TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

AN INDIAN CULTURAL COMPLEX FOR THE MESCALERO APACHE INDIAN RESERVATION Mescalero, New Mexico

ARCH. 422

December 11, 1979

Lynnette Park O'/zt'^.

^

This volume is dedicated to my sister, Tracey TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 2 Mescalero Apaches 18 GOALS 20 OBJECTIVES 21 ACTIVITIES 22 SPACE SUMMARY 29 SITE ANALYSIS 33 DETAILED SPACE REQUIREMENTS 45 SYSTEMS 56 CODES 61 PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS 62 APPENDIX Ref. A 68 Ref, B 70 Ref. C 71 Ref. D 72 Ref. E 73 Ref. F 74 Ref. G 76 Ill

PREFACE

For architecture to mean anything, it must be supported by method derived from solid theory. Design is a personal process, and buildings are capable of having personality. A well-rounded "personality" of a design can only result from a well rounded theory. A conscientious designer must develop philosophies of human nature and relations between man and the earth. From these philosophies, priorities of theory are defined. The image of the architect as problem-solver adds to his responsibility to educate himself in matters beyond engineering and drawing techniques. At the time of this writing, the profession of architecture is going through a transition period. Intellectual, comical, and whimsical approaches to design are being explored. Along with these variables, architectural programming remains a constant; and, indeed, it has been a target of emphasis in the last few years. A generation ago, programming was mainly a space list, often as effectively written by the client as the architect. Today, it is a highly structured, thoroughly documented guide to the most potentially creative and valid design possible. This is my first genuine programming (ad) venture. I make no apologies for the product which follows, for every page represents a learning experience upon which I am certain I will continue to build. INTRODUCTION

The relationship between Indians and non-Indians of this country has long been one of distrust and misunderstanding. This generally stems from a distinct difference in values. VThile others are interested in ownership of material possessions, the Indians have been preoccupied with quality of survival in relation to nature. The Indians have a great reverence for the land, and never believed in ownership of land by men. They believed they should return to the earth an equal value of what they received from it; often this was done through homage to gods representing the various elements of nature. The honor of a man was much more important to the Indians than his wealth. Honor, in fact, was often rewarded with gifts necessary to survival. Whereas the white man's way, for example, often emphasizes wealth and possessions in quantities as if they add to quality. For these reasons, and many others which follow from them, a satisfactory resolution of differences may never be reached. The least we can do, however, is to increase our understanding of one another. This project is an effort in that spirit of understanding, and in hopes of contributing to unending search for a better quality of life for all peoples. BACKGROUND

Why is history a fundamental of education? First of all, it stands as a universally accepted reference for the understanding of existing problems and guidelines for possible solution alternatives by comparative methods. Ideally, a sensitive comprehension of particular historical cycles (in economics, politics, public interests, etc.) will help succeeding cultures avoid repetition of mistakes and capitalize on previous successes. Also, there is a natural curiousity in the evolution of our traditions and values, as well as the existence and form of our own being, kept alive by the variety of previous cultures of man. Lastly, there is an important sense of pride, hope and psychological security attained by reiteration (sometimes with added color) of struggles, victories, prices paid, and the accompanying lifestyles. History comes to us in many ways: myths based on facts, such as the Indian sagas; biased opinions; statistical analyses; and chronological narrative. As more and more facts and artifacts of the past are uncovered, and as technologies in analysis and commimications of these discoveries become more sophisticated, our responsibility to "preserve the past" for the future increases. The history of the American Indian provides all the color and intrigue to capture the interest of the most anyone exposed to it. Considering the Indians' consistent respect for nature evident in their worship of various gods representing natural elements, and their resulting efforts to work as closely with the environment as possible, it is more fitting today in our phase of environmental awareness than ever before that we promote the available knowledge of these people's heritage and in doing so, promote their current causes.

rOOU For the most part, cultivated plants were the main foods for many tribes long before white man's influence. Hunting, wild plants, and fishing varied in importance from area to area as additional food sources. Maize was one of the most important and most prominent crops in the New World. Domestic animals played a very small part in farming. There were various types of stick tools used for planting and spading. The plow was later introduced by the Europeans. In general, men were the principal farmers where farming was the main provisional activity. In areas where farming was of secondary importance, women were the principal farmers. Women also did most of the processing and cooking of the food. The men of the tribe were responsible for any hunting and made most of the weapons used. Young boys were given constant instruction from an older relative and played with toy weapons until they were old enough to hunt small game, and later progressed to larger, more valuable animals. "Each time a boy killed his first of a new species, he had to carry his game back to the camp and stand by while the others of the family or band cooked it and ate it. He was not allowed to eat a single bite. His reward came in the form of direct praise and the social recognition of his en­ hanced status in the community. It was not until after he had demonstrated his ability to obtain a major game , lal that he could even consider eettine married." animal that he could even consider getting There was a universally accepted belief in animal souls among the North American Indians. These souls survived after death, and communicated with other souls, living and dead, as to how they were killed, prepared, eaten, and how inedible parts had been used or disposed. If proper procedure was not adhered to, the souls of those animals who heard of such an unkind hunter would not allow their bodies to be slain by him. There were countless other taboos affecting hunting, varying from area to area, pertaining to such things as illness, sexual activity, and mourning rules. The gathering of wild plants was mainly the work of the females. Young girls were encouraged, much like young boys, to become good providers by the praise and publicity of their early deeds. There was widespread use of narcotics, tobacco, and alcohol in North America before 1492. These were used mainly as medicines, sometimes as relaxants. The "mescal bean," for example, found in western Texas and southern New Mexico has a nicotine-like effect. The eating of this bean in a group ritual was part of a cult involving about a dozen tribes in this area.

