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Sanskrit Common for UG Courses 2009 Admission
KANNUR UNIVERSITY RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM FOR UNDERGRADUATE COURSES OFFERED BY THE BOARD OF STUDIES IN SANSKRIT (CD) 2009 ADMISSION ONWARDS (PREPARED AS PER THE REGULATION OF KANNUR UNIVERSITY & DIRECTIONS OF KERALA HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL) ``````````` 1 PREFACE The new revised syllabus is prepared as part of the involvement of restructuring Undergaduate Courses taken up by the Kerala State Higher Education Council in conformity with the National Educational Policy of University Grants Commission. In this connection the restructuring of Sanskrit syllabus bears an objective for preserving India’s age old cultural legacy and wisdom in the light of modern global views and trends. The revised syllabus of Sanskrit renders a flexible pattern of Choice Based Course Credit Semester System and will be in the nature of continuous assessment. The syllabus and curriculum are mainly student centred. The syllabus is designed in such a way that proper motivation is given in the pursuit of knowledge and culture. At the same time, ability to comprehensive skill, language proficiency, creative writing skill and literary taste constitute its aim. The Open Course is designed in such a way so as to utilize the valuable ethno-wisdom especially in the field of plant science and herbal wisdom as seen in Sanskrit language which will be an asset in public health. In another field of Open Course, the syllabus is designed to equip the students to face the challenges confronting in their life and enhance their social commitment. In short, the restructuring of the course is meant as the realization of the following aims: Character is formed, strength of mind is increased and by which the students can stand on one’s own legs and become an asset to the nation. -
1. Essent Vol. 1
ESSENT Society for Collaborative Research and Innovation, IIT Mandi Editor: Athar Aamir Khan Editorial Support: Hemant Jalota Tejas Lunawat Advisory Committee: Dr Venkata Krishnan, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr Varun Dutt, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr Manu V. Devadevan, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr Suman, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi AcknowledgementAcknowledgements: Prof. Arghya Taraphdar, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Dr Shail Shankar, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr Rajeshwari Dutt, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi SCRI Support teamteam:::: Abhishek Kumar, Nagarjun Narayan, Avinash K. Chaudhary, Ankit Verma, Sourabh Singh, Chinmay Krishna, Chandan Satyarthi, Rajat Raj, Hrudaya Rn. Sahoo, Sarvesh K. Gupta, Gautam Vij, Devang Bacharwar, Sehaj Duggal, Gaurav Panwar, Sandesh K. Singh, Himanshu Ranjan, Swarna Latha, Kajal Meena, Shreya Tangri. ©SOCIETY FOR COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION (SCRI), IIT MANDI [email protected] Published in April 2013 Disclaimer: The views expressed in ESSENT belong to the authors and not to the Editorial board or the publishers. The publication of these views does not constitute endorsement by the magazine. The editorial board of ‘ESSENT’ does not represent or warrant that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete and in no case are they responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such material. Readers are strongly advised to confirm the information contained herein with other dependable sources. ESSENT|Issue1|V ol1 ESSENT Society for Collaborative Research and Innovation, IIT Mandi CONTENTS Editorial 333 Innovation for a Better India Timothy A. Gonsalves, Director, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi 555 Research, Innovation and IIT Mandi 111111 Subrata Ray, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi INTERVIEW with Nobel laureate, Professor Richard R. -
Aryabhatiya with English Commentary
ARYABHATIYA OF ARYABHATA Critically edited with Introduction, English Translation. Notes, Comments and Indexes By KRIPA SHANKAR SHUKLA Deptt. of Mathematics and Astronomy University of Lucknow in collaboration with K. V. SARMA Studies V. V. B. Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Panjab University INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY NEW DELHI 1 Published for THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE COMPILATION OF HISTORY OF SCIENCES IN INDIA by The Indian National Science Academy Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi— © Indian National Science Academy 1976 Rs. 21.50 (in India) $ 7.00 ; £ 2.75 (outside India) EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Chairman : F. C. Auluck Secretary : B. V. Subbarayappa Member : R. S. Sharma Editors : K. S. Shukla and K. V. Sarma Printed in India At the Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute Press Sadhu Ashram, Hosbiarpur (Pb.) CONTENTS Page FOREWORD iii INTRODUCTION xvii 1. Aryabhata— The author xvii 2. His place xvii 1. Kusumapura xvii 2. Asmaka xix 3. His time xix 4. His pupils xxii 5. Aryabhata's works xxiii 6. The Aryabhatiya xxiii 1. Its contents xxiii 2. A collection of two compositions xxv 3. A work of the Brahma school xxvi 4. Its notable features xxvii 1. The alphabetical system of numeral notation xxvii 2. Circumference-diameter ratio, viz., tz xxviii table of sine-differences xxviii . 3. The 4. Formula for sin 0, when 6>rc/2 xxviii 5. Solution of indeterminate equations xxviii 6. Theory of the Earth's rotation xxix 7. The astronomical parameters xxix 8. Time and divisions of time xxix 9. Theory of planetary motion xxxi - 10. Innovations in planetary computation xxxiii 11. -
Kamala¯Kara Commentary on the Work, Called Tattvavivekodāharan
K related to the Siddhānta-Tattvaviveka, one a regular Kamala¯kara commentary on the work, called Tattvavivekodāharan. a, and the other a supplement to that work, called Śes.āvasanā, in which he supplied elucidations and new K. V. SARMA material for a proper understanding of his main work. He held the Sūryasiddhānta in great esteem and also wrote a Kamalākara was one of the most erudite and forward- commentary on that work. looking Indian astronomers who flourished in Varanasi Kamalākara was a critic of Bhāskara and his during the seventeenth century. Belonging to Mahar- Siddhāntaśiroman. i, and an arch-rival of Munīśvara, a ashtrian stock, and born in about 1610, Kamalākara close follower of Bhāskara. This rivalry erupted into came from a long unbroken line of astronomers, bitter critiques on the astronomical front. Thus Ranga- originally settled at the village of Godā on the northern nātha, younger brother of Kamalākara, wrote, at the . banks of the river Godāvarī. Towards AD 1500, the insistence of the latter, a critique on Munīśvara’s Bhangī family migrated to Varanasi and came to be regarded as method (winding method) of true planets, entitled . reputed astronomers and astrologers. Kamalākara Bhangī-vibhangī (Defacement of the Bhangi), to which . studied traditional Hindu astronomy under his elder Munīśvara replied with a Khand.ana (Counter). Munīś- brother Divākara, but extended the range of his studies vara attacked the theory of precession advocated by to Islamic astronomy, particularly to the school of Kamalākara, and Ranganātha refuted the criticisms of his Ulugh Beg of Samarkand. He also studied Greek brother in his Loha-gola-khan. -
A Study on the Encoding Systems in Vedic Era and Modern Era 1K
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 114 No. 7 2017, 425-433 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu A Study on the Encoding Systems in Vedic Era and Modern Era 1K. Lakshmi Priya and 2R. Parameswaran 1Department of Mathematics, School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi. [email protected] 2Department of Mathematics, School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi. [email protected] Abstract Encoding is the action of transferring a message in to codes. In this paper I present a study on the encoding systems in vedic era and modern era. The Sanskrit verses written in the vedic era are not just the praises of the Gods they are also numerical codes. In ancient India there were three means of recording numerals in Sanskrit words which are Katapayadi system, Bhutasamkhya system and Aryabhata numeration. These systems were used by many ancient mathematicians in India. In this paper the Katapayadi system used in vedic times is applied to modern ciphers– Vigenere Cipher and Affine Cipher. Key Words:Katapayadi system, vigenere cipher, affine cipher. 425 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 1. Introduction Encoding is the process of transforming messages into an arrangement required for data transmission, storage and compression/decompression. In cryptography, encryption is the method of transforming information using an algorithm to make it illegible to anyone except those owning special information, usually called as a key. In vedic era, Sanskrit is the language used. It is supposed to be the ancient language, from which most of the modern dialects are developed. -
Mathematics Newsletter Volume 21. No4, March 2012
