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A Study of Matrilineal Kin Relations in Contemporary Minangkabau Society of West Sumatra

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A Study of Matrilineal Kin Relations in Contemporary Minangkabau Society of West Sumatra A STUDY OF MATRILINEAL KIN RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY MINANGKABAU SOCIETY OF WEST SUMATRA By AFRIZAL Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Tasmania February 1996 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by any other person, except when due reference is made in the text of this thesis. Afrizal DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my lovely wife and my daughter who allowed their husband and father to pursue a higher degree in a foreign country and who patiently waited for him to complete his study. This thesis is also dedicated to my parents who made it possible. 111 ABSTRACT For a period, it was argued by analysts that as society develops wider kin relations are weakened, while ties within a nuclear family are strengthened. In the case of matrilineal kinship systems, it was argued that economic change, which involves movement towards a capitalist economy, weakens the matrilineal descent group and transforms it. Recently, analysts in the field of family and kinship argue that despite economic and demographic changes, kinship continues to be important in providing a support network. Kin remain a source of economic and social support when people face economic and social difficulty. This thesis examines kin relations in contemporary Minangkabau matrilineal society of West Sumatra, Indonesia. It studies kinship as providing networks of support. The main question addressed in this thesis is: Are kin ties weakening in contemporary Minangkabau society? The extent to which members of matrilineal kin groups who live in both rural and urban areas exchange financial, labour and social support with each other is examined. Kin relationships such as that between a mother's brother and his sister's children are examined, and views of social responsibilities between a range of kin are also analysed. The research findings show that although Minangkabau have undergone significant economic and demographic changes, ties within matrilineal kin groups are still strong. The members of matrilineal kin groups continue to exchange financial and labour support and mother's brothers are still involved in organising marriages and in the iv socialisation of their sisters' children. However, the thesis also raises the problems of limitations to the provision of care and support, and relates kin-based support to the lack of alternatives in this social setting. The findings also reveal that it is very important to take account of both male and female roles within a kin group when examining kin relations rather than to over emphasise the role of men. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my principal supervisor, Dr. Nerida Cook for her sustained efforts in providing criticism and comments on the numerous drafts of each chapter of this thesis. I know that it was very hard for her to read each draft because of the difficulties of writing a thesis in a language other than one's own. I appreciate very much her patience in reading the drafts and assisting with the English. I also thank Dr. Peter Gunn for his critical comments on the draft of the thesis. I wish to acknowledge assistance provided by my friends who helped me to conduct in-depth and structured interviews. I also thank very much my respondents and my informants for their co-operation during the interviews. I would also like to record my appreciation of the support provided by AusAid in the form of a scholarship and assistance. I also wish to express my thanks to the staff of the International Student Office for their support during the period of my study. vi A NOTE ON TRANSLATION In this thesis I have regularly used Minangkabau words for basic concepts used to express ideas of kinship organisation, relationships among members of kin groups, and property and inheritance. The English version of these concepts is not a direct translation of the Minangkabau but an attempt to convey their meaning as precisely as possible in English. A glossary of Minangkabau terms can be found on page 161. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS: PAGE ABSTRACT . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vi LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND TABLES . xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction to Minangkabau Society 3 Economic and Demographic Development .. 13 Out-migration and Urbanisation .. 17 The Structure of the Thesis .. 23 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: CHANGE OR CONTINUITY OF KIN TIES The Weakening of Kin Ties 25 Causes of Weakening of Kin Ties 26 Kinship As Providing Support Networks 30 Evidence of Kinship Providing Support Networks 32 The Disintegration of Matrilineal Descent groups 36 The Minangkabau Matrilineal System 39 Property Ownership 39 Property Inheritance 44 Kin Ties 47 viii 3. RESEARCH METHODS Rural Research 52 Urban research 54 Research Methods, Respondents and Informants 55 Measurements 61 Financial Assistance 62 Labour Assistance 63 Child Care 63 Organising Marriage for Sister's children 63 Monitoring and Advising of Sister's children 64 4. KIN RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL MINANGKABAU SOCIETY Kinship Groups .. 