Harold E. Driver, Indians of North America Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969, p. 9B": ~ An Apache woman gathers mescal, a plant whose sweet fleshy base, roasted m pits, was a favorite food for Southwestern Indians.

ph from The Indlajis. Timo-Llfe Books, New York 1975 Photograph from the 1979 Program - Santa Fe Opera CLOTHING Indian clothing was primarily of animal hides, furs, feathers, cotton cloth, or a combination of these. The extent and fit of the clothing de­ pended on the climate. For special ceremonies, various types of jewelry and headdressing were worn. Hair was usually left to grow long, but cut around the face and ears. Indians on the Mescalero reservation today wear basic modern clothing. Some of the older women still wear the loose-fitting skirts and tunics popular at the turn of the century. Moccasins have been replaced by cowboy boots. Many still have long hair and wear beadwork and hand-made jewelry. DOMESTIC LIFE With the Mescalero Apaches, as with many Indians, marriage was a matrilocal arrangement. The groom left his family and joined that of his wife's. Many other rules of marriage tended to favor the woman and her family. The man had to provide for his household, but was also expected to discipline his wife when necessary. Divorce and remarriage were easy procedures and very common. If one spouse died, the survivor was expected to remarry into the same family if there was any eligible member.

POWERS There was a very strong belief in the spirit of all living and natural things. These spirits would be kind and favorable to men who respected them. They were the source of power which men called upon in the face of adversity. Sierra Blanca Mountain was sacred to the Mescalero who con- sidered it the source of all substinance and a fortress against attack. Dreams were taken very seriously and, for a fortunate young boy, these "visions" might suggest the securing of a power which would always be with him and could lead to a particular calling for life. ART and CRAFTS Arts and crafts of the Indians include basketry, matting, cloth weaving, beadwork, wood and ivory carving, some metallurgy, clay pottery, stone carving, hide painting, and sand painting. Even buildings and cloth­ ing, when decorated, became works of art. Some designs communicated through symbols. Many designs depicted every day activities and told stories. Kachina dolls were carved from wood to represent different spirits or gods of the tribe. Certain colors are traditionally used to represent the six cardinal directions: yellow-north, turquoise-west, red-south, white-east, many colors-zenith, and black-the nadir. The turquoise color, from copper ore, is the most important.

MUSIC and DANCE One of the most noticeable things about Indian music is the importance of drums. They are mainly used for rhythm. Flutes and rattles may also be used, but not as frequently. Songs are often in a chanting-type voice and the melody is usually singular. Long songs used with dance performances are usually only a number of short songs strung together. Indian music plays an important part in many rituals, and the men are in charge of composing and leading songs. They also design and play the musical instruments. While some music is merely a matter of pleasure, the main value is in its magical or personal power. Dancing, with vocal and instrumental accompaniment, is an important part of religious, agricultural, hunting, and war ceremonies; puberty, curing and funeral rites; along with many other activities. Most require special costumes, headdresses, moccasins, and body paint, along with ac­ cessories such as tomahawks, feathers, bells, and for women, shawls. There are group dances, using 2 or 3 basic steps, moving counterclockwise in a circle or ellipse, spirals or serpentine lines might also be seen. Another dance form involves parallel lines facing one another moving back and forth alternately. There are some solo dances and a few couples dances. For the most part, the men's dancing is generally more colorful and energetic, while women's dances are quieter with smaller steps and arms close to the body. One of the specific ceremonies which incorporates song and dance is the girl's puberty rite, still an important public and tribal event in Mescalero. This complex ritual is held during the first week in July, lasting four days and nights. It is still done today much as it was in 1900 Each girl had an elaborate dress made in a prescribed manner. It was modeled after the dress worn by the White Painted Woman during her stay on earth, with additional symbols representing the local group.

The family of each girl taking part in the ceremony hired an atten­ dant, a singer, and a masked dancer shanan (medicine man). The attendant, a female, was to dress, advise, and care for the girl when she was not in the custody of the singer. The girls made ritual runs in the Sun Greeting Ceremony on the first and last days. This expressed both their own and the entire tribe's eagerness for new and promising life. The whole tribe joined in on some of the rites which involved many songs, more running, and several dances. At one point, the girls' bodies were painted yellow with pollen, which was considered a fertilizing color, and red, which symbolized blood and life. All living and growing things were included in this ceremony to help prepare a girl for marriage and a fruitful life as a woman and mother. Everything was done in a very specific way, from the building of special tipis, to the digging of firepits. An important part of Mescalero belief is of the Mountain Spirits which lived in the sacred mountains. These spirits protected the people. They were represented in this ceremony by five masked dancers (Fig. 1). Their blessing kept away sickness and disease. One of the most important parts of the ceremony took place in the large medicine tipi. Here, all the 2 other women of the tribe came to be blessed by the pubescent girls.

