adventitia consists in elastic connective tissue 400. Retroperitoneal relations of the lumbar ureter, the calices and renal pelvis have a single, circular EXCEPT: d. muscular layer a. anteriorly, the duodenum, on both sides e. the mucosa is provided with urothelium b. anteriorly, the genital vessels, on both sides c. medially, the lumbar paravertebral sympathetic 406. Which of the following arteries does NOT supply the chain ureter? d. posteriorly, the psoas m., on both sides a. genital a. e. anteriorly, the transverse colon, on both sides b. superior rectal a. c. renal a. 401. Transperitoneal relations of the lumbar ureter: d. lumbar a. a. genitofemoral n., on both sides e. internal iliac a. b. jejunal & ileal loops, on both sides c. duodenum, on both sides 407. The inability to control micturition is: d. colic vessels, on both sides a. oliguria e. genital vessels, on both sides b. incontinence c. dysuria 402. Anterior relations of the right iliac ureter, EXCEPT: d. poliuria a. ileocolic vessels e. retention b. root of mesentery c. descendant appendix 408. The micturition reflex center is located in the: d. external iliac vessels a. kidney e. last ileal loop b. cerebrum c. sacral segment of the spinal cord 403. The ureter crosses the iliac vessels: d. urinary bladder a. 1,5cm above the bifurcation, on both sides e. hypothalamus b. 1,5cm above bifurcation on the right and 1,5cm below bifurcation on the left 409. The voiding stage of micturition is initiated by: c. 1,5cm above bifurcation in males and 1,5cm below a. sympathetic impulses bifurcation in females b. peristaltic waves d. 1,5cm below the bifurcation, on both sides c. elastic recoiling of the fibrous coat e. 1,5cm below bifurcation on the right and 1,5cm d. parasympathetic impulses above bifurcation on the left e. abdominal press 404. About the pelvic ureter, one is FALSE: 410. Which structure does NOT form part of the boundary a. the visceral segment in females runs transversely defining the trigone of the bladder? along the base of the large ligament of uterus a. interureteric crest b. the visceral segment in males runs transversely b. left ureteric orifice between the rectum and urinary bladder c. right ureteric orifice c. the parietal segment runs vertically along the d. urachus external iliac vessels in both sexes e. urethral orifice d. in females it is crossed anteriorly by the uterine 411. About the empty urinary bladder, one is FALSE: artery e. in males it is crossed anteriorly by the deferent duct a. the body has two margins b. the apex is oriented upwards and forwards c. the neck is part of the fundus d. the fundus is oriented downwards and forwards e. the body has two surfaces

- 31 - 412. About the empty urinary bladder, one is FALSE: 418. Relations of the superior surface of the empty urinary a. the lateral umbilical ligg run along the margins bladder, EXCEPT: b. the margins are Y-shaped a. ileal loops in both sexes c. the fundus is large and flat b. sigmoid colon in both sexes d. the apex is continuous with the median umbilical c. ampulla of rectum in both sexes lig. d. appendix in both sexes e. the neck is continuous with the ureter e. body of uterus in females 413. Features of the fully filled bladder, EXCEPT: 419. Relations of the male urinary bladder fundus, a. all surfaces become convex EXCEPT: b. apex never exceeds pubic symphysis a. rectum c. margins turn into lateral surfaces b. prostate d. bladder becomes ovoid in shape c. e. bladder gains relations with the anterior abdominal d. deferent ducts wall e. seminal vesicles 414. Capacities of the urinary bladder: 420. Relations of the female urinary bladder neck: a. the mechanical capacity is the volume that ruptures a. of uterus the inert vesical wall b. urogenital diaphragm b. the anatomical capacity is the volume that triggers c. vagina the micturition reflex d. all the above c. the physiological capacity is the volume of urine that e. none of the above triggers painful vesical contractions 421. Part of urinary bladder that keeps its position and all the above d. relations unchanged during filling: e. none of the above a. superior surface 415. Boundaries of the vesical lodge in both sexes, b. margins EXCEPT: c. fundus a. anteriorly: pubic bones & symphysis d. apex b. posteriorly: rectovesical septum e. anterior surface c. laterally: levator ani m. 422. The vesical trigone: d. laterally: internal obturator m. e. superiorly: pelvic peritoneum a. presents uvula of the bladder at its superior margin b. is a irregularly folded area of the bladder mucosa 416. The most important urinary bladder support c. lies between the ureteral and urethral orifices structures: d. is an external configuration feature of the urinary a. pelvic and urogenital diaphragms bladder b. puboprostatic & pubovesical ligaments e. the retroureteric fossa is its most posterior part c. pubovesical & rectovesical muscles 423. The interureteric fold: d. vesicoprostatic & vesicovaginal muscles e. pelvic peritoneum a. is a feature of the posterior peritoneum b. is a feature of the pelvic peritoneum 417. Part of urinary bladder completely lined by c. is a feature of the pelvisubperitoneal connective peritoneum: tissue a. apex d. is a feature of the urinary bladder b. fundus e. is a feature of the kidneys c. superior surface 424. The retroureteric fossa: d. anterior surface e. neck a. is prominent towards the urinary bladder cavity b. is deeper in males than in females c. is a flat triangular surface of the urinary bladder d. is present in males only, due to the prostate e. is a transverse hollow anterior to the interureteric fold

- 32 - 425. About the vesical columns and cells: 431. Arterial branch that does NOT supply the urinary a. are present at all ages bladder in females: b. appear in males only a. posterior vesical rami, from the uterine a. c. vesical columns are irregular bladder wall hollows b. posterior vesical rami, from the vaginal a. d. all the above c. posterior vesical rami, from the middle rectal a. e. none of the above d. anterior vesical rami, from the internal pudendal a. e. anterior vesical rami, from the inferior epigastric a. 426. INCORRECT statement about the urinary bladder serous layer: 432. About micturition, one is FALSE: a. consists of pelvic peritoneum a. is triggered both voluntary and automatically b. continues posteriorly the rectovesical recess in b. its reflex has a spinal nervous center at S2-S4 males c. is based on a parasympathetic reflex c. covers the superior bladder surface completely d. its reflex can be canceled voluntarily d. continues anteriorly with the peritoneum of the e. its reflex uses the pelvic splanchnic nn. prevesical space 433. Condition that does NOT involve the urinary bladder: e. continues posteriorly the vesicouterine recess in females a. urinary incontinence b. urinary lithiasis 427. The subserous coat of the urinary bladder is NOT its c. renal cysts most superficial coat: d. a. on the superior bladder surface e. cystitis b. on the anterior bladder surface 434. Urinary tract condition that appears in females only: c. on the lateral bladder surface, below the lateral umbilical ligaments a. urinary incontinence d. on the bladder fundus, below the peritoneal recess b. hypospadias e. on the neck of bladder c. cystocele d. pyelonephritis 428. Which is NOT a dependency of the vesical detrusor e. epispadias m.: 435. Segments of the male urethra, EXCEPT: a. pubovesical m. b. vesicovaginal m. a. prostatic c. puboprostatic m. b. membranous d. rectovesical m. c. spongy e. vesicoprostatic m. d. postprostatic e. preprostatic 429. About the muscular coat of the urinary bladder: 436. INCORRECT empty male urethra shape: a. consists of 3 layers all over the bladder b. the vesical trigone presents just 2 muscular layers a. at external orifice: vertical fissure c. the neck of bladder has a single muscular layer b. at the base of glans penis: reversed T d. the middle layer is absent in the vesical trigone and c. at the prostate: crescent-shaped neck d. at internal orifice: round in children e. the internal muscular layer forms the internal e. at the bulbus penis: stellate urethral sphincter 437. Physiological narrow parts of male urethra, EXCEPT: 430. Formation of vesical columns and cells is due to: a. external orifice a. thickening of the internal muscular layer b. prostatic urethra b. thickening of the middle muscular layer c. spongy urethra up to prepubic angle c. thickening of the superficial muscular layer d. membranous urethra d. thickening of the submucosa e. internal orifice e. the thickening of the mucosa 438. Natural enlarged parts of male urethra: a. prostatic urethra b. navicular fossa c. bulbar recess d. all the above e. none of the above

