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,/ (L vo' .*^^t: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 110 OSTEOLOGY OF THE CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURIA IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GENERA ANTRODEMUS (ALLOSAURUS) AND CERATOSAURUS BY CHARLES WHITNEY GILMORE Associate Curator, Division of Pahoniology United States National Museum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 SMTTHSOI^NIHSTITtraON tt^ BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consists of two series, the Proceedings anti the BuUetins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended pri- marily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly-acquired facts in zoologj', geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contributions from the National Her- barium, has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 110 of the Bidletin series. William deC. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, In charge of the United States National Museum. Washington, D. C, June 20, 1920. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 The genua Antrodemus .' 2 Antrodemus valens Leidy 5 Osteology of Antrodemus 7 Summary of Antrodemus specimens 7 Skull...." 7 Basioccipital 10 Exoccipital and paraoccipital 11 Supraoccipital , 12 Alisphenoid 12 Basisphenoid 13 Parasphenoid 13 Orbitosphenoid 13 Ethmoid 14 ParieUl 14 Frontals 15 Prefrontal 15 Postfrontal + postorbital 16 Prootic 16 Lachrymal 17 Nasals 18 Premaxillary 19 Maxillary 20 Jugal 22 Quadratojugal 22 Quadrate - 23 Squamosal 23 Ectopterygoid 24 Pterygoid 24 Comparative measurements of Antrodemus and Ceratosaurus skulls 25 Lower jaw 25 Dentary 25 Supradentary 26 Splenial 26 Coronoid 26 Angular 26 Surangular 26 A rticular 27 Prearticular 28 External openings in the skull 28 Lateral temporal fenestra 28 Orbital opening 28 First antiorbital fenestra 29 Second antiorbital fenestra 29 Anterior nares 29 Supratemporal fossa 29 Teeth 29 V VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. The genus Antrodemus—Continued. Osteology Antrodemus— Continued. Page. Vertebral column 31 Atlas 31 Axis 32 Cervicals posterior to the axis 34 Dorsal vertebrae '. 36 First and second dorsals : 37 Third and fourth dorsals 37 Fifth dorsal 39 Sixth to the thirteenth dorsal 39 Fourteenth dorsal 42 Measurements of presacral vertebrae '. 43 Sacral vertebrae 43 Measurements of sacral vertebrae 45 Caudal vertebrae 45 Chevrons 48 Ribs 48 Cervical ribs 48 Thoracic ribs 50 Abdominal ribs 53 Fore limb and foot 55 Scapula 57 Coracoid .' 58 Humerus 58 Ulna , 59 Radius 60 Carpus 60 Metacarpus 61 Phalanges 62 Phalangial formulae o{ various Theropod Dinosauria 64 Pelvis 65 Ilium 65 Pubis 66 Ischium 67 Hind limb and foot 68 Femur 68 Tibia 69 Fibula 71 Tarsus 71 Calcaneum 71 Astragalus 72 Metatarsus 73 Phalanges 74 Family Ceratosauridae : 76 Family characters 76 Generic characters 76 CeralosauTus 7iasicomis Marsh 76 Osteology of Ceratosaurus 78 Skull 78 Basioccipital 79 Exoccipital 79 Paraoccipital 79 Supraoccipital 79 Alisphenoid . 79 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII Family Ceratosauridae—Continued. Osteology of Ceratosaurus—Continued. Skull—Continued. • Page. Basisphenoid v 8^ Parasphenoid 80 Parietal , 80 Frontal 81 Prefrontal 81 Postfrontal + postorbital 81 Lachrymal 81 Nasals 82 Preinaxillary - 82 Maxillary 83 Quadratojugal 83 Jugal 83 Quadrate 84 Squamosal 84 Palate 84 Comparative measurements of Ceratosaurus and Antrodemus skulls 88 Lower jaw 88 Dentary 88 Supradentary 89 Angular .' 89 Surangular 90 Splenial 90 Coronoid 90 Articular 90 Prearticular 90 Comparative measurements of Ceratosaurus and Antrodemus lower jaws 91 Hvoid 92 Teeth 92 Brain 93 Vertebral column 93 Atlas 94 Axis 95 Cervicals posterior to the axis 95 Dorsal vertebrae 96 Measurements of presacral vertebrae 97 Sacral vertebrae 97 Caudal vertebrae 98 Measurements of caudal vertebrae 100 Chevrons 100 Ribs 101 Thoracic ribs 101 Abdominal ribs '. 