BUILDING All North American tribes had some form of constructed dwelling for at least some part of the year. Examples of different regions include:

2 Thomas Mails, A People Called Apache, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977, pp. 313-324. Arctic. Common to the Eskimos was a domed house built of snow blocks for one or multiple family dwelling. (Fig. 2)

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\^,^, 1. Domed snov^ house (Lskimo) Drncr and Masse.

Another Eskimo dwelling was called a domoid (Fig. 3) made of stone, sod, and whale bones.

Fio 3. Domoid stDnt-cjrlh-whalebonc house (Eskimo). Driver and M.isses

IT J * In this chapter from Indians of North America. Harold E, Driver, Unless otherHise noted. 10

An interesting earth shelter was designed by the Alaskan Eskimos consisting of a pit with a pyramid type wood frame above (Fig. 4) usually for three families.

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Northwest Coast. A log framework was used to create a large house for several families. Most of these had a gabled end facing the ocean with an oval doorway. Similar swellings were built with shed roofs or triple- pitched roofs. (Fig. 5) 11

Sub-Arctic• The prevalent house of this area was a crude conical tipi covered with hides or bark (Fig. 6). In the western part, double lean-tos with gabled ends covered with bark, hides or brush were typical. (Fig. 7)

Plateau. A circular pit with a conical or pyramidal roof above was com­ monly built. The smoke hole at the top was also used as the entrance (Fig. 8)

anean Plateau house (Thompson) Driver and Masses' 12

Plains. The conical tipi of the plains was a rather ingeniously con­ structed dwelling. It was 12-15 feet in diameter and completely portable. The women were in charge of its dismantling and erection. Thin poles were used for the framing and were carefully placed by a specific order. (Fig. 9) A small groove was carved the length of the pole to direct water down the pole to the outside. Tanned hides were sewn together for the exterior cover. An interior lining was used from about 6 feet to the ground v/here it turned to form a cover for the ground. To transport, the poles were bound together with hides bundled on top and dragged along by dogs or horses. (Fig. 10)

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Prairies. An earth mound type of dwelling was found along the Missouri River (Fig. 11). A thatched house with a "Gothic dome" (Fig. 12) was built on the southern prairies. And a domed house covered with hides and bark called a wigwam were used near the western Great Lakes. (Fig 13)

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East• A 60' X 18' "longhouse" prevailed on the east coast from Cape Cod to Savannah. (Fig. 14)

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California. The dominant housing in this area was a domed house framed with bent poles, covered with thatched grass. (Fig. 15) 16

Southwest. In addition to various versions of dwellings already mentioned, adobe pueblos were unique to the southwest. These were clusters of family units with flat roofs, small windovjs, and the door opening in ':he roof. (Fig. 16)

Dwellings on the Mescalero reservation were of two types. One was very similar to the plains type, with the entrance always facing east toward the rising sun. The other shelter was called a wickiup; a frame of bent poles covered with hides and, later canvas. This was sometimes built on to the tipi. A brush covered ramada was also often constructed as a shaded work space with cooling cross breezes. (Fig. 17) 17

Another type of building found in the Southwest was the kiva. Built in the center of a circle of shelters, it was a covered pit used as a meeting place for clan men. There was a small hole on the floor of the kiva through which the spirits could enter this world.

Kiva Interior 18

the MESCALERO APACHES The M-A Tribe is one tribe which prides itself on the continuance of tradition along with controlled integration into society off the reserva­ tion. Native religions are still in practice and a Traditional Coiinseling Program has been established to guarantee preservation of native cultures, traditions, and religions. The native language is widely spoken, in ad­ dition to English and Spanish. The M-A Reservation today is inhabited by the Mescalero. Chiricahua, and Lipan Apaches. The title to the reservation was granted in 1922 after centuries of conflicts and gradual reduction of land area. Presently the reservation includes 460,661 acres with a population of approximately 2200. Many families have built 4-room framed houses. A few live in larger homes, and even fewer still rely on the canvas tipi for shelter. Almost 607o of the tribe is under 19 years of age. An estimated 157c, live off the reservation. Ninety-five percent of those still on the reservation live in or near the city of Mescalero. The Mescalero tribe was formally organized in 1936. They adopted a constitution and were chartered as a federal corporation. There is a 10- member tribal coimcil in charge of tribal activities, five members of which are elected each year by secret ballot for a 2-year term. Originally, the leader of an Indian group was expected to be a peacemaker. Character­ istics desired today are maturity, experience, and common sense. A leader is expected to be familiar with historic tradition and be able to apply it appropriately to the present. 19