- 33 - 439. Landmark separating the proximal and distal parts of 446. The muscular coat of the male urethra: the prostatic urethra: a. the superficial layer has circular fibers a. openings of prostatic glands b. the internal urethral sphincter surrounds the b. prostatic utricle prostate c. prostatic sinus c. the deep layer disappears in the membranous d. urethra e. seminal colliculus d. consists of 2 layers the entire length of urethra e. consists of both smooth and striate muscular fibers 440. About the urethral lacunae, one is FALSE: a. open on the lateral and dorsal urethral walls 447. Segments of the female urethra: b. are spread along the entire length of urethra a. intramural c. run obliquely in the urethral wall b. perineal d. open towards the external urethral orifice c. pelvic e. are tubular hollows of the urethral walls d. all the above e. none of the above 441. Features of the spongy urethra: a. valve of Guerin 448. INCORRECT statement about the relations of female b. sinus of Guerin urethra: c. lagunae of Morgagni a. the pelvic part is surrounded by the external d. openings of the glands of Cowper sphincter e. all the above b. the intramural part is surrounded by the internal sphincter 442. About the valve of Guerin, one is FALSE: c. lateral to the perineal part is the deep transverse a. is located in the navicular fossa perineal m. b. is a longitudinal mucosa fold d. lateral to the pelvic part is the levator ani m. c. bounds the sinus of Guerin e. posterior is the transverse perineal lig. d. lies on the dorsal urethral wall e. is present in male urethra only 449. Female urethra gets fused with: a. pelvic diaphragm 443. The subpubic angle of male urethra: b. urogenital diaphragm a. is reducible c. internal urethral sphincter b. is mobile d. vagina c. lies anterior to the prepubic angle e. external urethral sphincter d. opens downwards and backwards e. lies between prostatic and spongy urethra 450. Internal configuration of female urethra: a. the urethral crest runs along the anterior wall 444. About the relations of male urethra, one is FALSE: b. when filled, it is funnel-shaped a. the intramural part runs through the apex of bladder c. urethral lacunae open on the posterior wall b. the transverse perineal lig. runs anterior to the d. paraurethral glands of Skene open here intermediate urethra e. when empty, it is flattened frontally c. the perineal body lies posterior to the membranous urethra 451. About the structure of female urethra, one is FALSE: d. the membranous urethra is surrounded by the a. the circular muscular layer is deep external sphincter b. the mucosa is thin and elastic e. the prostate usually surrounds completely the c. the spongy coat contributes to the urinary contention urethra d. the muscular coat consists of two layers e. the internal sphincter is a derivative of perineal 445. The male urethral mucosa presents an urothelium: muscles a. only between the seminal colliculus and the subpubic angle 452. Blood supply of the testicle, EXCEPT: b. only superior to the bulbar recess a. internal pudendal a. from internal iliac a. c. along the entire urethra b. deferential a. from inferior vesical a. d. only superior to the seminal colliculus c. testicular a. from abdominal aorta e. only level with the seminal colliculus d. cremasteric a. from inferior epigastric a. e. there is no exception

- 34 - 453. The final product of testicle exocrine function is: 461. The start of the sperm ducts inside the testicle is: a. testosterone a. the convoluted seminiferous tubules b. estrogens b. the straight seminiferous tubules c. spermatozoa c. rete testis d. ovocites d. efferent ducts e. progesterone e. none of the above 454. About the external configuration of the testis: 462. Spermatogenesis is hosted by: a. it has two poles, anterior and posterior a. the convoluted seminiferous tubules b. it has two margins, medial and lateral b. the straight seminiferous tubules c. one of its surfaces is slightly concave c. the rete testis d. the hilar margin is oriented posterior d. the efferent ducts e. one of its poles is oriented downwards and forwards e. the epididymal duct 455. Which part of the testicle adheres to the epididymis: 463. The endocrine secretion of testis is a feature of: a. both poles a. the testicular mediastinum b. superior pole only b. the testicular septa c. inferior pole only c. the entire testicular parenchyma d. posterior margin d. the tubular structures of the testicular lobules e. lateral surface e. the interstitial cells of the testicular lobules 456. Part of testicle that gives insertion to the scrotal 464. Sperm pathways between the testicle and the ligament: epididymis: a. superior pole a. convoluted seminiferous tubules b. inferior pole b. straight seminiferous tubules c. anterior margin c. rete testis d. posterior margin d. efferent ducts e. medial surface e. epididymal ducts 457. About the tunica vaginalis testis, one is FALSE: 465. Embryonic remnant attached to the superior pole of a. it presents a parietal layer the testicle: b. it bounds a completely closed cavity a. sessile hydatid of Morgagni c. it always presents a vaginalis peritoneal process b. pediculate hydatid of Morgagni d. it presents a visceral layer c. organ of Giraldes e. its cavity is a virtual space d. aberrant ductules e. paradidymis 458. The testicular mediastinum is a dependency of: a. tunica vaginalis testis 466. Artery that may supply the testicle alone (in case the b. tunica albuginea testis other two are obstructed): c. testicular septa a. testicular a. d. testicular parenchyma b. artery of ductus deferens e. none of the above c. cremasteric a. d. all the above 459. The testicular lobules: e. none of the above a. are about 1000 for each testicle b. are completely separated from one another 467. Arterial pathway supplying the testicle: c. are pyramid-shaped a. aorta a. --> testicular a. d. have an apex oriented towards the albuginea b. aorta a. --> renal a. --> testicular a. e. have a base oriented towards the mediastinum c. internal iliac a. --> inferior vesical a. --> cremasteric a. 460. Tubular structures of the testicular lobules, EXCEPT: d. internal iliac a. --> umbilical a. --> cremasteric a. a. convoluted seminiferous tubules e. external iliac a. --> inferior epigastric a. --> a. of b. straight seminiferous tubules ductus deferens c. rete testis d. efferent ducts e. interstitial cells of Leydig

- 35 - 468. The pampiniform venous plexus: 475. Which of the following does not conduct a. is the origin of the testicular vein spermatozoa? b. is part of the posterior venous group of the testicle a. ampulla of the ductus deferens c. is of less functional importance b. duct of the seminal vesicle d. drains into the renal v. on the right c. epididymis e. drains bilaterally into the inferior vena cava d. prostatic urethra e. none of the above 469. The posterior venous group of the testicle: a. drains most of the testicle 476. Extratesticular sperm ducts, EXCEPT: b. drains the testicle and head of epididymis a. efferent ducts c. drains only the body and tail of epididymis b. epididymal duct d. drains directly into the inferior vena cava c. deferens duct e. drains into the internal iliac vein d. rete testis e. ejaculatory duct 470. Testicle lymph is first drained towards: a. the superficial inguinal nodes 477. About the efferent ductules, one is FALSE: b. the deep inguinal nodes a. continue the rete testis c. the external iliac nodes b. pierce the albuginea testis d. the internal iliac nodes c. form the contents of the head of epididymis e. the lumbar periaortic nodes d. convoluted in the beginning, become soon straight e. enter the head of epididymis from the testicle 471. The sensory innervation of the testicle addresses: a. the tunica vaginalis only 478. The lobules of epididymis: b. the tunica albuginea only a. are divisions of the epididymal parenchyma c. the testicular parenchyma only b. are spread all along the epididymis d. the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea c. are cone-shaped swirls of the efferent ductules e. the tunica albuginea and testicular parenchyma d. are completely separate from one another e. are cone-shaped dilations of the epididymal duct 472. Extrinsic relations of the spermatic cord: a. ilioinguinal nerve 479. About the epididymal duct, one is FALSE: b. genitofemoral nerve a. each epididymis contains only one such duct c. deferent duct b. it entirely fills the body and tail of epididymis d. pampiniform plexus c. starts in the head of epididymis e. testicular artery d. is arcuate first, to become extremely convoluted then 473. After ligation of the ductus deferens in the superior it becomes thinner along its length part of the scrotum (vasectomy), the ejaculate e. contains: 480. About the ductus deferens, one is FALSE: a. prostatic fluid only a. it is about 0.5m long b. seminal fluid and prostatic fluid b. it continues the epididymal duct c. sperm only c. it has a constant diameter d. sperm and seminal fluid d. it ends by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle e. sperm, seminal fluid, and prostatic fluid e. it is slightly tortuous first, to become straight then 474. The organ or structure that does not secrete or empty 481. The most elevated part of ductus deferens is: into the urethra of a male is the: a. the epididymal segment a. urinary bladder b. the scrotal part of funicular segment b. seminal vesicle c. the inguinal part of funicular segment c. prostate d. the abdominal part of abdomino-pelvic segment d. ejaculatory duct e. the pelvic part of the abdomino-pelvic segment e. bulbourethral gland

- 36 - 482. Relations of the ductus deferens: 488. Inside the spermatic cord, which of the following is a. it is lateral to the ipsilateral epididymis always situated posterior to vas deferens? b. it is anterior to the pampiniform venous plexus a. testicular artery c. it crosses the ipsilateral internal iliac vessels b. pampiniform plexus d. it crosses anteriorly the ipsilateral ureter c. vestige of processus vaginalis e. it is lateral to the ipsilateral seminal vesicle d. testicular nervous plexus e. artery of ductus deferens 483. Relations of the ampulla of ductus deferens, EXCEPT: a. anterior: fundus of urinary bladder 489. Inside the spermatic cord, which of the following is b. posterior: ampulla of rectum always situated anterior to vas deferens? c. medial: the interampullar triangle a. artery of ductus deferens d. lateral: the ipsilateral seminal vesicle b. cremasteric artery e. superior: the prostate c. testicular nervous plexus d. testicular lymph vessels 484. About the ejaculatory duct, one is FALSE: e. vestige of processus vaginalis a. forms immediately above the prostate b. is formed by joining of the vas deferens and the duct 490. Superior relations of the inguinal part of spermatic of the seminal vesicle cord, EXCEPT: c. runs through the prostate obliquely downwards, a. internal oblique muscle forwards and laterally b. transverse abdominal muscle d. opens into the prostatic urethra c. branches of iliohypogastric nerve e. ends level with the orifice of the ejaculatory duct d. ilioinguinal nerve e. none of the above 485. Contents of the spermatic cord, EXCEPT: a. ductus deferens 491. Coats of the scrotum, except: b. vestige of processus vaginalis a. spermatic fascia c. testicular artery b. coat d. pampiniform plexus c. vaginal coat e. inguinal branch of ilioinguinal nerve d. albuginea e. cremaster m. 486. About the coats of the spermatic cord, one is FALSE: a. the external spermatic fascia continues the fascia of 492. About the external configuration of the scrotum, one external oblique muscle is FALSE: b. the cremasteric fascia continues the fascia of a. it is rounded in children internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles b. it is pear-shaped in adults c. the cremaster muscle continues the fibers of c. it is flaccid in old individuals internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles d. the scrotal raphe is a midsagittal groove along the d. the internal spermatic fascia continues the fascia of scrotum transverse abdominal muscle e. cutaneous folds spread across the scrotum e. the cremaster muscle is embedded in the 493. About the skin of scrotum, one is FALSE: cremasteric fascia a. is thin, soft, elastic 487. Intrinsic relations of the spermatic cord, EXCEPT: b. presents some hairs a. vas deferens centers the sperm cord c. is darker than the rest of the skin b. testicular artery descends anterior to vas deferens d. presents lots of folds c. cremasteric artery descends anterior to vas e. contains sweat glands, but no sebaceous glands deferens 494. About the dartos of the scrotum, one is FALSE: d. pampiniform plexus ascends anterior to vas deferens a. includes the dartos muscle e. vestige of processus vaginalis is anterior to vas b. is responsible for the folds of the skin deferens c. forms the scrotal septum d. its contraction pulls the testicles down e. contains lots of connective tissue

