In addition to the 1770 print featured in this display, Special Collections has four other broadsheets depicting the procedures and rituals of conclaves:

Nuova et esatta pianta del Conclave con le funtioni e cerimonie per l’eletione lecting del nuovo Pontefice fatto in di Papa Innocentio 12 che sede Anni 9 Mesi 2 giorni 15 . . . a de 9 Ottobre 1700. [N.p.: n.p., n.d.]. [Conclave of Clement XI] E

Der Grund-Riß des Conclave und die Beschreibung aller Solennitaeten: welche in Rom nach Absterben eines Pabstes, und beÿ der Erwehlung seines Nachfolgers vorzugehen pflegen. [Nuremberg, Christoph Weigel the Elder, c.1720]. [General depiction of a conclave]

Nuova et esatta pianta del Conclave con le funtioni che si fanno per la morte del Pontefice e per l‘eletione del nuovo fatto nella Sede Vacante di Papa Clemente XIII che Sede Anni 10 e mesi 6 giorni 27 del Suo Pontificato; entrerano li Emi Cardinali i 15 Febraro del 1769 in Conclave. [], Westerhout, [1769]. [Conclave of Clement XIV]

Nova pianta del conclave fatta in sede vacante di Papa Clemente XIV per l’elettione del novo pontefice . . . Ottobre 1774. Rome, Giovanni Bettamini, 1774. [Conclave of Pius VI]

The originals can be viewed in Special Collections. Images of these and more information about conclaves, including suggested readings, are on the Western

European History at Notre Dame website: http://blogs.nd.edu/western- european-history-at-und/conclaves/

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A conclave is both the meeting of the to elect a pope after a pope has either died or resigned and the room itself. Its name Please direct inquiries to: derives from the words, cum- and clave, “with a key,” and points Julie Tanaka Rare Books and Special Collections back to the elections of Innocent IV (r. 1243-54) and Gregory X (r. 1272- Western European History Librarian 102 Hesburgh Library 76) when the people locked the Cardinals in a room because they were Curator, Special Collections 574-631-0290 taking too long to elect a new pope—a year-and-a-half in the first case, [email protected] Monday-Friday 9:00 am – 5:00 pm three-and-a-half in the latter. To prevent such actions from happening 574-631-7845 Saturday-Sunday Closed again, Gregory X established the conclave for papal elections. History The conclave responded to the Church contending with the increasingly long period, called an , between a pope’s death or resignation and the election of his successor. Many were plagued by strife and abuses of authority. It was not uncommon for Cardinals to reap financial benefits and exert power while there was no pope. To counter these abuses and provide for the timely election of a new pope, Gregory X promulgated , which set forth election procedures. His regulations did not eliminate untimely elections, but they became the basic guidelines that are still embodied in modern electoral procedures.

These procedures have been adjusted minimally over the centuries. Additional regulations were added between the reigns of Pius X (r. 1903-14) and Paul VI (r. 1963-78). On 22 February 1996, John Paul II (r. 1978-2005) promulgated the , , that affirmed certain aspects of the conclave but reformed parts to fit historical circumstances. His successor, Benedict XVI (r. 2005-2013), promulgated minor changes to Universi dominici gregis in 2007 and 2013, but the regulations Nuova et esatta pianta del Conclave con le funtioni e ceremonie per l'Elettione del nuovo governing current elections are essentially those set forth by John Paul II. Pontefice fatto nella sede vacante di Papa Innocentio. XII. che sedé anni. IX. mesi. II. giorni XV. nel quale entrorno l'eminentissimi Signori cardinali adi IX di Ottobre MDCC. Rome: The Conclave Domenico de Rossi, 1700. [Conclave of Clement XI] The conclave to elect a new pope takes place in the Sistine of the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican. It may not begin until fifteen full days after the officially became vacant unless it is clear that all of the This broadsheet, printed by Domenico de Rossi in 1700, depicts the Cardinal electors are present. The conclave, however, must begin no more conclave held to elect a new pope after the death of Innocent XII (r. than twenty days after the See became vacant. All members of the College of 1691-1700). The cartouche (upper left) contains a dedication to Cardinal Cardinals under 80 years of age when the See became vacant are Cardinal de Medici. The frame in the bottom left states that Innocent XII has died, electors. For the duration of the conclave, they are housed in the Domus leaving the seat vacant, and that the images depict the ceremonies and Sanctae Marthae in . They and those retained to care for the rituals conducted while electing a new pope. The central image displays personal and needs associated with the conclave swear an oath to St. Peter’s Basilica and the floorplan showing 66 conclave cells for the observe absolute secrecy. Once the conclave begins, the Cardinal electors are electors. The three images in the upper right depict the procession secluded in the . They vote once in the afternoon on the first through Rome to the conclave with the Cardinal Camerlengo day. Beginning the next day, they vote twice in the morning and twice in the accompanied by the Swiss Guards; the procession of the deceased pope afternoon. Balloting continues until two thirds of the Cardinal electors select from the Quirinal Palace to the Sistine Chapel; and the body lying in the same person. The Cardinal then asks the person elected if he state. Surrounding the main frame on the far left and right, are 14 scenes consents to his election as Supreme Pontiff. Upon consent, the conclave ends. related to the conclave. Among these are the first meeting of the General The Cardinal Dean asks the elected person by what name he wishes to be Congregation after the pope’s death, the entry of the College of called, and the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations draws up the Cardinals into the conclave to elect a new pope, the delivery of food to document certifying the pope’s new name. the Cardinal electors through small rotating doors, the Cardinal electors voting, and the new pope being transported to St. Peter’s Basilica. The *See “Conclaves” on the Western European History at Notre Dame website for works referenced in central frame at the bottom lists the names of 66 Cardinal electors. the writing of this handout. URL on reverse.