In spite of the stable leadership and such prosperous industries as timber and tourism, this tribe, like so many, has some serious problems. Appropriations for damages from land losses are still being sought from the federal government. Medical care on the reservation is lacking. The average life expectancy is 39 years, and infant mortality rate is over 3 times the national average. The unemployment rate is high and average incomes are very low. Alcoholism is a major problem along with other un­ healthy outlets of frustrations stemming from the Indians' awkward position between primitive and civilized ways. Such events as the "coming of age" ceremony (puberty rites) for young Mescalero maidens and the annual Pow Wow dance contests are still an im­ portant part of tribal life. It is this Pow Wow that was the inspiration for my proj ect: a complex on the Mescalero reservation which communicates the North American Indian heritage to all people. Prospective tools: museum, market, dancegrounds, reconstruction of historical scenes and activities A complex, housing a variety of interesting aspects of Indian life, designed in adherence to the Indians' reverence for the earth and Nature, would find an existing patronage from the growing tourist trade of nearly Ruidoso Downs Race Track and tribal owned Sierra Blanca Ski Resort. Ex­ cellent hunting and fishing, inviting climate, and beautiful scenery of the area entices many vacationers. The Inn of the Mountain Gods, also owned by the Indians, is a popular high-class resort. Also, the fact that Mescalero is on one of the two main highways from the South to the West Coast draws people from all over the country. 20

GOALS To respond to public lack of knowledge and appreciation of Indian culture in a positive manner.

To provide a channel of communication whereby certain grievances may be expressed to the general public if the tribe so desires.

To translate the timeless aspects of Indian ideologies into a timeless architectural statement. 21

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Create an additional source of pride for the Mescalero Apache Reservation which has the complete support of the Tribal Council.

2. Achieve maximum integration with existing nature of site and minimum disturbance.

3. Maximize user's experience of the site and the surrounding views

4. Utilize traditional methods or elements of construction when feasible.

5. Achieve maximum efficiency in all aspects.

6. Complex should eventually make an annual profit.

7. Provide, at least in part, an unmistakable sense of d5rnamics and flexibility potential to encourage return visits of patrons. pAt2-Tl^l FN'^ < LlMI7gRS>TAWI7

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ACTIVITIES OUTLINE

I. Receive public i i -'^ Inform them and orient them as to what the facility has to offer .Provide means for personal comfort to allow visitor optimum enjoyment of experiences .Advertise future public events throughout area to encourage participation .Book advance tour reservations and ticket sales

.The full extent of visitor options should be apparent at this point .Personnel involved with receiving should have communications with all major parts of complex .Dimensions of space should be as effective for a party of 4 as for a party of 40 • .Lighting and air temperature control should be approached as a subtle transition between outside and inside spaces • .Average and above average noise levels should be expected from time to time .Minimal maintenance should be required d .Some form of barrier or filter must be provided for security .Sell postcards, posters

•k indicate overlapping considerations 23

II. Formal displays of North American Indian Culture (Past and Present) .Preserve valuable artifacts by proper lighting, moisture, and thermal control • .Keep viewer comfortable .One should be unaware of everything but the result of environ­ mental control .Change displays .Should, for the most part be accomplished without heavy equip­ ment or additional personnel .Minor construction and repair of displays • .Protect all artifacts displayed from theft or damage (insurance) • .Acoustics should be very controlled .Give lectures or presentation. .Live demonstrations given .Dressing or other preparation for demonstration .Keep supplies accessible .Allow spectator interaction (study Historic Williamsburg Printer's shop, candle-making) I 1 .Provide ease of movement and satisfying view from adult, child, and wheelchair perspectives CH .Provide logical sequence and obvious traffic pattern .Keep viewer interest - Avoid distractions .High quality maintenance required to compliment quality of dis­ plays 24

** • Acquisition of articles for display come through personal loan and in cooperation with New Mexico Museum and the State Center of Cultural Affairs, both in Santa Fe. Additional liasons for these and other activities may include the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council, Ruidoso Chamber of Commerce, and the National Commission on the Arts in Washington, D.C.

III. View Displays I I .Clearly understand exhibits .Spend more time at some exhibits and pass over others quickly without disturbing the flow .Stop and rest at various intervals .Ask questions as they arise

IV. Viewing performances and ceremonies .Enjoy natural scenery and climate as much as possible .Have easy access (including handicapped) to informal seating, rest- rooms and refreshment .Have a degree of isolation for non-public tribal use .Provide acoustic comfort some sort of speaker system for performers and announcers • .Achieve security to collect admission fees and avoid disturbances, and for any night time use (should probably be a linked, but separate element) 25

V. Performing .Perform concerts, plays, tribal ceremonies, town meetings .Dress and Make-up .Use restrooms .Have refreshment .View events while not performing .Perform (dance, song, drums, etc.) from 1 to 200 individuals at a time .Judging of events .Announcing of events .Store props and maintenance equipment .Spend night on site

VI. Peddling of Indian-made crafts .Spread goods out for public display, keeping as safe as possible .Go where the "action" is • .Have overnight storage security provisions (study Santa Fe and Alburquerque plazas) .Enjoy "European market" atmosphere .Provide shelter from sun when outside • .Have legal contract with administration: issuance of permits location designation quality control/consumer protection provide own maintenance 26

VII. Administration I I .Advertise - Design promotional material .Book and coordinate performance schedule .Take care of contracts .Communicate with tribe, Ruidoso, Santa Fe, etc. .Negotiate new display materials and design the exhibits for them .Personnel Coordination .Oversee peddlers and security staff, maintenance, security, and emergency systems .Accounting (should be centralized, accessible, quiet, and comfortable with professional office level maintenance)

VIII. Refreshment .Control area of food and drink .Informal, inexpensive food and drink (no alcohol) .Service access and storage .Provide ample trash receptacles .Minimum maintenance 27

MATRIX OF ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Receiving M M D M 2 Displaying M D M 3 View Displays D U 4 Perform M D 5 View Performances D M 6 Market crafts M 7 Administration 8 Refreshment

M - Mandatory D - Desirable U - Undesirable 28

ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

8

1 29

SPACE SUMMARY

Activities 4, 5, 8 Form: 1 Space of Performance, including refreshment, with access to market area. Hereafter referred to as the Theater.