- 37 - 495. Coat of the scrotum which are NOT shared with the 502. Attachments of the penis: spermatic cord or the testicle: a. fundiform lig. a. the dartos coat b. suspensory lig. b. the external spermatic fascia c. ischiocavernosus m. c. the cremasteric fascia d. bulbospongiosus m. d. the internal spermatic fascia e. all the above e. the tunica vaginalis 503. Features of the corpus cavernosum of penis, EXCEPT: 496. About the vessels supplying the scrotum, one is a. crus penis FALSE: b. septum penis a. external pudendal artery supplies the scrotum c. trabeculae b. supplies the scrotum d. albuginea c. the dartos coat contains a rich venous plexus e. bulbus penis d. dissipation of the heat generated by the testicle is 504. About the crus penis: ensured by the scrotal venous plexus e. lymph vessels drain towards the superficial inguinal a. constitute the lateral part of the root of penis nodes b. strongly attached to the c. surrounded by the ischiocavernosus m. 497. Nerve supply of the scrotum, EXCEPT: d. all the above a. anterior scrotal nn., branches of ilioinguinal n. e. none of the above b. posterior scrotal nn., branches of perineal n. 505. About the cavernous spaces of the erectile structures hypogastric branch of iliohypogastric n. c. of penis, one is FALSE: d. genital branch of genitofemoral n. e. posterior cutaneous femoral n., from sacral plexus a. largely communicate with each other b. are lined by endothelium 498. About the root of penis, one is FALSE: c. the ones in the corpus spongiosum are larger than a. is located in the superficial space of the ones in the corpus cavernosum b. is highly mobile d. receive the helicine arteries c. is not visible at the surface of body e. are the origin of the cavernous veins d. includes two cruri of the corpus cavernosum 506. About the bulbus of penis: e. includes a single bulb of penis a. is the posterior end of corpus cavernosum 499. About the body of penis: b. is divided in two halves by a median septum a. continues the root of penis posteriorly c. is approached by the spongy urethra from posterior b. it has two surfaces and two margins d. is approached by the ducts of bulbourethral glands c. its dorsal surface is oriented anteriorly from below d. its urethral surface is oriented anteriorly e. is strongly attached to the perineal membrane e. the dorsal surface presents the raphe of penis 507. Parts of corpus spongiosum of penis: 500. About the glans of penis, one is FALSE: a. crus penis, intermediate part, neck, glans penis a. is covered by the prepuce b. bulbus penis, intermediate part, neck, glans penis b. is conical in shape c. bulbus penis, body, neck c. carries the external urethral orifice d. crus penis, body, neck d. the corona of glans gives insertion to the prepuce e. bulbus penis, intermediate part, glans penis e. its base is oblique 508. Wrappings of the penis, EXCEPT: 501. Parts of the penis: a. skin a. root, bulb, body, glans b. dartos b. bulb, body, glans c. superficial fascia c. root, body, neck, glans d. cremasteric fascia d. root, bulb, body, neck, glans e. deep fascia e. root, body, glans

- 38 - 509. Structural oddity of the superficial fascia of penis: 516. The genital corpuscles on the glans penis are a. contains striate muscular fibers innervated by branches of : b. contains smooth muscular fibers a. iliohypogastric n. c. consists of smooth connective tissue with no fat b. ilioinguinal n. cells c. genitofemoral n. d. contains numerous elastic fibers d. dorsal nn. of penis e. contains numerous collagenous fibers e. cavernous nn. 510. About the prepuce of the penis: 517. Motor innervation of erectile bodies of the penis is a. is a fold completely made of skin supplied by branches of: b. acts as a skin reserve during erection a. iliohypogastric n. c. its frenulum is a transverse fold b. ilioinguinal n. d. its frenulum starts on the dorsal surface of the glans c. genitofemoral n. e. ensures urinary contention d. dorsal nn. of penis e. cavernous nn. 511. Wrappings of penis participating in formation of the prepuce, EXCEPT: 518. The prostate gland: a. skin a. contains upper, middle and lower lobes b. dartos b. encircles the striate urethral sphincter c. superficial fascia c. is well imaged radiologically using an intravenous d. deep fascia urogram e. mucosa d. is extraperitoneal e. is normally the size of a tangerine 512. Layers of the prepuce of penis: a. skin, superficial fascia, mucosa 519. The adult prostate external configuration features, b. skin, dartos, outer superficial fascia, deep fascia, EXCEPT: inner superficial fascia, mucosa a. anterior surface c. skin, dartos, superficial fascia, deep fascia, mucosa b. lateral margins d. skin, outer dartos, outer superficial fascia, deep c. posterior surface fascia, inner superficial fascia, inner dartos, d. base mucosa e. apex e. skin, outer dartos, superficial fascia, inner dartos, 520. Clinical features of prostate morphology: mucosa a. the horns are oriented antero-lateral 513. Arteries supplying the penis, EXCEPT: b. the tip is continuous with the seminal vesicle a. deep artery of penis c. the beak is oriented superior b. dorsal artery of penis d. the two lobes are palpable c. urethral artery e. the posterior transverse groove is palpable d. artery of the bulbus of penis 521. About the prostate, one is FALSE: e. external pudendal artery a. in children it is small and spherical 514. Unpaired blood vessel of the penis: b. it is classically compared to a chestnut a. deep artery of penis c. in old people it sometimes atrophies b. dorsal artery of penis d. it usually gets larger with age c. artery of bulbus of penis e. in adults it resembles a transversely flattened cone d. superficial dorsal vein of penis 522. Somatic external relations of the prostate: e. deep dorsal vein of penis a. septum of Denonvilliers, anterior 515. Sensory innervation of the penis is ensured by b. internal urethral sphincter, all around branches of the following nerves, EXCEPT: c. levator prostatae mm., superior a. iliohypogastric n. d. levator ani mm., anterior b. ilioinguinal n. e. puboprostatic ligg., infero-lateral c. genitofemoral n. d. dorsal nn. of penis e. none of the above

- 39 - 523. External visceral relations of the prostate: 530. Seminal vesicle functions, EXCEPT: a. rectal ampulla, anterior a. stores the sperm between ejaculations b. deferens duct, postero-inferior b. stores its own secretion between ejaculations c. neck of urinary bladder, superior c. secretes the enzyme vesiculasis d. base of urinary bladder, inferior d. secretes large amounts of fructosis e. seminal vesicles, postero-inferior e. increases the volume of seminal fluid 524. Internal relations of prostate, EXCEPT: 531. Relations of the bulbo-urethral gland, EXCEPT: a. prostatic urethra a. embedded in the urogenital diaphragm b. prostatic utricle b. the perineal membrane, inferiorly c. ejaculatory ducts c. membranous urethra, antero-medially d. smooth urethral sphincter d. embedded in the external urethral sphincter e. striate urethral sphincter e. the bulb of penis, inferiorly 525. About the structure of prostate, one is FALSE: 532. About the mechanism of erection of penis, one is a. the capsule of prostate wraps the gland FALSE: b. the muscular tissue consists of smooth fibers a. is a transient functional state of the penis c. the parenchyma is the main structural component b. the penis becomes firm, engorged and enlarged d. the lateral lobes are paired c. blood accumulates in the deep caverns of corpus e. a pair of prostatic ducts drain the secretion cavernosum d. the superficial caverns are compressed against the 526. Clinical features of prostatic structural items: deep fascia a. the muscular tissue prevents ejection of the e. the corpus spongiosum leads the shape and prostatic secretion during ejaculation dimensions changes of the penis b. the anterior lobe is responsible for the benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) 533. The semen consists of the following, EXCEPT: c. the posterior lobe is responsible for most prostate a. secretion of seminal vesicles cancers b. secretion of prostate d. the capsule prevents spread of prostate cancers c. secretion of bulbo-urethral glands e. the prostatic commissure is responsible for d. sperm prostate-related micturition problems e. secretion of urethral mucosa 527. About the blood & nerve supply of the prostate, one is 534. Clinical condition in which only one testicle may be FALSE: found in the scrotum: a. middle rectal a. is one of the arterial suppliers a. anorchia b. inferior vesical a. is one of the arterial suppliers b. monorchia c. venous blood drains into the internal pudendal v. c. bilateral ectopic testicle d. lymph drains towards the inguinal nodes d. bilateral criptorchia e. innervation is ensured by the hypogastric plexi e. eunuchoidism 528. Relations of the seminal vesicle: 535. Which of the following may induce necrosis of the a. the fundus of urinary bladder, posteriorly glans penis? b. the ampulla of rectum, inferiorly a. epispadias c. the ampulla of deferens duct, medially b. hypospadias d. the ureter, laterally c. phimosis e. the base of prostate, superiorly d. paraphimosis e. balanitis 529. About the structure of the seminal gland: a. the adventitia covers the posterior surface only 536. Clinical and surgical approach of prostate, EXCEPT: b. the muscular coat consists of striate fibers a. rectal c. the serous layer covers the gland completely b. urethral d. the mucosa has a fructosis-rich secretion c. perineal e. the submucosa contains vesiculasis-secretory d. suprapubic glands e. lumbar

