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83-94 Journal Homepage LINGUISTICS Copyright © 2016 by the Kalmyk Scientifi c Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Published in the Russian Federation Bulletin of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences Has been issued since 2008 ISSN: 2075-7794; E-ISSN: 2410-7670 Vol. 26, Is. 4, pp. 83–94, 2016 DOI 10.22162/2075-7794-2016-26-4-83-94 Journal homepage: http://kigiran.com/pubs/vestnik UDC 81'362 (811.512) Comparative Studies of Western Yugur Noun-Forming Affi xes Revisited Gulgaysha S. Sagidolda 1, Magripa K. Yeskeeva 2, Begzhan Abdualyuli 3 1 Ph. D. in Philology, Professor, Department of Kazakh Linguistics, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Ph. D. in Philology, Professor, Department of Turkology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected]. 3 Ph. D. in Philology, Professor, Department of Kazakh Linguistics, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Western Yugur is a Turkic language which is nowadays on the verge of extinction and assimilation resulting from long-term interaction with the Mongolian, Tibetan and Chinese languages. It seems relevant to study the development of the common Turkic language and identify the reasons for the disintegration of the language with evidence from Western Yugur which acts here as a “canned linguistic structure” that has been isolated from the Turkic language environment of Central Asia since the 8th-9th cc. and, thus, has experienced the diverse and prolonged infl uence of ethnolinguistic and historical processes “inside the belly” of the Chinese, Tangut, Tibetan and Mongolian languages. Despite the impact of the mentioned languages, Western Yugur is considered one of the ancient Turkic languages that has retained the common Turkic proto-forms and features of development of Turkic languages in their initial stages. Comparative historical studies of noun-forming affi xes in the language of ancient Turkic written monuments, Western Yugur, Kazakh of the Kipchak branch and Turkish of the Oghuz branch make it possible to identify the common word-building formants characteristic of the languages of the period under consideration as well as the trends of development (of affi xes) after the Old Turkic period and their formation in each of the languages. The study shows that common noun-forming suffi xes characteristic of the 6th–10th cc. Turkic languages used to function within Western Yugur, Kazakh and other Turkic languages but in 1400– 1500 years of their historical development those experienced a number of sound changes while the meanings and functions of the affi xes, their morphological features in the language of written monuments have some similarities to affi xes of pronouns. However, the synharmonism discovered in the noun-forming suffi xes in the ancient written language has been completely retained by the Turkish language, partly by the Western Yugur language and is not to be found in the Kazakh one. Keywords: ethnolinguistic and historical processes, Turkic ethnic minority, language contacts, general Turkic proto-form, phonetic system, morphological system, language of ancient Turkic written monuments, Kipchak branch, Oghuz branch, system of noun-forming affi xes. 83 Bulletin of the KIH of the RAS, 2016, Vol. 26, Is. 4 Одним из актуальных вопросов со- реименование jоγur в оjγur стоит рассматри- временной тюркологии является изучение вать как результат фонетических вариантов, лексического фонда исчезающих языков, возникших в процессе метатезы j'ɨ. а также сравнительное исследование фо- С. Е. Малов называет в качестве исто- нетической системы и морфологической рической родины сарыг-уйгуров побережья структуры тюркских языков, не способных Орхона и Селенги: «Можно думать, что противостоять процессам глобализации и желтые уйгуры поселились в местах своего постепенно теряющих функциональные теперешнего местожительства лет с тысячу свойства. В тюркских языках имеются язы- с лишним тому назад, придя частью с запа- ки малочисленных этносов, которым грозит да (Китайский Туркестан), а частично спу- угроза исчезновения. К ним относятся са- стившись несколько южнее из Монголии, рыг-уйгурский, саларский, караимский, ку- из бассейна рек Орхона и Селенги (после мыкский, ногайский и другие языки. войны с киргизами)» [Малов 1957: 3–4]. Исследование развития общетюркского В науке историко-генеалогическое про- языка и выявление причин распада языков исхождение уйгуров, известных под этно- представляется актуальным на материале нимом sarïγ ujγur ‘сарыг уйгур’, связано западного сарыг-уйгурского языка, высту- с такими племенами, заселявшими терри- пающего в качестве «законсервированной тории древней Монголии, как dinlin ‘дин- лингвоструктуры», который после