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Kinder Des Krieges, Gewissen Der Nation Kinder des Krieges, Gewissen der Nation Nicole Weber Kinder des Krieges, Gewissen der Nation Moraldiskurse in der Literatur der Gruppe 47 Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Dies ist ein Open-Access-Titel, der unter den Bedingungen der CC BY-NC-ND 4.0-Lizenz veröffentlicht wird. Diese erlaubt die nicht-kommerzielle Nutzung, Verbreitung und Vervielfältigung in allen Medien, sofern keine Veränderungen vorgenommen werden und der/die ursprüngliche(n) Autor(en) und die Originalpublikation angegeben werden. Weitere Informationen und den vollständigen Lizenztext finden Sie unter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Die Bedingungen der CC-Lizenz gelten nur für das Originalmaterial. Die Verwendung von Material aus anderen Quellen (gekennzeichnet durch eine Quellenangabe) wie Schaubilder, Abbildungen, Fotos und Textauszüge erfordert ggf. weitere Nutzungsgenehmigungen durch den jeweiligen Rechteinhaber. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783846765388 Zugl. Diss. Universität Bern, 2018. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2020 bei den Herausgebern und Autoren. Verlegt durch Wilhelm Fink, ein Imprint der Brill-Gruppe (Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Niederlande; Brill USA Inc., Boston MA, USA; Brill Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore; Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn, Deutschland) Internet: www.fink.de Der Verlag Wilhelm Fink behält sich das Recht vor, die Veröffentlichung vor unbefugter Nutzung zu schützen und die Verbreitung durch Sonderdrucke, anerkannte Fotokopien, Mikroformausgaben, Nachdrucke, Übersetzungen und sekundäre Informationsquellen, wie z. B. Abstraktions- und Indexierungsdienste einschließlich Datenbanken, zu genehmigen. Anträge auf kommerzielle Verwertung, Verwendung von Teilen der Veröffentlichung und/oder Übersetzungen sind an den Wilhelm Fink Verlag zu richten. Umschlagabbildung: Martin Kippenberger: Ich kann beim besten Willen kein Hakenkreuz entdecken / With the Best Will in the World, I Can’t See a Swastika. Öl, Silikon auf Leinwand, 160 × 133 cm, 1984. © Estate of Martin Kippenberger, Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne. Grafiken S. 197 und 199: Definitiv Design, Bern. Covergestaltung: Evelyn Ziegler, München Herstellung: Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn ISBN 978-3-7705-6538-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-3-8467-6538-8 (e-book) Inhalt Dank .......................................................... ix I Kontexte ...................................................... 1 1 Einleitung: Was ist die Gruppe 47 und wie wird sie gesehen? .............................................. 4 1.1 Verdienste und Errungenschaften: Die Gruppe 47 entwickelt sich zur ‚moralischen Instanz‘ ............... 6 1.2 Kritik und Verteidigung: Forschungsstand .............. 14 1.3 Zwischenbilanz: Der heutige Stand der Diskussion um die Gruppe 47 .................................... 32 2 Vorgehen und theoretischer Rahmen ........................ 35 2.1 Kontinuitäten aus dem Nationalsozialismus und ‚NS-Moral‘ . 37 2.2 Methodische Fragen: Narrative Ethik, Alterität in der Literatur ......................................... 49 2.3 Die ‚Literatur der Gruppe 47‘: Was ist das und wer schrieb sie? ...................................... 61 2.4 Zwischenbilanz: Zusammenfassung und verfeinerte Fragestellung ........................................ 79 3 „Man blieb […] immer unter sich.“ Nonfiktionale Texte und Begebenheiten auf den Tagungen .......................... 81 3.1 Die ‚junge Generation‘ ................................ 85 3.2 Alfred Anderschs programmatischer Essay Deutsche Literatur in der Entscheidung (1948) .................. 94 3.3 Deutung, Mitleid und Tugend in außerliterarischen Zeugnissen der Gruppe 47 ............................. 109 4 Zwischenfazit I ........................................... 121 II Subtexte ...................................................... 125 1 Annäherung an das Korpus: Überblick und Musteranalyse ............................................ 128 1.1 Tabellarischer Überblick und erste Organisation des Materials ........................................ 130 1.2 ‚Mustertext‘ Christian Ferber: „Mimosen im Juli“ (gelesen 1960) ........................................ 144 1.3 Zwischenbilanz: Literarisierung von Diskursen partikularer Moral in der Gruppe 47? .................. 161 vi Inhalt 2 Mitleid: Opferkonkurrenz und Empathieverweigerung ...... 163 2.1 Franz Joseph Schneider: „Die Mandel reift in Broschers Garten“ (gelesen 1949) – eine unwahrscheinliche Liebesgeschichte ..................................... 166 2.2 Stand der Forschung: Opfernarrative und -kollektive, Opferkonkurrenz und Empathieverweigerung ........... 