Activity 6 requires: An area, to be called the Market, controlled by the activity of administration, with accessibility to theater and display area.

Activities 2, 3 combine as: Exhibit Space - controlled by receiving, effected by administration, accessible to market; supported by auxiliaries such as: Dressing Rooms Storage Workshop

Activity 1 generates: An area of strong relation to administration and exhibit space, with a possible link to the theater - hereafter to be called Main Lobby.

Activity 7: Strongly relates to all activities on site, but constitutes a central­ ized area with priority space relations to main lobby and exhibit space to be called Administrative Offices. 30

Additional space to be considered includes parking and on-site camping, restrooms and refreshment areas.

Theater 28000 "^ Arena - 150 performers Veiwer Seating for 2200 Dressing Rooms Prop Storage Equipment Storage Restrooms First Aid - 2 nurses Off-stage area for performers Refreshment Areas - 4-6 person operation.

Market 420 * 1-2 persons per unit - 42 * each. Number of units depends on events occurring at complex and availability of crafts. Anywhere from 2 to 20. (900 '^ max.) 31

Exhibit Space 6995 "^ Display units & public circulation 4500 ' 4 - 30' X 30' spaces - for each region of U.S., plus 1 - 30' x 30' general. 2 demonstration areas 600 ' each 1200 V Dressing areas for 5 people Storage for display equipment 300 * Vault storage 65 * Security Station 10 « Storage of raw material and small workshop 360 * Restrooms 410 * Janitor storage 1 ^n tf

Main Lobby 900 * Information Center Reception Desk Seating Box Office Activities Area Coat Room Counter Sales of Postcards & Posters, etc, 2 person staff Storage for Equipment and Supplies (RR) 32

Administration Offices 1130 "^ Advertising Dept. - 2 people Coordinating Dept. - 1 Management - 1 Display Dept. - 2 Accounting - 1 Sec. - 1 Employee Lounge (RR)

Refreshment Area 250 ^

Total Estimated Net 37,775 ^

Parking - (Ref. G) Cars Campers Service Vehicles Horses

Camp Site - (Ref. G) 33 the SITE

The Mescalero Apache Reservation is generally mountainous with the east slope of the mountains draining into the Pecos River and the west slope streams draining into the Tularosa Basin where the waters sink into White Sands. The highest point. Sierra Blanca, is 12,003 feet above sea level. The soil is dry and warm with an average annual tem­ perature above 47 F. Most of the reservation is covered with timber such as pine, fir, spruce, aspen, white oak, pinon, and juniper. There is also a great deal of low shrubsteppe and the "Mescal" cactus plant from which the tribe derived its name. Also living on the reservation are a number of elk, deer, antelope and bear. The city of Mescalero runs six miles along Tularosa Canyon. From the main road, one sees scattered housing of non-descript styles. There is a fairly modern community center and a large supermarket with a few small shops. The dominate feature is St. Joseph's Mission overlooking the city. Ji Ji 34 r

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DETAILED SPACE REQUIREMENTS THEATER

Arena Area 85' to 110' Diameter 9504 sq. ft. .floor weatherproof, durable, easily maintained provide for level changes of various portions, .ceiling - used only to protect vulnerable interiors .lighting system* control area and equipment platform 105 .public address system"' Area for Performers off stage 220 .in shade, with view of performance Dressing Rooms (Ref. A) .40 females Max. 4 lavs, with coxonter and mirrors 450 Restroom: 4 W.C., 4 Lavs, 2 showers 250 .35 Males max 3 Lavs with counter and mirrors 400 Restroom: 1 W.C., 3 urinals, 4 lavs, 2 showers 250 Storage for small props and costumes 240 .Max. shelf height 6'-0". Storage of large props and equipment 800 .15' ceiling height. .10' wide door opening ramped entrance - 7° 8' slope .2 hand dollies .2 platform dollies

Refer to Systems Performance. 46

Theater (Cont'd) Viewer Seating 13800 min. .2200 people (Ref. B) .handicapped access ramps - 6 slope .exploit views, sunset, sunrise, natural climate. .50 fc lighting level during non-performance time Restrooms .women - 12 W.C, 8 lavs 504 .men - 4 W.C., 8 urinals, 8 lavs. 480 First Aid Station 200 .ambulance access (12' wide) .2 beds - 14' x 10' .1 desk - 5' X 5' .small refrigerator - 2' x 2' .double hospital sink - 2' x 3' .drug and paraphanalia storage 2' x 3' Refreshment Areas 412 .griddle .2 sinks w/draining rack .refrigerator .deep fryer .10' of service counter .water, ice, coffee, and soda service 47