102 Shoulder girdle 102 Scapula 102 Fore limb and foot 103 Ulna 103 Radius 103 Forefoot 104 Carpus 104 Metacarpus 104 Phalanges 105 . VIII TABLE or CONTENTS. Family Ceratosauridae—Continued. Osteology of Ceratosaurus—Continued. Page. Pelvis 106 Ilium 107 Pubis 107 Ischium 108 Hind limb and foot 108 Femur 108 Tibia 110 Fibula 110 Tarsus 110 Astragalus and calcaenum Ill Metatarsals K 112 Dermal armor 113 Mounted skeleton of Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh 114 Restorations of Ceratosaurus : 115 Review and revision of type and other theropod specimens. 116 Family Megalosauridae 116 Dri/ptosaurus? potens (Lull) 116 Dryplosaurusf medius (Marsh) . 119 Ti/rannnsaurus rex Osborn 121 Deinodonf grandis (Marsh) 122 Dcinodon. species 123 Labrosaurus Jerox MaJsh 124 Family Coeluridae 126 Coclurus? gracilis Marsh 126 Coelurus /ragilis Marsh 127 Coeliirus agilis Marsh 128 Family Ornithomimidae 129 Ornithomimus sedens Marsh 131 Ornithomimus tenuis Marsh 135 Ornithomimus affinis, new species 137 Ornithomimus minutus Marsh 142 Carnivorous Dinosaurian Cope 144 Observations on the progressive structural modifications of the Theropod skeleton 144 List of works cited 147 Explanation of plates 149 Index 155 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Facing page. 1. Type of Antrodemus valens Leidy compared 154 2. Type of Allosaunis Jragilis Marsh 154 3. Skull of A ntrodemus valens Leidy. side and top views 154 4. Skull of Antrodemus miens Leidy. side and top views 154 5. Scapulae of Antrodemus valens Leidy 154 6. Humerus of Antrodemus valens Leidy 154 7. Radius, ulna, fore and liind feet of Antrodemus valens Leidy '. 154 8. Sacrum and ilium of Antrodemus valens Leidy, side view 154 9. Sacrum and ilia of Antrodemus valens Leidy, back and lower views 154 10. Sacrum and ilia of Antrodemus valens Leidy, front and side views 154 11. Pubes of Antrodemus, front and side views 154 12. Iscliia of Antrodemus valens Leidy, all aspects 154 13. Hind limbs, pelvis and sacrum of Antrodemus x^alens Leidy, lateral view 154 14. Femur of Antrodemus valeiis Leidy, all aspects 154 15. Abdominal ribs of Antrodemus valens Leidy 154 16. Articulated skeleton and restoration of Antrodemus valens Leidy 154 17. Skull of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, side views 154 18. Skull of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, side and top views 154 19. Atlas and axis of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, all aspects 154 20. Cervical vertebrae of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 21. Sacrum and peh-is of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, ventral and front views 154 22. Caudal vertebrae of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, side and ventral views 154 23. Sacrum and peUds of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, side view 154 24. Metatarsals of Ceratosaurus nasii-ornis Marsh, front, sides, and top 154 25. Metatarsals of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh, back and end views 154 26. Scapula and lower jaw oi' Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 27. Restorations of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 28. Restorations of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 29. Mounted skeleton of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 30. Skeleton of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 31. Restoration of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh 154 32. Caudal vertebrae of Dryptosaurvs? potens (Lull) and AntrodemiLs valens Leidy 154 33. Dentary of Labrosaurus ferox Marsh 154 34. Bones of Dryptosaurus? medius (Marsh), Coelurus agilis and Coelurus fragilis Marsh 154 35. Pelvis and caudals of Omithomimus sedens Marsh; Skeleton of Ornithomimus altus Lambe. 154 36. Brain of Ceratosaurus nasieornis Marsh; unguals of Coelurusf gracilis Marsh and unidentified dinosaur 15 4 TEXT FIGURES. 1. Skull of Antrodemus ^^alens Leidy. side view 8 2. Skull and lower jaw of Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, side view 9 3. Skull and lower jaw of Antrodemus valens Leidy, side view 10 4. Skull of Antrodemus valens Leidy, posterior view 11 5. Skull of Antrodemus valens Leidy, superior view 11 6. Skull of Antrodemus valens Leidy, oblique front view 13 7. Left prefrontal of Antrodemus valens, Leidy, lateral and internal views 16 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. 8. Left lachrymal of Antrodemus valens Leidy, external and internal views 17 9. Left nasal of Antrodemus valens Leidy, lateral and ventral views 18 10. Right premaxillary of Antrodemus valens Leidy, lateral and internal views 19 11. Right premaxillary of Antrodemus, species ? anterior, lateral and internal views 20 12. Left maxillary of Antrodemus valens Leidy, internal view 21 13. Right jugal, quadratojugal, and quadrate of Antrodem-us ralens Leidy, internal view 23 14. Right ectopterygoid