- 40 - 537. About the crura of , one is FALSE: 544. Features of vaginal vestibule, except: a. located in the superficial perineal space a. b. attached to the ischiopubic rami b. urethral opening c. surrounded by the ischiocavernosus mm. c. d. run forwards and laterally d. vaginal opening e. have pointed posterior ends e. clitoris 538. About the body of clitoris, one is FALSE: 545. Components of , EXCEPT: a. is placed on midline a. mons pubis b. is formed by the fusion of the cruri of clitoris b. majora c. has a short anterior course c. d. the knee of clitoris forms at the insertion of the d. vestibulum of vagina suspensory lig. of clitoris e. clitoris e. ends anteriorly with the glans of clitoris 546. The mons pubis: 539. About the glans of clitoris, one is FALSE: a. is continued anteriorly by the labia of vulva a. is the anterior ending of the body of clitoris b. is bounded inferiorly by the girdle of Venus b. is partially covered by the prepuce of clitoris c. extends laterally until the inguinal folds c. is attached anteriorly to the frenulum of clitoris d. is raised by the pubic fat pad, made of deposit fat d. is prominent in the fossa between the prepuce and e. the skin presents no hairs below the girdle of Venus frenulum of clitoris 547. About the of vulva, one is FALSE: e. carries lots of sensory corpuscles a. stretch between mons pubis and perineal body 540. About the structure of clitoris: b. bound the sagittal pudendal cleft a. it consists of a corpus cavernosum of clitoris c. attach to each other level with the labial b. the corpus cavernosum is contained by the septum commissures of corpora cavernosa d. are covered by partially haired skin c. the fascia of clitoris divides the corpus cavernosum e. present a dartos coat on the medial surface only in two 548. About the labia minora of vulva, one is FALSE: d. the glans of clitoris does not consist of a. form the prepuce of clitoris anteriorly e. the glans of clitoris is invested by skin b. form the frenulum of clitoris anteriorly c. form the frenulum of labia minora posteriorly 541. About the lateral surface of the vestibular bulb: d. bound the vestibulum of vagina a. is convex e. are covered by partially haired skin b. is covered by bulbospongiosus m. 549. Boundaries of the vestibule of vagina, EXCEPT: c. has lateral relations with the d. has lateral relations with ischiocavernosus m. a. labia minora, laterally e. all the above b. frenulum of clitoris, anteriorly c. frenulum of labia minora, posterior 542. About the medial surface of the vestibular bulb: d. hymen, superiorly a. is concave e. vestibular fossae, antero-laterally b. has relations with urethra 550. Relations of the external urethral meatus in females: c. is located lateral to the vestibule of vagina d. has medial relations with the gland of Bartholin a. frenulum of clitoris, posteriorly e. all the above b. vaginal orifice, anteriorly c. urethral carina, posteriorly 543. Relations of the vestibular bulb, EXCEPT: d. openings for glands of Skene, anteriorly a. the body of clitoris, anteriorly e. all the above b. the perineal membrane, superiorly c. the labium minus, inferiorly d. the labium majus, laterally e. the vestibule of vagina, medially

- 41 - 551. The vaginal introitus: 557. External configuration of vagina: a. is the boundary between internal and external a. is flattened transversely most of its length female genitalia b. is flattened sagittally at its superior end b. looks like a closed sagittal fissure in nulliparous c. is round at its inferior end women d. narrows form up downwards c. looks like an opened ovoid in multiparous women e. is oblique from down upwards and from back d. all the above forwards e. none of the above 558. About the external configuration of vagina: 552. The hymen: a. forms the version angle with the uterine cervix a. is a skin fold b. the posterior wall is shorter in uterine retroversion b. is placed between the vestibule of the vagina and c. follows the axis of the the fossa of vestibule d. has a longer pelvic part and a shorter perineal part c. it usually presents at least one orifice e. all the above d. forms by fusion of hymenal caruncles 559. The following support the vagina, EXCEPT: e. its integrity is an undoubtable proof of female virginity a. the perineal body b. the levator vaginae muscle 553. The greater vestibular glands of Bartholin: c. the levator ani muscle a. are numerous hollows of the mucosa of labia d. the urogenital diaphragm minora e. the uterus b. located close to the urethral meatus 560. Relations of the pelvic part of vagina, EXCEPT: c. located in the superficial perineal space d. their ducts open in the anterior 1/3 of the lateral wall a. urethra, anteriorly of the vaginal vestibule b. recess of Douglas, posteriorly e. are more numerous than the lesser vestibular c. septum of Denonvilliers, posteriorly glands d. ampula of rectum, posteriorly e. perineal body, posteriorly 554. A structure which is homologous to the male scrotum: 561. Relations of the pelvic part of vagina: a. labia minora b. labia majora a. urethra, anteriorly c. hymen b. , posteriorly d. glans c. perineal body, posteriorly e. shaft of corpus cavernosum d. paracolpium, surrounds vagina e. levator ani mm., anteriorly 555. A structure which takes the form of a hood anterosuperior to the clitoris: 562. Relations of the , EXCEPT: a. frenulum of the clitoris a. ureters, anteriorly b. labia majora b. rectal ampulla, posteriorly c. labia minora c. uterine aa., supero-laterally d. prepuce d. , around the fornix e. hymen e. recess of Douglas, poateriorly 556. Functions of vagina 563. Relations of the perineal part of vagina, EXCEPT: a. copulatory organ a. urethra, anteriorly b. drainage of menstrual blood b. perineal body, posteriorly c. part of birth canal c. anal canal, posteriorly d. all the above d. vulva, inferiorly e. none of the above e. vaginal fornix, superiorly

- 42 - 564. The : 570. External configuration of uterine cervix features, a. are multiple irregular grooves on the vaginal EXCEPT: mucosa a. is the inferior part of uterus b. run almost longitudinally along the vaginal walls b. the vaginal insertion line ascends anteriorly c. are folds of vaginal mucosa c. the supravaginal part is cylindrical d. have the role to completely close the vagina d. the vaginal part is tronconical e. run along the mid lines of the vaginal walls e. is equal or smaller than the body of uterus 565. Features of internal configuration of vagina: 571. The external ostium of uterus: a. each vaginal wall has two vaginal columns a. is located on the superior aspect of cervix uteri b. vaginal rugae are present on the vaginal fornix only b. has irregular margins in nulliparous women c. the vaginal triangle of Pawlick is located on the c. is small and round in nulliparous women posterior vaginal wall d. has two lips, left and right, in multiparous women d. the anterior vaginal column ends inferiorly by the e. has two commissures, anterior and posterior, in urethral carina multiparous women e. the urethral carina of vagina is anterior to the 572. Position of the uterus is defined by: urethral meatus a. uterine flexion, the angle between the axes of cervix 566. Coats in the structure of vagina, EXCEPT: and vagina a. adventitia b. uterine version, the angle between the axes of body b. peritoneum and cervix of uterus c. muscular coat c. uterine elevation, the vertical position of the uterus in d. spongy layer the pelvic cavity e. mucous membrane d. all the above e. none of the above 567. About the vaginal mucosa, one is FALSE: a. is very elastic and strong 573. Suspension means of the uterus: b. is highly adherent to the muscular coat a. peritoneum c. has a squamous epithelium with lots of vaginal b. broad ligaments of uterus glands c. round ligaments of uterus d. is highly sensitive to sex hormones d. all the above e. its epithelial cells contain large amounts of e. none of the above glycogen 574. Boundaries of the broad ligament of uterus, EXCEPT: 568. The extension of the vaginal lumen around the a. salpinx intravaginal part of the uterine cervix is the: b. parametrium a. c. border of uterus b. uterine lumen d. lateral pelvic wall c. fornix e. ovarian fossa d. rectouterine pouch 575. Parts of broad ligament of uterus that do NOT insert uterovesical pouch e. on the lateral pelvic wall: 569. External configuration of the body of uterus features, a. EXCEPT: b. a. is barrel-shaped c. parametrium b. has two surfaces, anterior and posterior d. all the above c. has two borders, left and right e. none of the above d. the fundus lies superiorly 576. The mesosalpinx: e. has two horns, left and right a. is the lateral part of the broad ligament b. is thick and rough c. has almost no mobility d. stretches between the horn of uterus and lateral pelvic wall e. gives passage to the vessels and nerves of salpinx