65 Functional Kinship Groups .. 68 The Mamak-kamanakan Relationship .. 75 Ties Between Panghulu/tungganai and his Kamanakan .. 77 Ties Between Mamak Kanduang and Kamanakan Kanduang .. 81 Father's and Mother's Role in their Immediate Family .. 84 Ties Between Paruik Members .. 88 Gender and Kin Relations in Minangkabau Society .. 97 ix Ties Between a Married Woman and her kin Group and that of her husband ... 98 Conclusion .... 100 5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN MINANGKABAU PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF THEIR KIN GROUP The Importance of Kin for Urban Dwellers .. 103 Ties between Parents and Offspring .. 104 Sibling Ties .. 111 Ties Between Grandchildren and Grandparents .. 114 Llrang Sumando, in-Marrying man, and his Immediate Family .. 115 Ties Between Mamak and Kamanakan .. 120 Panghulu/ tungganai and his Kamanakan .. 120 Mamak Kanduang and Kamanakan Kanduang . 123 Ties Between Out-Migrants and their Maternal Aunts and Maternal Cousins .. 130 Conclusion .. 134 6. KINSHIP IN CONTEMPORARY MINANGKABAU SOCIETY Duty, Obligation and Solidarity Within the Kin Group in Contemporary Minangkabau Society .. 137 Kin As the Main Source of Support .. 145 Positive and Negative Aspects of Kinship As a Source of Support .. 149 7. CONCLUSION . 155 GLOSSARY .. 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 165 APPENDICES .. 170 , xi LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND TABLES DIAGRAMS PAGE 4. 1 Members of Informant A's paruik .. 69 4. 2 Members of Informant B's paruik .. 69 4. 3 Location of the Houses of Members of Paruik . 73 in Perumpung 4. 4 Location of the Houses of Members of Paruik .. 74 in a Dusun in Sungai Talang Barat 4. 5 The Relationship between Intan and the Persons .. 94 Who Looked After Her 4. 6 The Relationship Between Nan and the Person .. 95 Who Looked After Her 4. 7 The Relationship Between Zanah and the People .. 96 Who Looked After Her TABLES 3. 1 Agriculture Land in Sungai Talang Barat and in Perumpung 54 3. 2 Education of Rural Respondents 57 3. 3 Education of Urban Respondents 59 3. 4 Occupation of Urban Respondents 60 3. 5 Income of Urban Respondents 60 4. 1 Financial Support From Mamak Kanduang to Kamanakan Kanduang .. 81 xii TABLES 4. 2 Mamak Kanduang Who Made Decision Concerning Kamanakan's education and Kamanakan's marriage .. 82 4. 3 Respondents Who Received Financial Support From Members of their Paruik .. 89 4. 4 Respondents Who Provided Financial Support to their Paruik Members in Last Two Years .. 90 4. 5 Respondents Who Experienced Long Illness and Who Received Financial Support From their Paruik Members 91 4. 6 Respondents Who Experienced Long Illness and Who Received Labour Support From their Paruik Members .. 92 4. 7 Respondents Who Provided Labour Support for their paruik Relatives Who Suffered From Serious Illness .. 92 4. 8 Married Women Who Provided Labour Support For Sick Relatives of Both Sides .. 99 5. 1 The Growth of Urban Population in West Sumatra 1920-1992 . 102 5. 2 Comparasion Between Rural and Urban People Concerning Frequency of Contact Between Offspring and Parents in Last Two Years . 105 5. 3 Married Women Out-migrants Who Provided Labour Support to their Own Parents and to their Husband's Parents . 108 TABLES 5. 4 Male Out-Migrants' and Female Out-Migrants' Labour Support to their Parents When the Parents Suffered From Serious Illness .. 109 5. 5 Out-Migrants Who Provided Financial Support to their Siblings 112 5. 6 The Financial Source of House Construction 116 5. 7 Parents Who Teach Children to Perform Household Tasks .. 117 5. 8 Husband's Participation in Taking Care of Baby .. 118 5. 9 Participation of Husband in Doing Household Tasks .. 119 5. 10 Mamak Kanduang Who Supported their Kamanakan Kanduang Financially for Clothes, School Fees and Books .. 124 5. 11 Mamak Kanduang's income, the Kamanakan's Parents' income and the Mamak Kanduang's Economic Support to Kamanakan (Case of clothes) . 126 5. 12 Mamak Kanduang Involved in Monitoring and Advising Kamanakan Kanduang . 128 5. 13 Frequency of Contact Between Out-migrants and their Paruik Relatives in Last Two Years . 131 5. 14 Visiting Ill Paruik Relatives .. 132 5. 15 People Who Were First Visited, Who Provided Accommodation and Who Helped with Looking for Job As Mentioned by migrants 133 xi v TABLES 5. 16 Frequency of Out-migrants Sending Money to Home Village . 133 6. 1. Number of Elderly People in West Sumatra Recorded in 1971 and 1990 . 152 XV CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Sociologists have predicted the weakening of kin ties as a result of economic and demographic changes, especially those associated with modern societies.
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