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    SCIENCE SPECIFIC TOPICS FOR KEY STAGE 2 AGED 7 - 11 IN YEAR GROUPS 3 - 6 DINOSAURS science WORK PACK SCIENCE NOTES FOR TEACHERS SCIENCE-SPECIFIC TOPICS FOR KS2 CHILDREN AGED 7-11 IN YEAR GROUPS 3-6 Life Processes and Living Things G variation and classification G life processes G living things in their environment Mathematics / numeracy G arithmetic - addition G reasoning English / literacy G vocabulary extension General: The worksheets require: G observational skills G reading skills G arithmatic skills G The pupils need to apply some prior knowledge, but all the information required is on the sheets, posters or the actual exhibit, facilitating use on site or at school. G Specifically from the Dinosaur Family Tree worksheet, they will learn that organisms can be classified on the basis of their similarities, and that elementary arithmatic can be used to support (through quantification) observational (qualative) classification schemes. G Like with human families, family trees can be constructed over time periods.The Family Tree worksheet enables the children to place fifteen well known dinosaurs into a simplified Dinosaur Family Tree, by identifying (numerically) which line each individual sits on, and using the date given, its position on that line. G The tree also introduces the concept of geological time, and the large numbers used in its construction. Additionally, they will notice that geological time is divided and names given to those divisions. G The work can be extended, some children will notice that four distinct groupings of dinosaurs are formed as time blocks (Triassic, Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous).
  • The Pelvic and Hind Limb Anatomy of the Stem-Sauropodomorph Saturnalia Tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil)

    The Pelvic and Hind Limb Anatomy of the Stem-Sauropodomorph Saturnalia Tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil)

    PaleoBios 23(2):1–30, July 15, 2003 © 2003 University of California Museum of Paleontology The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil) MAX CARDOSO LANGER Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, BS8 1RJ Bristol, UK. Current address: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; [email protected] Three partial skeletons allow a nearly complete description of the sacrum, pelvic girdle, and hind limb of the stem- sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim, from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, South Brazil. The new morphological data gathered from these specimens considerably improves our knowledge of the anatomy of basal dinosaurs, providing the basis for a reassessment of various morphological transformations that occurred in the early evolution of these reptiles. These include an increase in the number of sacral vertebrae, the development of a brevis fossa, the perforation of the acetabulum, the inturning of the femoral head, as well as various modifications in the insertion of the iliofemoral musculature and the tibio-tarsal articulation. In addition, the reconstruction of the pelvic musculature of Saturnalia, along with a study of its locomotion pattern, indicates that the hind limb of early dinosaurs did not perform only a fore-and-aft stiff rotation in the parasagittal plane, but that lateral and medial movements of the leg were also present and important. INTRODUCTION sisting of most of the presacral vertebral series, both sides Saturnalia tupiniquim was described in a preliminary of the pectoral girdle, right humerus, partial right ulna, right fashion by Langer et al.