MATHEMATICS NEWSLETTER EDITORIAL BOARD S. Ponnusamy (Chief Editor) Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600 036, Tamilnadu, India Phone : +91-44-2257 4615 (office) +91-44-2257 6615, 2257 0298 (home) [email protected] http://mat.iitm.ac.in/home/samy/public_html/index.html S. D. Adhikari G. K. Srinivasan Harish-Chandra Research Institute Department of Mathematics, (Former Mehta Research Institute ) Indian Institute of Technology Chhatnag Road, Jhusi Bombay Allahabad 211 019, India Powai, Mumbai 400076, India [email protected] [email protected] C. S. Aravinda B. Sury, TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics Stat-Math Unit, Sharadanagar, Indian Statistical Institute, Chikkabommasandra 8th Mile Mysore Road, Post Bag No. 6503 Bangalore 560059, India. Bangalore - 560 065 [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] M. Krishna G. P. Youvaraj The Institute of Mathematical Sciences Ramanujan Institute CIT Campus, Taramani for Advanced Study in Mathematics Chennai-600 113, India University of Madras, Chepauk, [email protected] Chennai-600 005, India [email protected] Stefan Banach (1892–1945) R. Anantharaman SUNY/College, Old Westbury, NY 11568 E-mail: rajan−[email protected] To the memory of Jong P. Lee Abstract. Stefan Banach ranks quite high among the founders and developers of Functional Analysis. We give a brief summary of his life, work and methods. Introduction (equivalent of middle/high school) there. Even as a student Stefan revealed his talent in mathematics. He passed the high Stefan Banach and his school in Poland were (among) the school in 1910 but not with high honors [M]. -
Ancient Indian Mathematics – a Conspectus*
GENERAL ARTICLE Ancient Indian Mathematics – A Conspectus* S G Dani India has had a long tradition of more than 3000 years of pursuit of Mathematical ideas, starting from the Vedic age. The Sulvasutras (which in- cluded Pythagoras theorem before Pythagoras), the Jain works, the base 10 representation (along with the use of 0), names given to powers of 10 S G Dani is a Distinguished up to 1053, the works of medieval mathematicians Professor at the Tata motivated by astronomical studies, and ¯nally Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. He the contributions of the Kerala school that came obtained his bachelor’s, strikingly close to modern mathematics, repre- master’s and PhD degrees sent the various levels of intellectual attainment. from the University of Mumbai. His areas of There is now increasing awareness around the world that interest are dynamics and as one of the ancient cultures, India has contributed sub- ergodic theory of flows on stantially to the global scienti¯c development in many homogeneous spaces, spheres, and mathematics has been one of the recognized probability measures on Lie groups areas in this respect. The country has witnessed steady and history of mathematics. mathematical developments over most part of the last He has received 3,000 years, throwing up many interesting mathemati- several awards including cal ideas well ahead of their appearance elsewhere in the the Ramanujan Medal and the world, though at times they lagged behind, especially in TWAS Prize. the recent centuries. Here are some episodes from the fascinating story that forms a rich fabric of the sustained * This is a slightly modified ver- intellectual endeavour. -
Chapter Two Astrological Works in Sanskrit
51 CHAPTER TWO ASTROLOGICAL WORKS IN SANSKRIT Astrology can be defined as the 'philosophy of discovery' which analyzing past impulses and future actions of both individuals and communities in the light of planetary configurations. Astrology explains life's reaction to planetary movements. In Sanskrit it is called hora sastra the science of time-'^rwRH ^5R5fai«fH5iref ^ ^Tm ^ ^ % ^i^J' 11 L.R. Chawdhary documented the use of astrology as "astrology is important to male or female as is the case of psychology, this branch of knowledge deals with the human soul deriving awareness of the mind from the careful examination of the facts of consciousness. Astrology complements everything in psychology because it explains the facts of planetary influences on the conscious and subconscious providing a guideline towards all aspects of life, harmony of mind, body and spirit. This is the real use of astrology^. Dr. ^.V.Raman implies that "astrology in India is a part of the whole of Indian culture and plays an integral part in guiding life for all at all stages of life" ^. Predictive astrology is a part of astronomy that exists by the influence of ganita and astronomical doctrines. Winternitz observes that an astrologer is required to possess all possible noble quantities and a comprehensive knowledge of astronomy, ' Quoted from Sabdakalpadruma, kanta-ll, p.550 ^ L.R.Chawdhari, Secrets of astrology. Sterling Paper backs, New Delhi,1998, p.3 ^Raman.B.V, Planetary influence of Human affairs, U.B.S. Publishers, New Delhi, 1996,p.147 52 mathematics and astrology^ Astrology or predictive astrology is said to be coconnected with 'astronomy'. -
An Anecdote on Mādhava School of Mathematics