Theater (Cont'd) .preparation table .garbage and trash receptacles .dry storage (under counter) .cold storage - 2 freezers .overhead protection - 16' high if not fireproof .open air cross-ventilation .2 fire extinguishers Admittance Control Stations 9 each .ticket window Total Estimated Area 27,633 sq. ft 48

MARKET Market Stall Units 42 each .1-2 sellers per unit/1-4 buyers per unit .seating area behind counter .vertical display boards horizontal displays along counter - 16 linear ft. includes jewelry, leather crafts, baskets, pottery, paintings , etc. .provide natural (visual) security night lighting .cash box and storage behind counter Storage for Stall Units .Max of 20 units stored .10' high opening ramped access - 7 8' slope Small Storage for Crafts .25 - 20" X 20" stacked lockers 49

EXHIBIT SPACE (Ref. E and F) Actual Exhibit Space 45OO .15' ceiling height .approx. 1/5 of area for each of the following: Eastern Indians Plains Indians Southwest Indians West Coast Indians Mescalero Apache, and general Demonstration Areas .2 areas 600 each .for live re-enactments of traditional ways .dressing room for 5 people 125 benches, mirrors, hanging storage, shelf storage, 2 lavs, prop storage Storage for Display Equipment 300 Vault Storage 65 .for nightly storage of certain items .used by administration for papers and moneys of the complex Security Stations .as required 10 each .T.V. Monitor and communications with main lobby 50

Exhibit Space (Cont'd) Storage of Raw Materials 160 .lumber, cloth, plastics, etc. Workshop* 200 .saws and sanding machine, paint booth, tool storage .sewing and hand work room .access to exterior for deliveries .10' wide, 10' high door to exhibit space .may be used for theater also Rest Areas .as required .seating for 12 Lecture Room 850 .seating for 50 .used for lectures, movies, meetings, etc. .small stage or platform .movie screen .level space for projector Restrooms .women 210 5 W.C., 3 lavs .men 210 2 W.C, 3 urinals, 3 lavs Janitor Storage 90 .1 mop sink .hanging storage 51

Exhibit Space (Cont'd) .shelf storage

Total Estimated Area 7940 sq. ft. 52

MAIN LOBBY 9OO sq. ft. .seating for 20-25 .bulletin board - literature rack for advertisements .water fountain Coat Room 120 .30" rack width clearance .hat rack above Admittance Control Desk 75 .2 employees .ticket sales, switchboard, postcard sales .secretarial work (Ref. D) 2 typewriters 2 phones supply storage Access to Restrooms, Refreshment Area, Lecture Room, Administration, Exhibits, and Theater. 53

ADMINISTRATION OFFICES (Ref. D) 1130 sq. ft. Advertising Dept. 165 .2 people .1 desk .1 drafting area w/lay-out table .flat files .2 chairs Coordinating Dept 120 . 1 person .1 desk w/filing .3 chairs Management 135 .1 person .1 desk w/filing .4 chairs Display Dept. .2 people .2 drafting areas w/lay-out tables .1 desk w/filing .2 chairs Accounting Dept •'•20 .1 person .1 desk w/filing .2 chairs 54

Administrative Offices (Cont'd)

Secretary 210 .1 desk w/filing .supply storage .6 chairs Employee Lounge 140 .coat storage .lounge furniture .kitchenette set-up w/small refrigerator (Ref. C) 55

REFRESHMENT AREA (Ref. C) 400

.6 tables indoors, plus outdoor eating area .service access .5-6 vending machines .microwave .silverware/condiment set-ups .trash containers .access to garbage dumpsters 56

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Structural Room partitions and display cases in exhibit space .convertability of groupings and spacing .capable of being arranged by 2-100 lb. females .lightweight, but sturdy and durable .compact storage when not in use .environmental control attachment .theft-proof, non-fogging glass

Mechanical Sprinkler system .aesthetically non-obtrusive .not in exhibit area HVAC system .use natural assets to maximum .must be especially quiet in administrative offices and exhibit space Humidity control for preservation of art and craftwork .best if kept constant .works in sand or earth 50-55% RH .cloth or paper works 45-557o RH 57

Filtering system .protect garments from abrasion by dirt and dust Best environmental control for valuable items is in display cases.

Electrical Special theatrical lighting .Spot lighting .mood lighting .light washes .foot lighting (optional) .must be portable, with all outlets covered and out of site .panel board for light control Exterior lighting .10-15 fc at eye level .vandal-proof, weather proof .aesthetically pleasing Interior lighting .theater 20 fc .lobby 25 fc .exhibit space 10-15 fc .offices 50-100 fc .exhibits 8-10 fc .no daylight directly on exhibits .easy maintenance Karyn J. Harris Costume Display Techniques American Assn. for State and Local History, Nashville 1979, p. 10. 58

Comm\in i c a t i on s Closed circuit T.V. monitor for security .black &c white .lightweight for hanging installation .small in size .inexpensive to operate One-way speaker system .narrate exhibits .durable inexpensive .easily changed recordings Public address system for theater .for outdoor use .speaker system for performers Intercom for reception desk, security stations, and offices .have regular switchboard connections .quiet, attractive