- 43 - 577. The mesometrium: 584. Support means of the uterus, EXCEPT: a. is the upper part of the broad ligament of uterus a. pubo-cervical ligg. b. is extremely mobile b. utero-sacral ligg. c. gives passage to the vessels and nerves of the c. transverse cervical ligg. uterus, laterally d. perineum d. stretches between the body of uterus and the lateral e. peritoneum pelvic wall 585. Ligaments of endopelvic fascia that support the contains fibrous connective tissue e. uterus: 578. About the , one is FALSE: a. cardinal ligaments of Mackenrodt a. is part of the broad ligament of uterus b. round ligaments of uterus b. is a transverse peritoneal fold c. broad ligaments of uterus c. is located on the boundary between mesosalpinx d. infundibulopelvic ligaments and mesometrium e. sacrotuberal ligaments d. attaches anteriorly to the ovary 586. About the perineal support of uterus: e. gives passage to the vessels and nerves of the ovary a. the perineum indirectly supports the uterus 579. Parts of the broad ligament of uterus, EXCEPT: b. the key of perineal support is the perineal body a. mesosalpinx c. vagina is the most important support intermediary b. mesometrium d. urinary bladder is one of the secondary support c. mesovarium intermediaries d. parametrium e. all the above e. paracolpos 587. Relations of the body of uterus: 580. About the parametrium, one is FALSE: a. anterior surface with peritoneal recess of Douglass a. is the base of the broad ligament of uterus b. borders with ileal loops b. is very thick c. posterior surface with broad ligament of uterus c. contains some striate muscular fibers d. fundus with sigmoid colon d. stretches between the isthmus of uterus and the e. anterior surface with the , lateral pelvic wall sometime e. gives passage to the ureter 588. Relations of the uterine cervix, EXCEPT: 581. The round ligament of uterus: a. anterior supravaginal part with urinary bladder a. takes origin on the horn of uterus, behind the salpinx b. posterior supravaginal part with rectal ampulla b. inserts on pubic bones and symphysis c. lateral supravaginal part with ureter c. runs initially along the lateral margin of the broad d. vaginal part surrounded by the vaginal fornix ligament of uterus e. anterior supravaginal part with the recess of d. runs initially between the layers of the broad Douglas ligament of uterus 589. About the internal configuration of uterus, one is has a curved course concave inferiorly e. FALSE: 582. Relations of the round ligament of uterus, EXCEPT: a. the is triangular a. contained between the layers of the broad ligament b. the uterine cavity corresponds to the body of uterus of uterus c. uterine cavity walls present plicae palmatae b. crosses the inferior epigastric vessels d. the cervical canal runs along the axis of uterine c. crosses the external iliac vessels cervix d. runs the entire length of the inguinal canal e. the uterine cavity is continued by the cervical canal e. crosses the margin of the pelvic outlet level with the anatomical internal ostium of uterus 583. Functions of the round ligament of uterus: a. suspends the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall b. leads uterine lymph vessels towards the inguinal nodes c. acts as a "pregnancy muscle" d. all the above e. none of the above

- 44 - 590. Features of the internal configuration of uterus, 596. The endometrial cycle: EXCEPT a. consists of all the changes of the a. the inferior angle of the uterine cavity is level with the during menstruation b. is induced by low levels of female sexual hormones b. the superior angles of the uterine cavity are level c. has no relation with the ovarian cycle with the horns of uterus d. occurs for the first time usually at puberty c. the uterine cavity is always virtual (potential) e. is also named menstrual cycle d. the cervical canal presents two walls 597. About the endocervical mucosa, one is FALSE: e. the anatomical and histological internal orifices of uterus are located at slightly different levels a. presents the palmate folds b. contains densely branched cervical glands 591. The : c. cervical glands do not secrete mucus a. consists of parietal peritoneum d. is moderately hormone-dependent b. wraps almost completely the body of uterus e. may host the eggs of Naboth c. lines the anterior surface of the uterine cervix only 598. The exocervical mucosa: d. forms vesico-uterine recess, continued by the fascia of Denonvilliers a. is surrounded by the transitional zone e. continues laterally with the round ligaments of b. presents radiary folds in multiparous women uterus c. its epithelium normally contains lots of glycogen d. has a columnar epithelium 592. The : e. all the above a. consists mainly of stroma 599. About the squamo-columnar junction (SCJ), one is has a circular superficial layer b. FALSE: c. has a longitudinal middle layer d. has a spiral internal layer a. marks the boundary between the endocervical and e. the cervical myometrium is richer in muscular fibers exocervical mucosa than the one of the body of uterus b. is located level with the external uterine ostium c. is also named transitional zone 593. Functional anatomy of myometrium: d. is also named transformation zone a. the longitudinal fibers open the cervix and eject e. it may not be viewed with the naked eye uterine contents during birth 600. Parts of the uterus, EXCEPT: b. the plexiform fibers ensure hemostasis of mucosa c. the circular fibers ensure uterine contention during a. uterine fundus pregnancy b. uterine tubes d. all the above c. uterine isthmus e. none of the above d. uterine cervix e. 594. The endometrium of uterine cavity: 601. Uterine layer responsible for menstruation: a. is rough and greyish b. is not hormonal dependent a. parametrium c. contains no uterine glands b. perimetrium d. contains no mucus secreting glands c. endometrium e. presents three layers d. myometrium e. all the above 595. About the basal layer of endometrium, one is FALSE: 602. The part of the uterine wall which is not shed during never sheds a. menstruation is the: b. adheres to the myometrium c. generates the superficial layer a. endometrium d. contains the bottoms of the uterine glands b. myometrium e. is hormonally independent c. mesometrium d. cervical mucosa e. rugae

- 45 - 603. The second most important blood supplier to the 611. Antero-posterior placement of the structures uterus is which artery? approaching the uterine horn: a. inferior vesical a. round lig. - salpinx - lig. of ovary b. internal pudendal b. round lig. - lig. of ovary - salpinx c. middle rectal c. lig. of ovary - salpinx - round lig. d. ovarian d. salpinx - round lig. - lig. of ovary e. superior vesical e. salpinx - lig. of ovary - round lig. 604. The ureter is found in the base of the: 612. About the intramural part of salpinx, one is FALSE: a. mesometrium a. the non-peritonealized part of salpinx b. mesovarium b. the most medial part of salpinx c. mesosalpinx c. the narrowest part of salpinx d. round ligament of the uterus d. the shortest part of salpinx e. suspensory ligament of the ovary e. the thinnest part of salpinx 605. The uterine vessels cross superiorly: 613. The mesosalpinx: a. the ureter a. covers the salpinx its entire length b. the round ligament of the uterus b. continues upwards with the broad lig. c. the ovarian artery c. continues forwards with the mesovarium d. the lumbosacral trunk d. is part of the mesentery e. the inferior hypogastric plexus e. gives passage to the vessels and nerves of salpinx 606. Functions of salpinx: 614. The muscular coat of salpinx: a. oocyte captation is performed by the infundibulum a. consists of striate muscular fibers b. fertilization occurs in its lateral third b. consists of a single muscular layer c. tubal migration of the zygote takes 3-4 days c. the peristaltic-like movements help sperm d. all the above progression e. none of the above d. the anti-peristaltic-like movements help oocyte captation 607. The segments of the salpinx, in order: e. the peristaltic-like movements help tubal migration a. infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - intramural b. infundibulum - isthmus - ampulla - intramural 615. About the mucosa of the salpinx, one is FALSE: c. isthmus - infundibulum - ampulla - intramural a. lines the inner surface of the salpinx its entire length d. ampulla - intramural - infundibulum - isthmus b. is hormone-dependent e. ampulla - isthmus - intramural - infundibulum c. its ciliate cells help tubal migration d. its secretion ensures nutrition of the blastocyst 608. About the infundibulum of salpinx, one is FALSE: e. its ciliate cells remove the and a. is the most lateral part of the salpinx corona radiata around the oocyte b. is funnel-shaped c. presents 10-15 ovarian fimbriae 616. Salpingeal functions, EXCEPT: d. ends medially with the abdominal ostium of salpinx a. inhibits zygote development e. covers the ovary up to the line of Farre-Waldeyer b. captures the oocyte c. nourishes the zygote 609. About the ampulla of salpinx, one is FALSE: d. transports the zygote to the uterus a. is the longest part of salpinx e. hosts fecundation b. gets thinner towards medial c. spirals around the ovary 617. The part of the broad ligament attached to the uterine d. is 2/3 of the length of the salpinx tube is the: e. the salpinx wall is the thickest here a. mesometrium b. mesovarium 610. About the isthmus of salpinx, one is FALSE: c. mesosalpinx a. is the most medial part of salpinx d. round ligament b. is tube-shaped e. all of the above c. is considerably narrower than the ampullar part d. has a straight transverse course e. ends at the corresponding uterine horn

