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I Buddhism and Tales of the Supernatural in Early Medieval China i Buddhism and Tales of the Supernatural in Early Medieval China © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi 10.1163/9789004277847_001 ii Sinica Leidensia Edited by Barend J. ter Haar Maghiel van Crevel In co-operation with P.K. Bol, D.R. Knechtges, E.S. Rawski, W.L. Idema, H.T. Zurndorfer VOLUME 114 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sinl iii Buddhism and Tales of the Supernatural in Early Medieval China A Study of Liu Yiqing’s (403–444) Youming lu By Zhenjun Zhang LEIDEN | BOSTON iv Cover illustration: Yama: the Fifth Court King of Hell (by Jiang Yizi). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zhang, Zhenjun, author. Buddhism and tales of the supernatural in early medieval China : a study of Liu Yiqing’s (403-444) Youming lu / by Zhenjun Zhang. pages cm. -- (Sinica Leidensia, ISSN 0169-9563 ; volume 114) Revised version of the author’s dissertation (University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2007). Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27727-4 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27784-7 (e-book) 1. Liu, Yiqing, 403-444. You ming lu. 2. Buddhism--China--History. 3. Buddhist literature, Chinese--History and criticism. 4. Supernatural. I. Title. II. Title: Study of Liu Yiqing’s (403-444) Youming lu. BQ636.Z44 2014 895.13’24--dc23 2014018091 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9563 isbn 978-90-04-27727-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27784-7 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Contents v Contents Acknowledgements vii A List of Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Liu Yiqing’s World and the Youming lu 20 Liu Yiqing’s Life and Works 20 Youming lu: Its Title, Compilation, and Authorship 44 The Transmission and Recompilation of the Youming lu 50 Guxiaoshuo gouchen Edition and Its Influence on Later Editions and Related Scholarship 54 2 Background of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming lu 61 Social and Religious Backgrounds 61 Literary Background 73 Conclusion 81 3 Historical Thematic Changes under the Impact of Buddhism in Early Medieval China as Seen in the Youming lu 82 From Demonic Retribution to Karmic Retribution: Changing Concepts of Bao 82 From Mount Tai to Buddhist Hell: Changing Concepts of the Nether- world 106 From Heaven to Buddha: Changing Images of the Savior 137 Conclusion 146 4 Buddhist Imagery in Early Medieval China as Seen in the Youming lu 148 Images of Buddhist Monks 149 The Image of the Buddhist Nun 160 Images of Buddhist Demons 166 Conclusion 172 5 A Fantastic Dream World: New Literary Motifs and Buddhist Culture 174 The Motif of Dream Adventure inside a Microcosmic World 175 The Motif of Revival of a Ghost Girl through Sexual Dreams 191 vi Contents The Detached Soul Motif and Its Origins 205 Conclusion 221 Concluding Remarks 223 Table of Numbers & Pages of Selected Tales in the Major Sources 227 Bibliography 231 Index 252 Contents v Acknowledgments vii A List of Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 The Origins of the Present Study 1 Significance of the Present Work as a Case Study of the Interaction of Buddhism with Early Medieval Chinese Tales 4 Nature of the Buddhist Beliefs in the Youming lu and Its Place in the Cultural History of Chinese Buddhism 8 The Contribution of this Book to Chinese Buddhist Studies 14 Approaches and Resources 18 Chapter 1 20 Liu Yiqing’s World and the Youming Lu 20 Liu Yiqing’s Life and Works 20 Youming lu: Its Title, Compilation, and Authorship 44 The Transmission and Recompilation of the Youming lu 50 Guxiaoshuo gouchen Edition and Its Influence on Later Editions and Related Scholarship 54 Chapter 2 61 Backgrounds of the Buddhist Coloring in the Youming Lu 61 Social and Religious Backgrounds 61 Literary Background 73 Conclusion 81 Chapter 3 82 Historical Thematic Changes under the Impact of Buddhism in Early Medieval China as Seen in the Youming Lu 82 From Demonic Retribution to Karmic Retribution: Changing Concepts of Bao 82 From Mount Tai to Buddhist Hell: Changing Concepts of the Netherworld 106 From Heaven to Buddha: Changing Images of the Savior 137 Conclusion 146 Chapter 4 148 Buddhist Imagery in Early Medieval China as Seen in the Youming Lu 148 Images of Buddhist Monks 149 The Image of the Buddhist Nun 160 Images of Buddhist Demons 166 Conclusion 172 Chapter 5 174 A Fantastic Dream World: New Literary Motifs and Buddhist Culture 174 The Motif of Dream