VIII– лин’ (III в. до н. э.), tele ‘теле’ (IV в. н. э.), IX вв. под влиянием этнолингвоисториче- joγur / ujγur ‘йогур / уйгур’, qojqu ‘хойху’, ских процессов длительное время оставался toquz оγuz ‘токуз огуз’. Формирование же в Центральной Азии «в недрах» китайско- этнического состава связано с такими тюр- го, тангутского, тибетского, монгольского коязычными племенами, как qarluq ‘кар- языков, потеряв связь с тюркской языковой лук’, qïrqïz/qïrqaz ‘кыркыз, кырк аз’, qïjmaq средой. Несмотря на влияние указанных ‘кимак’, türgeš ‘тюргеш’, qaŋlï ‘канлы’, языков, западный сарыг-уйгурский язык najman ‘найман’, kerejt ‘кереит’, и монголь- считается одним из древних тюркских язы- ским, тангутским и тибетским этносами, с ков, сохранивших общетюркские прафор- которыми они находились в тесном контак- мы и признаки развития тюркских языков в те. Например, А. М. Решетов отмечает: «Са- древнетюркскую эпоху. рыг-уйгуры — потомки древних уйгуров, До периода ассимиляции сарыг-уйгуры 840 лет назад после распада Уйгурского сами себя называли этнонимом joγur / ojγur. каганата покинувших территории совре- Официальное название этноса в Китайской менной Монголии и направившихся на юг Народной Республике, с учетом фонетико- и юго-запад» [Решетов 1998: 132]. Корни артикуляционных особенностей китайского древних уйгуров обнаруживаются у гун- языка, зафиксировано как ujγu / juγu. Иссле- нов. Это подтверждается тем фактом, что дователи, опиравшиеся на древние китай- побережья реки Селенги считались истори- ские надписи, в которых этноним оγuz в со- ческой родиной предков как гуннов, так и ответствии с фонетическими особенностя- уйгуров [Бичурин 1950: 67–68]. ми китайского языка пишется как оγu / uγu, Китайские источники свидетельствуют обнаруживают прямую связь сарыг-уйгуров о том, что первые племена тюрков на терри- с огузами древнетюркской эпохи. Согласно тории сарыг-уйгуров, обитавших в окрест- данной точке зрения, сарыг-уйгуры являют- ностях современной Ганьсу, появились в ся потомками тогуз-огузов: «Роды в этниче- V–VIII вв. на побережьях Селенги. Вторая ском составе современных сарыг-уйгуров волна, связанная с падением Уйгурского ка- сформировались на основе тогуз-огузских ганата, поселилась с середины IX – начала родов, в древнетюркскую эпоху заселявших Х вв. По преданиям самих сарыг-уйгуров, побережья Орхона» [Хы Уей Гуанг 2000: 4]. они прибыли в нагорье Цзюцюань (в про- С лингвистической точки зрения рас- шлом — Сучжоу) из запада Сиджо Ходжо смотрение этнонима jоγur как гомогенной (территория современного кишлака Ходжо лексемы с этнонимами оγuz / оγur, имею- в оазисе Турфан) и Цяньфутуна (из Мыншу- щими общую этимологическую основу, не кура на территории Дуньхуана). вызывает противоречий. В данном случае Таким образом, на формирование са- необходимо учитывать характерные для рыг-уйгуров оказали влияние следующие тюркских языков закономерности процесса исторические факты: 1) древняя миграция протезы фонемы j в позиции анлаута, а пе- с побережий Селенги в V–VIII вв.; 2) ми- 84 LINGUISTICS грация уйгуров в результате поражения от уйгуры-китайцы приглашают к себе для кыргызов в IX–X вв.; 3) новая волна мигра- шаманского моления уйгура-тюрка. Вот и ции после XIII в. из окрестностей Турфана. все!» [Малов 1957: 4]. На новой территории уйгуры прожили око- По лингвогеографическому ареалу ло 300 лет и даже создали самостоятельное уйгур ский язык подразделяется на запад- ханство, на которое в начале XI в. напали ную и восточную группы. Определяя ме- тангуты [Уйгуры]. сто западно-уйгурского языка, на котором Миграционные процессы и историче- говорили кара уйгуры, в системе тюркских ские события в жизни сарыг-уйгуров, дли- языков, Э. Р. Тенишев пишет: «Сарыг-югур- тельные тесные этнокультурные, социаль- ский язык до VIII–IX вв. предположитель- ные и политико-экономические контакты но был d-языком. Под воздействием языка с другими народами не могли не оставить древних кыргызов он трансформировался след в их языке. Одна группа сарыг-уйгу- в z-язык. В какой-то мере его коснулось ров, считающих себя представителями еди- кыпчакское влияние (йотированное про- ной этногенетической общности (уйгу, юйгу, изношение начальных широких гласных, йогур, йугур), является тюркоязычной, дру- причастие и прошедшее время на -ɣan)» гая же — монголоязычной, третья группа [Тенишев, Тодаева 1966: 39], и при этом от- общается на китайском языке, четвертая — мечает, что после миграции сарыг-уйгуров на тибетском. Большинство тюркоязычных в Китай (IX–X вв.) их язык долгое время уйгуров (кара уйгуры) проживают в окрест- оставался под влиянием китайского язы- ностях Ганьсу, некоторая часть монголо- ка. Э. Р. Тенишев указывает на следующий язычных уйгуров (шар уйгуры) — в пред- момент: «Из-за влияния китайского
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