- 46 - 618. Under normal conditions, fertilization occurs in which 625. Fastener of the ovary that does NOT insert on an part of the female reproductive tract? ovarian pole: a. infundibulum of the uterine tube a. suspensory ligament of ovary b. ampulla of the uterine tube b. ligament of ovary c. isthmus of the uterine tube c. mesovarium d. uterine lumen d. infundibulopelvic ligament e. cervical canal e. uteroovaric ligament 619. The uterine appendages consist of: 626. Fastening means of the ovary and their insertions: a. ovary & salpinx a. suspensory lig., sigmoid mesocolon on the right b. ovary, salpinx & broad ligament b. infundibulopelvic lig., mesoappendix on the left c. ovary, salpinx, mesovarium, mesosalpinx c. ligament of ovary, horn of uterus d. broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx d. uteroovaric lig., tubal pole of ovary e. mesovarium & mesosalpinx e. mesovarium, anterior layer of broad lig. 620. Non-cyclic function of the : 627. About the peritoneal relations of the ovary, one is a. secretion of estrogens FALSE: b. secretion of progesterone a. the ovary is the only organ that pierces the c. peritoneum d. all of the above b. peritoneum wraps the area close to the mesovaric e. none of the above margin of the ovary c. the ovary enters the peritoneal cavity just a little bit 621. About the external configuration of the ovary: d. the boundary between the intra and extraperitoneal a. two surfaces, anterior and posterior parts of ovary is the Farre-Waldeyer line b. the uterine pole is oriented laterally e. the non-peritonealized part is covered by the c. the mesovaric margin is oriented anteriorly infundibulum of salpinx d. the free margin is oriented medially e. the tubal pole is oriented inferiorly 628. Functional consequences of the peritoneal relations of the ovary and salpinx: 622. Boundaries of ovarian fossa in nulliparous women the chances of oocyte captation greatly increase (Krause), EXCEPT: a. b. the risk of genital infections spread to the a. broad lig. of uterus, anteriorly peritoneum greatly decrease b. internal iliac vessels, posteriorly c. the intraperitoneal pressure is easier maintained c. external iliac vessels, superiorly d. the ovarian ptosis is avoided d. obturator a., inferiorly e. the becomes impossible e. ureter, laterally 629. Ovarian wrappings that cover the organ completely: 623. Important surgical landmark that bounds the ovarian ovarian epithelium fossa in multiparous women (Clausius): a. b. ovarian peritoneum a. crossing of ureter and uterine a., anteriorly c. ovarian tunica albuginea b. crossing of ureter and uterine a., posteriorly d. all the above c. crossing of ureter and external iliac a., posteriorly e. none of the above d. crossing of ureter and external iliac a., superiorly e. crossing of ureter and common iliac a., superiorly 630. Cells of the ovarian stroma: a. stromal cells 624. Peritoneal dependency acting as a fastener of the granulosa cells ovary: b. c. theca cells a. suspensory ligament of ovary d. all the above b. ligament of ovary e. none of the above c. mesovarium d. infundibulopelvic ligament e. uteroovaric ligament

- 47 - 631. About the ovarian follicles: 638. About the cavitary secondary , one is a. are the ovarian surgical units FALSE: b. centered by one or more germ cells a. also named antral follicle c. stromal cells may be present between the germ b. centered by a haploid secondary oocyte cells c. antrum folliculi contains estrogens d. their number continuously decreases with age d. surrounded by and externa e. they multiply after birth through e. bounded by lamina basalis 632. The process of growth, development and maturation 639. Granulosa cells structures in the tertiary ovarian of the ovarian follicles is named: follicle: a. ovarian cycle a. corona radiata b. folliculogenesis b. cumulus oophorus c. oocytogenesis c. periantral cells d. ootidogenesis d. membrane cells e. oogenesis e. all the above 633. The stages of oogenesis are, in chronological order: 640. About the evolutionary forms of ovarian follicles: a. oocytogenesis - ootidogenesis - oogenesis proper a. very few selected follicles end as atretic follicles b. oocytogenesis - oogenesis proper - ootidogenesis b. corpus ruber forms during menstruation c. ootidogenesis - oogenesis proper - oocytogenesis c. graviditatis persists until the end of d. ootidogenesis - oocytogenesis - oogenesis proper pregnancy e. oogenesis proper - oocytogenesis - ootidogenesis d. corpus luteum menstruationis persists about 10 days 634. About oogenesis: e. secretes progesterone a. oocytogenesis features two meiotic divisions b. ootidogenesis features a mitotic division 641. Ovarian structure with normal cystic look: c. oogenesis proper occurs during fetal lifetime a. ovarian albuginea d. is the process of growth, division and maturation of b. ovarian hilum the germ cells c. tertiary follicle (de Graaf) e. starts at puberty d. ovarian medulla e. none of the above 635. About the primordial ovarian follicle, one is FALSE: a. does not secrete any hormones 642. Peritoneal relations of the ovary: b. their number decreases continuously after birth a. ovary is fully subperitoneal c. the central primary oocyte is a haploid cell b. ovary is retroperitoneal d. the first meiotic division starts immediately after birth c. ovary is intraperitoneal like intestines e. contains a single layer of flat granulosa cells d. ovary is partially really intraperitoneal e. ovary is subperitoneal 636. About the primary ovarian follicle: a. secretes estrogens only 643. The uterine and ovarian vessels can be found in b. a single primordial follicle is recruited to develop which ligaments? into a primary follicle a. broad and ovarian c. the central secondary oocyte is a diploid cell b. broad and suspensory d. surrounds the follicle c. round and ovarian e. granulosa consists of multiple layers d. round and suspensory e. suspensory and ovarian 637. About the solid secondary ovarian follicle, one is FALSE: 644. Which of the following is considered a part of the a. secretes estrogens only broad ligament? b. the central secondary oocyte is a haploid cell a. mesovarium c. granulosa cells form the lamina basalis b. d. stromal cells form the secretory c. round ligament of the uterus e. granulosa presents multiple layers d. suspensory ligament of the ovary e.

- 48 - 645. About the blood supply of uterus: 650. The lymph drainage of the female internal genitalia: a. is ensured by the straight arteries from the uterine a. from the ovary, through the suspensory ligament of artery ovary, into the iliac nodes b. the arterioles form a rich plexus in the b. from the salpinx, through the round ligament of c. superficial branches supply the functional uterus, into the lumbar nodes endometrium c. from the cervix of uterus, through the broad ligament d. short branches supply the basal endometrium of uterus, into the inguinal nodes e. long branches supply the myometrium d. all the above e. none of the above 646. The uterine artery: a. has a parietal segment running along the broad 651. The main arterial blood supply of the vagina is: ligament a. vaginal a. from internal iliac a. b. has a transverse segment running laterally through b. superior vaginal branches of uterine a. the parametrium c. middle vaginal branches of middle rectal a. c. has an uterine segment running along the fundus of d. inferior vaginal branches of internal pudendal a. uterus e. all arteries are equally supplying the vagina d. has its origin in the abdominal aorta 652. The vaginal lymph drainage is made: e. ends level with the horn of uterus, bifurcating a. from de superior 1/3, into the internal iliac nodes 647. About the paraovarian arterial arch, one is FALSE: b. from de middle 1/3, into the sacral nodes a. is formed by the ovarian branches of the ovarian and c. from the inferior 1/3, into the superficial inguinal uterine arteries nodes b. runs through the mesovarium d. all the above c. gives the arcuate arteries to the ovary e. none of the above d. gives the helicine arteries to the ovary 653. The somatic innervation of vagina addresses: e. runs through the mesosalpinx a. superior 1/3 of vagina, through the utero-vaginal 648. The venous drainage of the female internal genitalia: plexus a. the uterine veins drain into the internal iliac veins b. middle 1/3 of vagina, through the utero-vaginal b. the right ovarian vein drains into the inferior vena plexus cava c. inferior 1/3 of vagina, through the utero-vaginal c. the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein plexus d. all the above d. superior 2/3 of vagina, through the e. none of the above e. inferior 1/3 of vagina, through the pudendal nerve 649. About the innervation of the female internal genitalia, 654. Arterial blood supply of the female external genitalia, one is FALSE: EXCEPT: a. the ovarian plexus ensures the sympathetic a. superficial external pudendal a., from femoral a. innervation of ovary and salpinx b. deep external pudendal a., from femoral a. b. the utero-vaginal plexus ensures the c. artery of , from internal pudendal a. parasympathetic innervation of ovary and salpinx d. deep artery of clitoris, from internal pudendal a. c. the ovarian plexus ensures the motor inervation of e. dorsal artery of clitoris, from external pudendal a. uterus 655. Innervation of female external genitalia, EXCEPT: d. the sensory innervation of the body of uterus is sympathetic only a. branches of iliohypogastric n., for the anterior part of e. the sensory innervation of the cervix of uterus is vulva parasympathetic only b. branches of ilioinguinal n., for the anterior part of vulva c. branches of genitofemoral n., for the posterior part of vulva d. branches of pudendal n., for the posterior part of vulva e. branches of pudendal n., for the female erectile structures