Enclosure Exhibit space may best be handled within a large shell. .In this case, ceiling heights must be such that they do not interfere with the changing arrangements of equipment and positions within .a clear span would be most desirable and the physical enclosure should be capable of conforming to such support 59

.Protective from elements, but appreciative of exterior surroundings .Security from human abuse .Practical lending to penetration by visitor, employees, and services .High in quality and durability

Safety System Alarm system .reliable Fire Extinguishers 1 carbon dioxide system does less harm to exhibit items

Garry Thomson, The Museum Environment, Butterworths, London 19 78 152. 60

Workshop Equipment .radial saw - 2'6" x 2'0" x 5'6" .hand sander .hardware storage .paint area - 6' x 3' table separate from sanding area .need outside ventilation .sewing machine - 3'6" x 3'0" cut-out table - 4'0" x 6' 0", 3'0" ht. .3 work tables - 2'6" x 4'6' each, 3'6" ht. with stools .2 storage cabinets - 6'0" x 2'0" x 8'0" each .shelf storage - 60 lin. ft. 61

CODES

Group k - 1 occ. Fire Zone 2 1-Hr. Fire Walls

.Occupant load of 1000 or less requires 4 exits. .Exits must be unobstructed and open outwards with panic hardware .Distance to an exit from any point in the building should not exceed 150 feet. (200 feet with automatic fire-extinguishing system.) .Dead end corridors cannot exceed 20 feet in length. .Benches used as seating - number based on 18 inches per person. .Aisles with seats on both side should be at least 42" wide end aisles - 36' min. .Rise from one row of seats to another should not exceed 16 inches unless the horizontal back to back measurement is 40 inches or more .Auxiliary rooms to stage shall be separated by a 1-hour fire wall. 62

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

Passive solar heating and cooling systems use natural means such as radiation, conduction, and natural convection to create thermal energy flows. The system is a result of the specific way in which the structure is actually designed. Two main elements of passive solar-heating include south-facing glass for solar collection, and thermal mass for heat absorption, storage and distribution. Elements used in passive solar-cooling include use of natural breezes, shading, and reflective colors and materials. Other factors to consider are building surface-to-volume ratio (a lower ratio indicates less heat-loss area), and the structure's profile in relation to the site. "The sod houses of the pioneers, the adobe pueblos and cliff dwellings of Indian tribes of the Southwest, the eskimos' igloos and the saltboxes of New England are all examples of how people used to build 2 homes that responded to the environment." The challenge of passive solar design is gearing the elements of materials, floor plans, and site 3 position to fit the specific site and weather conditions. The five main types of passive solar systems are as follows.

Edward Mazria, The Passive Solar Energy Book, Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pa. 1979 pp. 28-29. 2 Carol Anderson, "Passive Solar Housing" Builder, Aug. 1, 1979, p. 44. ^Ibid. p. 44. 63

DIRECT GAIN

This is one of the simplest systems. It uses large amounts of south-facing glass; overhangs to let in winter sun and block the hottest summer sun. Massive masonry floors and/or walls are used to collect heat It does require protection against overheating.

-1

II .. T 3 Insulation JII13C_J

Double-glazed south windows

Mm Insulation

4 Ibid. p. 44. 64

THERMAL STORAGE WALL

Heat absorbed through large south-facing windows is stored in a thermal storage wall. This wall should be painted dark to increase absorption capacity, and may consist of water containers or a heavy masonry wall, called a Trombe wall, made of concrete, adobe, or stone. There is a narrow air space between the glass and the wall. Operable vents allow cooler air at low levels to be drawn into the air space for reheating. The air then rises and flows into the room over the top of the wall. Water absorbs twice as much heat as an equal area of masonry, but the masonry retains heat three to five times longer. Heat can be stored in a thermal storage wall from six to twelve hours. Movable insulation may be necessary at night, southern views are blocked, and the system is expensive, but there is a greater control of heating.

Storage mass (Trombe wall) -

South glazing YA Living space

Air space Vent- >/Vx

This system is a combination of the previous two, using a green­ house, atrium, sunroom or sun porch. It is a separate space, so the use of the heat is more controllable. Heat is absorbed through south-facing glass and stored in mass walls, floors, or water, and flow is controlled by vents or windows. If the sunspace is to be used for any purpose other than heat gain, such as a greenhouse, protection may be needed to prevent overheating.

.V- —Insulation -'^ Storage mass

-Radiant heat

-Warm air

Living space

^///7/I/'//W///////W))///7777777m ^/m^'m

'ibid. p. 46 66

THERMOSIPHON

The thermosiphon system places the collector space below the space to be heated. Solar heat again penetrates south-facing glass. The heat rises through operable registers. One disadvantage is the bulky under­ ground ducts. Water can also be used as the transfer material, if freez­ ing could be avoided.

|^fff7rrT7T7ry^lU^^uuuuuC^QJxaxJLLii^L I Living space '/' Livmg space

l-^^ Wa

lated) L storage Ibid. pp. 46-47. 67

SOLAR POND

This system provides for both heating and cooling. The pond is usually located on the roof, but can also be on the ground next to the building. In the summer, the water is cooled by night air and draws heat from the interior space during the day. In the winter, the water absorbs heat and radiates it to the ceiling, which may be a heat storage mass. Insulation is required for night and sunless days to prevent heat loss. This system has good cooling capacity in dry climates and maintains year-round even temperatures. Disadvantages include danger of freezing and need for a strong structural system.