Adventure inside a Microcosmic World 175 The Motif of Revival of a Ghost Girl through Sexual Dreams 191 The Detached Soul Motif and Its Origins 205 Conclusion 221 Concluding Remarks 223 Table of Numbers & Pages of Selected Tales in the Major Sources 227 Bibliography 231 Index 252 AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments vii Acknowledgments This is a revised version of my dissertation, which I proposed in July 2003 and finished in May 2007. In the process of writing and revising this work, numer- ous people helped me. I am deeply indebted to Professor William H. Nienhauser, Jr., my advisor at the Department of East Asian Languages and Literature at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who contributed greatly to the development of my schol- arship and to the completion of my dissertation. Without his dedication, this study would not have been completed. I am also deeply indebted to Professors Mark Csikszentmihalyi and Charles Hallisey, who patiently helped me in the revision of my dissertation. Professor Csikszentmihalyi carefully read most of the chapters twice, and he gave me many valuable suggestions. Besides offering incisive comments, Professor Hal- lisey advised me on a theoretical framework that enhanced the value of my thesis from the perspective of Buddhist studies. I would like to thank Professors Tsai-fa Cheng, Robert Joe Cutter, Joseph S. M. Lau, and Yu-sheng Lin, for their instruction and advice when I attended Madison. Thanks also to Professors Charo D’Etcheverry and Ping Wang, who served on my dissertation committee. I have benefited as well from many experts, colleagues, and friends outside of UW-Madison, particularly Professor Li Jianguo, who gave me useful sugges- tions when he visited Madison in the fall of 2003; Professor Victor Mair, who promptly answered my inquiries several times; Professor Chi-chiang Huang, who offered me valuable suggestions; Professor Guo-ou Zhuang, who recom- mended useful materials to me; and Professors Sid Sondergard and Anne Csete, who helped me in many different ways. I am grateful to Professor Barend ter Haar and the anonymous readers of my manuscript for their invaluable comments and suggestions, which were inci- sive, constructive, and extremely helpful. I am also grateful to Patricia Radder, the editor of my book at Brill, who has been very kind and helpful in the pro- cess of reviewing and editing this book’s manuscript. To my wife Zibin, who has constantly supported my study over many years, I owe a huge debt of gratitude. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Zhang Yimin and Song Guifang, to whom my debt is beyond depiction. This book is dedicated to them. Chapter 1 of this book was published respectively as “A Textual History of Liu Yiqing’s You Ming Lu” in the Oriens Extremus 48 (2009): 87–101 and “Obser- vations on Liu Yiqing’s Life and Works” in Early Medieval China 20 (2014); a viii Acknowledgments section of chapter 3 appeared as “From Demonic to Karmic Retribution: Changing Concepts of bao in Early Medieval China as Seen in the Youming lu” in Acta Orientalia 66, no. 3 (2013): 267–287; part of chapter 5 and chapter 4 were published under the titles “On the Origins of Detached Soul Motif in Chinese Literature” and “Buddhist Impact on the Creation of New Fictional Figures and Images in the Youming lu” in the Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies vol. 9, no. 2 (Oct. 2009): 167–184 and vol. 10, no. 2 (Oct. 2010): 145–168. The final revision of this book greatly benefited from a pre-tenure sabbatical in the fall of 2012 and was supported by the Faculty Research Fellowship Award as well as a small grant at the St. Lawrence University. Zhenjun Zhang June 6, 2014 A List Of Abbreviations ix A List of Abbreviations BTSC Beitang shuchao 北堂書抄 BZL Bianzheng lun 辯證論 CLEAR Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews FYZL Fayuan zhulin 法苑珠林 HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies JAOS Journal of American Oriental Society JAS Journal of Asian Studies JIABS Journal of International Association of Buddhist Studies JIC Journal of International Communication KYZJ Kaiyuan zhanjing 開元占經 SBBY Sibu beiyao 四部備要 SBCK Sibu congkan 四部叢刊 SLFZ Shilei fu zhu 事類賦注 TP T’oung Pao TPGJ Taiping guangji 太平廣記 TPYL Taiping yulan 太平御覽 YWLJ Yiwen leiju 藝文類聚 x Acknowledgments IntroductionIntroduction 1 Introduction The Origins of the Present Study Liu Yiqing 劉義慶 (403–444) is one of the most important figures in the his- tory of early medieval Chinese culture.
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