- 49 - 656. Lymph from the female external genitalia is drained 662. Pregnancy-induced morphological changes of the first towards: uterus, EXCEPT: a. the a. all dimensions increase b. the femoral lymph nodes b. the shape turns first globous, then ovoid c. the internal iliac lymph nodes c. the consistency turns first soft, then cystic d. the external iliac lymph nodes d. the myometrium becomes progressively thicker e. the obturator lymph nodes e. the endometrium turns into a thick 657. Correct definitions of female genital system 663. Uterine morphology changes during parturition: menstruation-related clinical features, EXCEPT: a. the cervix forms the "lower segment" that shortens a. menstruation = cyclic flow of menstrual fluid through and dilates to become an orifice the cervix, vagina and vulva b. the isthmus elongates and forms the "intermediate b. menstrual fluid = fluid that consists mainly in blood segment" that leads the fetus and shed endometrium c. the body forms the "upper segment" that ensures the c. menarche = the very first menstruation of a female expulsion of the uterine contents d. menopause = normal evolutionary condition in d. all the above which menstruations permanently stop e. none of the above e. nubile woman = any female before menarche 664. Pregnancy-related irreversible morphological 658. Natural succession of ovarian cycle phases: changes of the female genital system, EXCEPT: a. follicular - ovulatory - luteal a. the ovaries descend from the ovarian fossa of b. menstrual - proliferative - secretory - premenstrual Claudius into the fossa of Krause c. menstrual - follicular - ovulatory - luteal b. the uterus never returns to its initial size d. premenstrual - menstrual - ovulatory - luteal c. the external ostium of uterus becomes linear e. follicular - ovulatory - premenstrual - menstrual d. vaginal diameter increases and the vaginal rugae become smaller 659. Natural succession of endometrial cycle phases: e. the hymeneal caruncles are removed a. follicular - ovulatory - luteal b. menstrual - proliferative - secretory - premenstrual 665. Feature of the pelvic inlet: c. menstrual - follicular - ovulatory - luteal a. ischiadic tuberosities d. premenstrual - menstrual - ovulatory - luteal b. iliac wing e. follicular - ovulatory - premenstrual - menstrual c. ischiadic spines d. promontorium 660. Correct definitions of female genital system tip of pregnancy-related clinical features, EXCEPT: e. a. gestation = state in which one or more offspring 666. The lowermost part of peritoneal cavity: develop a. prevesical space b. fertilization = process of fusion of the haploid b. vesicouterine recess (in female) gametes c. rectovesical recess (in male) c. parturition = process of delivery of uterine contents d. parauterine space (in female) of a woman pregnant for more than 28 weeks e. none of the above d. nulliparous = woman that has never given birth to a 667. The male pelvis compared to the female one has a: fetus older than 24 weeks e. multiparous = woman that has given birth to a fetus a. larger pelvic inlet older than 24 weeks more than once b. smaller subpubic angle c. straighter sacral curvature 661. The fundus of a pregnant uterus ascends level with: d. larger pelvic outlet a. the superior margin of pubic symphysis, at a e. rounder pelvic inlet gestational age of 10 weeks 668. The most inferior extent of the peritoneal cavity in the half the distance between pubic symphysis and b. female is the: umbilicus, at a gestational age of 18 weeks c. the umbilicus, at a gestational age of 20 weeks a. d. half the distance between umbilicus and xiphoid b. process, at a gestational age of 30 weeks c. rectouterine pouch e. the tip of xiphoid process, at a gestational age of 40 d. rectovesical pouch weeks e. vesicouterine pouch

- 50 - 669. Which structure is found only in males? 677. About the perineal body, one is FALSE: a. anterior recess of ischioanal fossa a. acts as the vault wrench of perineum b. genital hiatus b. located anterior to the anus c. c. located posterior to the bulb of penis d. rectovesical pouch d. located posterior to the commissure of vulva e. sphincter urethrae muscle e. extends deep until the deep transverse perineal m. 670. Which structure is NOT found within the true pelvis? 678. Which perineal trauma creates the most important a. femoral nerve forces imbalance: b. hypogastric nerve a. rupture of the transverse perineal mm. c. internal pudendal artery b. rupture of levator ani m. d. obturator artery c. rupture of perineal sphincters e. pelvic splanchnic nerves d. rupture of perineal body e. rupture of anococcyeal body 671. Patient position required for clinical approach of perineum: 679. The anococcygeal ligament gives insertion to: a. anatomical position a. coccygeal m. b. supine position b. levator ani m. c. Trendelenburg position c. d. lythotomy position d. all the above e. prone position e. none of the above 672. Boundaries of the perineum, EXCEPT: 680. The levator ani m. takes origin on: a. inferior end of pubic symphysis a. inferior branch of pubis b. tip of sacrum b. tendinous arch of levator ani c. medial surface of c. ischial spine d. ischiopubic ramus d. all the above e. e. none of the above 673. The perineal raphe: 681. About the course of the levator ani m.: a. is a transverse fold of the skin of perineum a. it covers alone completely the b. is a midsagittal groove of the skin of perineum b. it extends anteriorly below the urogenital diaphragm c. is a midsagittal ridge of the skin of perineum c. it forms a complete funnel d. is much shorter in males than in females d. its is closed by the urogenital e. continues anteriorly the raphe of scrotum, in males diaphragm e. bounds the urogenital hiatus, located posterior to 674. The muscle of the anal triangle is: the perineal body a. levator ani m. b. 682. About the pelvic diaphragm, one is FALSE: c. deep transverse perineal m. a. is a fibro-muscular structure d. external urethral sphincter b. bounds the pelvic cavity inferiorly e. superficial transverse perineal m. c. it includes the levatores ani mm. d. it includes the ischiococcygei mm. 675. Muscles of pelvic diaphragm: e. it includes a single-layered fascia a. coccygeus m. b. external anal sphincter 683. The term "" refers to: c. deep transverse perineal m. a. the pelvic diaphragm d. external urethral sphincter b. the urogenital diaphragm e. superficial transverse perineal m. c. the perineal membrane d. the perineum 676. Single-layered fascia of perineum: e. the endopelvic fascia a. perineal fascia b. fascia of urogenital diaphragm c. fascia of pelvic diaphragm d. fascia of deep transverse perineal m. e. fascia of levator ani m.

- 51 - 684. Primary divisions of the levator ani m.: 691. Part of levator ani m. that may be missing, being a. pubococcygeus m. replaced by a fibrous membrane: b. puboperinealis m. a. pubococcygeus m. c. puboprostatic m. / pubovaginalis m. b. puborectalis m. d. puboanalis m. c. iliococcygeus m. e. ischiococcygeus m. d. all the above e. none of the above 685. Subdivisions of the pubococcygeus m., EXCEPT: a. puboperinealis m. 692. About the innervation of levator ani m.: b. puboprostaticus m. a. has origin in the lumbar spinal cord c. pubovaginalis m. b. the levator ani nerve innervates the anterior part of d. puboanalis m. the muscle e. puborectalis m. c. the levator ani nerve approaches the muscle through its pelvic surface 686. The biggest and most powerful division of levator ani the pudendal nerve innervates the posterior part of m.: d. the muscle a. pubococcygeus m. e. the pudendal nerve approaches the muscle through b. puborectalis m. its pelvic surface c. iliococcygeus m. d. ischiococcygeus m. 693. Relations of the coccygeus m., EXCEPT: e. puboanalis m. a. levator ani m. b. piriformis m. 687. Muscle responsible for the ampullo-anal rectal inferior gluteal bundle angulation: c. d. external pudendal a. a. puborectalis m. e. sciatic n. b. puboanalis m. c. external anal sphincter 694. Actions of coccygeus m.: d. internal anal sphincter a. ensures rectal contention e. puboperinealis m. b. tenses the pelvic floor c. pulls rectum up and forwards 688. Part of the levator ani m. that inserts on the tendinous produces counternutation center: d. e. pulls the perineal body backwards a. puboperinealis m. b. puboprostaticus m. 695. About the external anal sphincter, one is FALSE: c. pubovaginalis m. a. has origin on the perineal body d. puboanalis m. b. has insertion on the e. puborectalis m. c. is a derivative of the puborectal m. d. is continuous with the puboanal m. 689. Part of the levator ani m. that ensures fecal is innervated by the sacral spinal cord contention: e. a. internal anal sphincter 696. The external anal sphincter: b. external anal sphincter a. has a skin-adherent subcutaneous part c. puborectalis m. b. has a superficial part made of circular fibers d. all the above c. has a deep part surrounding the rectal ampulla e. none of the above d. ensures the passive anal continence by stopping evacuation of feces by defecation reflex 690. About the iliococcygeus m., one is FALSE: e. ensures the active anal continence by keeping the a. has origin on the anterior part of tendinous arch of anal orifice closed between defecations levator ani b. has origin on the ischial spine 697. About the urogenital diaphragm, one is FALSE: c. inserts on the anococcygeal body a. is a fibro-muscular structure d. inserts on the coccyx b. closes the urogenital hiatus from above e. tenses the pelvic diaphragm c. includes the external urethral sphincter d. includes the deep transverse perineal m. e. includes the perineal membrane

- 52 - 698. About the deep transverse perineal m., one is FALSE: 703. Parts of the female external urethral sphincter, from up a. is a paired triangular flat muscle downwards: b. has origin on the ischiopubic ramus a. urethral sphincter proper - urethral compressor m. - c. its most posterior fibers insert on the perineal body urethrovaginal sphincter d. is continuous with the external urethral sphincter b. urethrovaginal sphincter - urethral compressor m. - e. stabilizes and pulls backwards the perineal body urethral sphincter proper c. urethral sphincter proper - urethrovaginal sphincter - 699. Relations of the deep transverse perineal m., EXCEPT: urethral compressor m. a. external urethral sphincter, posteriorly d. urethrovaginal sphincter - urethral sphincter proper - b. bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper, embedded urethral compressor m. c. vagina, medially e. urethral compressor m. - urethrovaginal sphincter - d. veins from erectile structures, pierce through urethral sphincter proper e. prostate, superiorly 704. Structural particularities of the female external 700. Actions of deep transverse perineal m., EXCEPT: urethral sphincter, EXCEPT: a. contributes to erection by pressing against the veins a. the external urethral sphincter proper has both from the erectile structures origin and insertion on the ischiopubic rami b. contributes to orgasmic contractions b. the urethral compressor muscle passes only c. squeezes the bulbo-urethral glands and empties anterior to the middle urethra them c. the urethrovaginal sphincter passes only anterior to d. contributes to ejaculation by pressing against the the distal urethra membranous urethra d. the urethrovaginal sphincter has both origin and e. enforces the posterior triangle of perineum insertion on the vagina 701. The external urethral sphincter: e. the external urethral sphincter proper passes only anterior to the proximal urethra a. is continuous anteriorly with the deep transverse perineal m. 705. External urethral sphincter functions: b. is a derivative of the superficial transverse perineal a. ensures the passive urinary continence between m. micturitions c. has both its origin and insertion on the ischiopubic b. ensures the active urinary continence against the rami micturition reflex d. has only transverse fibers c. has sexual functions in males only e. it is much larger in females than in males d. contributes to the orgasmic contractions 702. The male external urethral sphincter: e. all the above a. its retroprostatic fibers extend up to the urinary 706. The ischiocavernosus muscle: bladder a. has origin on the ischiopubic ramus b. its retroprostatic fibers are shorter than the b. has insertion on the root of corpus cavernosum preprostatic ones c. surrounds the root of corpus cavernosum c. its membranous part is located level with the d. enforces erection urogenital diaphragm e. all the above d. its prostatic part fibers are continuous with those of the deep transverse perineal m. 707. The : e. its preprostatic fibers cover the prostate just a few a. has origin on the perineal fascia milimeters above the urogenital diaphragm b. its posterior fibers insert on the suspensory ligament of penis/clitoris c. its middle fibers cross over the dorsal surface of corpus cavernosum d. its anterior fibers insert on the perineal membrane e. all the above