Movable Insulating panel / Roof pond ^ ^ BZSSSZXZTJ^/^Jl„r^r^n^^JUu^ - ^zmw^/////////////////////. 4/ 4' 4 z^'*' 4' I Radiant heat

Living space i 77/;^mmmf^ ^m 8 Ibid. p. 47 APPENDIX 68

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^^f^jrss^^_ "rj:.(oM€>oKJ TWB KcieanK HNVI&^)MMEJS1T Case In front ol panel helps protect the vertical surlace Railing height* provides "mini-rest" opportunity BIBLIOGRAPHY North American Indians A Basic Call to Consciousness, The Haw de ne sau nee Address to the Western World 53 pp. Geneva, Switzerland 19 77. Buttree, Julia M. The Rhythm of the Redman in Song, Dance and Decoration 280 pp. New York 19 30 E/98/D2/B97. Driver, Harold E. Indians of North America 565 pp. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago 1969. Hawkins, Gerlad S. Beyond Stonehenge 319 pp. Harper & Row, New York 19 73 Cere/DA/142/H32. Hungry Wolf, Adolf Teachings of Nature 60 pp. E/98/C9/H9. "Mescalero Apache Reservation - General Information" Apache Tribe Mescalero, New Mexico. Nabokov, Peter ed. Native American Testimony 33/T974/W674/N. Naylor, Maria ed. Authentic Indian Designs 219 pp. Dever Pub., New York 19 75 E/98/A7/Ay/. Sonnichsen, Charles The Mescalero Apaches 341pp. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1973 E/99/A6/S65/1973. The Great Chiefs 233 pp. Time-Life Books, New York 1975.

New Mexico "Community Profile" Ruidoso Chamber of Commerce June 1977. "Skiing New Mexico" New Mexico Magazine (September/October 1973 and October 1979). Museum/Theater Harris, Karyn Jean. Costume Display Techniques Am. Assn. for State and Local History, Nashville, 1977. Neal, Arminta, Exhibits for the Small Museum, Am. Assn. for State and Local History, Nashville, 1976.

Sands, Leo G. Handbook of Commercial Sound Installations, Theodore Audel & Co., Indianapolis, 1965. Thomson, Garry. The Museum Environment. Butteworths, London, 19 78.

Design/Technology Anderson, Carol. "Passive Solar Housing", Builder Aug 1, 1979. Architectural Graphic Standards ed. Joseph N. Boaz. New York, 19 70. Egan, M. David Concepts in Thermal Comfort 191 pp. Prentice-Hall Engle­ wood ClifTs"^ New Jersey 1975. Mazria, Edward, The Passive Solar Energy Book, Rodale Press, Emmanus, Pa. 1979.

Uniform Building Code White, James E. Planning Barrier-Free Arch, for Recreation Masters Thesis, Texas Tech Univ., 1973. Wright, David Natural Solar Architecture 235 pp. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York 19/a. Documentation

The pragnatic emphasis of research fcr the program gave way to a series of eaotional and intellectual exercises during the first phases of design. The main issues of design were the emphasis of Indian concepts and influences over non-Indian, This required the statement of differences in cultural concepts between Indians and (for convsalence) whites. Such things as time, movement, goals, religion, land ownership, space and form were compared and analyzed. Priorities developed from these studies weret - Slow-paced deliberate movement - fimphasis on space over form - Unpretentiousness - A sense of formality and privacy for ceremonial areas. The main problem encountered was building an effective, responsible structure which showed the laflvinece of a culture whose people have not done anything significant with their own achltecture since the tips. Site

The planning of the site was Important in everyway. Althou^ the necessity of the car could no:; be Ignored, It was totally foreign to the more primitive, traditional atmosphere we were striving for. In addition, our lack of concern for efficiency in time between car and facility, and our desired to begin the experiences of the comples before reaching the museum or dance grounds, led us to the decision to hide the parking area in the denser trees to the north (upper slope) and create a Journey down the sit* to the facilities. Hsre is the first encounter with the winding path which will be used to slow the pace and present a variety of views an.i vistas.

Porks in the path are used to incrsase awareness by forcing the visitor to choose a direction. A common point is than reached idiere ths vlsitsr may turn t« either the dance grounds or the museum so that he is aware of both opportunities available to him. Dance Grounds

The formal symbolic plan of the circle was used for the main performance «j«a. Soectators sit In an amphitheater type structure. The area for perforMxa- aad their families la separate in the spirit of the Indian sense of territory. Ths performers' preparation area consisting of a myriad of wickup among the trees behind the dance grounds ic out of the path of the visitor. Privacy for performances is achi«red by scattered trees, draped convas, and the tent structures of the naxket which connects the dance area to the museum. Market

This outdoor narket, in the spirit of the Santa Fe Plaza is an extension of the comaunity space inside the museum. It is covered by modem tensile stru tiu-is in red and yellow representing the blood of life and fertility, respectively. I

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