184 2.3 Opferfiguren und -konstellationen in der Literatur der Gruppe 47 ........................................ 193 2.4 Zwischenbilanz: Mitleid und Moral in der Literatur der Gruppe 47 und einige Ergänzungen zur Frage des Antisemitismus ...................................... 219 3 Deutung: Erlebnisgemeinschaft vs. die Intellektuellen ....... 225 3.1 Der Diskurs: Erlebnisgemeinschaft als Abgrenzung und Identitätsstiftung im und nach dem Nationalsozialismus .................................. 228 3.2 Generation, Erlebnis und Gemeinschaft in den literarischen Fiktionen ................................ 232 3.3 Skeptische Stimmen .................................. 246 3.4 Autor und Erzähler als ‚Dabeigewesene‘ ................ 264 3.5 Zwischenbilanz: Moralische Deutung in der Literatur der Gruppe 47 ........................................ 275 4 Tugend: Zugehörigkeit und moralische Integrität ........... 277 4.1 Alfred Andersch: Sansibar oder der letzte Grund (1957) ......................................... 281 4.2 Einfache Deutsche, die ‚Nazi‘-Elite und die Verortung von Schuld ........................................... 309 4.3 ‚Eigene‘, ‚fremde‘ und jüdische Figuren ................. 339 5 Zwischenfazit II .......................................... 369 III Reflexionen ................................................... 377 1 „Kein Indianer mehr“? Wolfgang Weyrauchs „Indianische Ballade“ (gelesen 1955) ........................ 381 1.1 War Weyrauch ‚ein Nazi‘? Außerliterarisches zu Weyrauch im und nach dem Nationalsozialismus ....... 384 1.2 „Indianische Ballade“ ................................. 388 1.3 Zwischenbilanz und eine Ergänzung zu NS-Narrativen in der Gruppe 47 (Eisenreich) .......................... 404 2 „Wissen Sie was, ich nenne Sie einfach Herr Ausländer“ – preisgekrönte Satiren auf Vorurteile gegenüber ‚Andern‘ ..... 416 2.1 Martin Walser: „Templones Ende“ (gelesen 1955) – Rezeption und Lektüren ............................... 417 Inhalt vii 2.2 Relektüre: Wer ist Templone? .......................... 424 2.3 Zwischenbilanz und einige Ergänzungen zu Reflexionen partikularer Moral in weiteren Preistexten (Morriën und Böll) ................................... 436 3 „Lern du selbst“ – Ingeborg Bachmanns Erzählung „Alles“ (gelesen 1959) im Dialog mit Celan, Buber und der Gruppe 47 ................................................ 444 3.1 „Alles“: Rezeption und Lesarten ........................ 446 3.2 Das „dialogische Prinzip“ Martin Bubers in „Alles“ ....... 456 3.3 Zwischenbilanz und einige Ergänzungen zum dialogischen Prinzip in der Gruppe 47 (Aichinger, Hildesheimer, Dor) ........................ 472 4 Fazit und Ausblick ........................................ 479 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................... 491 Detailliertes Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................ 537 Dank Allen voran danke ich Matthias N. Lorenz, der unser Projekt ermöglicht und großartig betreut hat: Für die Förderung und fachliche Unterstützung, das stets offene Ohr, den engen Austausch und die warme Atmosphäre im Team. Genauso dankbar bin ich unserem Zweitbetreuer Klaus-Michael Bogdal für die konstruktive Unterstützung aus Norddeutschland und die schönen gemeinsamen Colloquien in Nottbek, Essen und Schreyahn. Meiner Projektpartnerin und Kollegin Jennifer Bigelow danke ich für fachliche Dis- kussionen, die produktive Zusammenarbeit, die spannenden Gespräche, die Unterstützung und die schöne gemeinsame Zeit in unserem kleinen Büro; dem Schweizerischen Nationalfonds und der Joséphine de Karman-Stiftung für unsere großzügige finanzielle Unterstützung; und dem ganzen Team Lorenz / Bogdal: Christine Riniker, Selina Wüthrich, Nina Peter, Nicole Pasuch, Nike Thurn, Béatrice Blatter, Johannes Brunnschwiler und allen anderen für die angenehme Zusammenarbeit und die fachlichen Anregungen. Für weitere wichtige Inputs danke ich Oliver Lubrich, Yahya Elsaghe und ihren Lehrstuhl- mitarbeitenden. Großer Dank gilt meinen lieben Freundinnen und Freunden, die Teile der Dissertation gelesen und korrigiert haben: Sarah Bärtschi, Tamara Ulrich, Benjamin Fröhlich, Michael Schroll, Elias Zimmermann, Joanna Nowotny, Fermin Suter, Marc Keller, Johannes Görbert, Fiona Gunst, nochmals Christine und Selina, Christian Wyler, Didier Burgener und Nina Peter. Und natürlich gilt dieser Dank meiner Familie, Marianne, Ruedi und Tom Weber sowie ganz besonders David Bruggisser; für die große Unterstützung und dafür, dass ihr immer für mich da wart und an mich geglaubt habt. Euch ist das Buch gewidmet. TEIL I Kontexte ‚Und allmählich dämmert unter der Totenmaske der nationalen Machtansprüche das wahre Gesicht der Völker herauf. Nirgend stärker als
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