- 53 - 708. Actions of the bulbospongiosus m., EXCEPT: 715. The medial border of the superior fascia of pelvic a. contributes to the orgasmic contractions diaphragm landmarks, EXCEPT: b. lubricates the introitus in females, by pressing a. pubic symphysis against the greater vestibular gland b. lateral aspect of prostate/vagina c. contributes to ejaculation in males c. perineal body d. empties urethra at the end of micturition d. anococcygeal body e. prevents penetration in women e. margins of coccyx 709. Inconstant muscle of the anterior triangle of 716. The tendinous arch of pelvic fascia: perineum: a. follows the line of origin of the levator ani m. a. ischiocavernosus m. b. marks the boundary between parietal and visceral b. bulbospongiosus m. fascia of pelvis c. deep transverse perineal m. c. is the line along which the vessels and nerves leave d. superficial transverse perineal m. the pelvic vasculo-nervous space e. external urethral sphincter d. is the boundary between the subperitoneal space and the pelvic vasculo-nervous space 710. About the superficial perineal fascia, one is FALSE: e. runs between the opening of the obturator canal a. is triangular in shape and the ischial spine b. stretches between the ischiopubic rami c. fuses with the middle fascial layer posteriorly 717. About the subcutaneous fat of the anal region, one is d. is pierced by the urethra in both sexes FALSE: e. is pierced by the vaginal vestibule in females a. becomes thicker closer to the anal orifice b. makes room to the external anal sphincter 711. The fascia of urogenital diaphragm: immediately around the anal orifice a. its superior layer is the perineal membrane c. continues anteriorly with the subcutaneous fat of the b. its inferior layer is thin and weak urogenital region c. the transverse perineal ligament bounds it d. continues deeply with the fat body of the ischio-anal posteriorly fossa d. its anterior boundary stretches between the ischial e. continues posteriorly with the subcutaneous fat of tuberosities the cluneal region e. it extends laterally until the ischiopubic rami 718. About the ischio-anal fossa, one is FALSE: 712. The perineal membrane is NOT pierced by: a. is bounded superficially by the subcutaneous fat a. the urethra, in males b. is bounded superiorly by the pelvic diaphragm b. the vagina, in females c. is abounded laterally by the obturator fascia above c. the ducts of bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper, in the tendinous arch of levator ani males d. Alcock's pudendal canal runs sagittally along its d. the ducts of greater vestibular glands of Bartholin, in lateral wall females e. is filled by the fat body of the ischio-anal fossa e. the veins draining the erectile structures, in both sexes 719. Male superficial perineal pouch boundaries, EXCEPT: a. perineal fascia, superficially 713. Components of the endopelvic fascia, EXCEPT: b. perineal membrane, deeply a. fascia of pelvic floor c. ischiopubic rami, lateral b. obturator fascia d. pubic bones and symphysis, anteriorly c. piriformis fascia e. fusion of perineal fascia and perineal membrane, d. presacral fascia posteriorly e. anal fascia 720. Male superficial perineal pouch contents, EXCEPT: 714. The lateral border of the superior fascia of pelvic crura of the root of penis diaphragm passes: a. b. bulb of penis a. along the inferior pubic branch c. ischiocavernosus mm. b. above the opening of the obturator canal d. membranous urethra c. along the posterior half of pelvic brim e. superficial transverse perineal mm. d. across the greater sciatic notch e. tip of coccyx

- 54 - 721. Male deep perineal pouch boundaries: 728. Female deep perineal pouch contents (according to a. perineal membrane, deeply TA'98), EXCEPT: b. the anterior extension of the ischio-anal fossa, a. external urethral sphincter medially b. deep transverse perineal mm. c. transverse perineal ligament, posteriorly c. vagina d. anal fascia, anteriorly d. urethra e. ischiopubic rami, laterally e. vessels and nerves supplying the vulva 722. Male deep perineal pouch contents, EXCEPT: 729. About the arterial blood supply of the spleen, one is a. deep transverse perineal mm. FALSE: b. external urethral sphincter, membranous part a. there are 2 primary arterial splenic branches c. membranous urethra b. there are 6-8 secondary arterial splenic branches d. bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper c. the primary arterial branches enter the spleen e. deep dorsal vein of penis d. penicilli run through the splenic pulp e. splenic sinuses lie inside the splenic pulp 723. Ischio-anal fossa anterior recess boundaries: a. deep perineal pouch, inferiorly 730. About the fibrous capsule of the spleen, one is b. obturator fascia below the tendinous arch of levator FALSE: ani, laterally a. is made of connective tissue c. pelvic floor, supero-medially b. includes smooth muscular fibers d. all the above c. bounds the intracapsular splenic space e. none of the above d. sends splenic trabeculae inside the spleen e. continues with the phrenicosplenic ligament 724. Features of the anterior perineum skin in females, EXCEPT: 731. About the margins and extremities of the spleen: a. darker, thin, mobile a. the superior margin runs obliquely level with the 9th b. partially haired left rib c. labia majora b. the inferior margin runs obliquely level with the 11th d. labia minora left rib e. glans clitoris c. the anterior extremity lies on the 725. Subcutaneous fat of the anterior perineum in females: d. the posterior extremity gives attachment to the a. less represented than in males phrenicosplenic ligament b. raises mons pubis below the pubic bones e. all the above c. contains the dartos coat of the labia minora d. forms the labial fat pad in labia majora 732. About the spleen, one is FALSE: e. all the above a. enhances the number of circulating leukocytes b. descends just below the ribs rim 726. Female superficial perineal pouch contents, EXCEPT: c. cleans the blood of old or defective erythrocytes a. crura of clitoris invested by ischiocavernosus mm. d. it is a secondary lymphoid organ b. vestibular bulbs invested by bulbospongiosus mm. e. acts as a rudimentary erythrocytes deposit c. greater vestibular glands of Bartholin d. lesser vestibular glands of Skene 733. About the splenic pulp: e. urethra a. the white pulp lies at the periphery of the splenic compartments 727. Female deep perineal pouch boundaries (according the white pulp consists of splenic lymphoid nodules to TA'98), EXCEPT: b. c. the red pulp surrounds the vessels inside the spleen a. perineal membrane, superficially d. the red pulp contains new, fresh erythrocytes b. ischio-anal fossa anterior recess, deeply e. the white pulp contains phagocitic cells c. the ischiopubic rami, laterally d. the transverse perineal ligament, anteriorly 734. About the venous drainage of the spleen: e. the fascial layers fusion, posteriorly a. there are more than 20 secondaryveins b. there are more than 5 primaryveins c. splenic segments are drained by primaryveins d. splenic zones are drained by secondaryveins e. there are anastomoses between the splenic veins

- 55 - 735. Inconstant relation of the visceral surface of the spleen: a. stomach b. pancreas c. left kidney d. left adrenal gland e. left colic flexure 736. Indirect relations of diaphragmatic surface of the spleen, EXCEPT: a. diaphragm b. base of the left lung c. inferior margin of the left lung d. left costodiaphragmatic pleural recess e. left ribs 9-11 737. Prehilar feature of the visceral surface of the spleen: a. hilum b. gastric impression c. colic impression d. renal impression e. pancreatic impression 738. Splenectomy may be necessary in: a. hypersplenism b. spleen rupture c. spleen infarction d. all the above e. spleen is a vital organ that cannot be removed 739. The rupture of the spleen follows two stages, due to: a. the serous capsule b. the ligaments surrounding the spleen c. the fibrous capsule d. the elasticity of the spleen pulp e. the presence of the spleen sinuses 740. All the following veins drain into the inferior vena cava EXCEPT: a. left testicular vein b. right testicular vein c. renal veins d. hepatic veins e. common iliac veins 741. Regarding the abdominal aorta, all are correct EXCEPT: a. it enters the abdomen opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra b. it bifurcates into 2 common iliac arteries opposite the 5th lumbar vertebra c. it lies on the left side of the inferior vena cava d. the branches that supply the gut arise from its anterior surface e. the thoracic duct passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm

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