Insight: An International Journal for Arts and Humanities Peer Reviewed and Refereed Vol: 1; Issue: 3 ISSN: 2582-8002 An Anecdote on Mādhava School of Mathematics Athira K Babu Research Scholar, Department of Sanskrit Sahitya, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady, Abstract The Sanskrit term ‘Gaṇitaśāstra’, meaning literally the “science of calculation” is used for mathematics. The mathematical tradition of ancient India is an ocean of knowledge that is dealing with many topics such as the Vedic, Jain and Buddhist traditions, the mathematical astronomy, The Bhakshali manuscripts, The Kerala School of mathematics and the like. Thus India has made a valuable contribution to the world of mathematics. The origin and development of Indian mathematics are connected with Jyotiśāstra1. This paper tries to deconstructing the concept of mathematical tradition of Kerala with respect to Niḷā valley civilization especially under the background of medieval Kerala and also tries to look into the Mādhava School of mathematics through the life and works of great mathematician Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma and his pupils who lived in and around the river Niḷā. Keywords: Niḷā, Literature review, Mathematical Tradition of medieval Kerala, Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma, Great lineage of Mādhava. Introduction Niḷā, the Nile of Kerala is famous for the great ‘Māmāṅkam’ festival. The word ‘Niḷā’point out a culture more than just a river. It has a great role in the formation of the cultural life of south Malabar part of Kerala. It could be seen that the word ‘Peraar’ indicating the same river in ancient scripts and documents. The Niḷā is the life line of many places such as Chittur, Ottappalam, Shornur, Cheruthuruthy, Pattambi, Thrithala, Thiruvegappura, Kudallur, Pallippuram, Kumbidi, 1 The Sanskrit word used for Astronomy is Jyotiśāstra. -
Ganita-Yukti-Bhāṣā (Rationales in Mathematical Astronomy) of Jyeṣṣhadeva Volume I: Mathematics Volume II: Astronomy
K.V. Sarma, K. Ramasubramanian, M.D. Srinivas, M.S. Sriram Ganita-Yukti-Bhāṣā (Rationales in Mathematical Astronomy) of Jyeṣṣhadeva Volume I: Mathematics Volume II: Astronomy Series: Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences ▶ A long-awaited translation of one of the most important and hitherto least accessible works in Indian mathematics ▶ Supplemented by detailed explanatory notes and commentary Ganita-yukti-bhasa (Rationales in Mathematical Astronomy) of Jyesthadeva (c.1530) is a seminal text of the Kerala school of astronomy. It is composed in the Malayalam language and presents detailed yuktis or explanations and demonstrations for the results and processes of mathematical astronomy. The text, comprising fifteen chapters, is naturally divided into two parts, mathematics and astronomy, and purports to give an exposition of the techniques and theories employed in the computation of planetary motions as set 2008, LXVIII, 1084 p. In 2 volumes, not forth in the great treatise Tantrasangraha (c.1500) of Nilakantha Somayaji. Even though available separately. the importance of Ganita-yukti-bhasa was brought to the attention of modern scholarship by C.M Whish in the 1830s, a critical edition of the entire Malayalam text is published here for the first time along with an English translation and detailed explanatory notes. Printed book The mathematics part is divided into seven chapters. The topics covered are Parikarma Hardcover (logistics), Dasaprasna (ten problems), Bhinnaganita (fractions), Trairasika (rule of 199,99 € | £179.99 | $249.99 ▶ three), Kuttakara (linear indeterminate equations), Paridhi and Vyasa (infinite series and *213,99 € (D) | 219,99 € (A) | CHF 236.00 ▶ approximations for the ratio of the circumference and diameter of a circle) and Jyanayana (infinite series and approximations for sines). -
History of Science and Technology in India
DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA By Dr. Binod Bihari Satpathy 1 CONTENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA Unit.No. Chapter Name Page No Unit-I. Science and Technology- The Beginning 1. Development in different branches of Science in Ancient India: 03-28 Astronomy, Mathematics, Engineering and Medicine. 2. Developments in metallurgy: Use of Copper, Bronze and Iron in 29-35 Ancient India. 3. Development of Geography: Geography in Ancient Indian Literature. 36-44 Unit-II Developments in Science and Technology in Medieval India 1. Scientific and Technological Developments in Medieval India; 45-52 Influence of the Islamic world and Europe; The role of maktabs, madrasas and karkhanas set up. 2. Developments in the fields of Mathematics, Chemistry, Astronomy 53-67 and Medicine. 3. Innovations in the field of agriculture - new crops introduced new 68-80 techniques of irrigation etc. Unit-III. Developments in Science and Technology in Colonial India 1. Early European Scientists in Colonial India- Surveyors, Botanists, 81-104 Doctors, under the Company‘s Service. 2. Indian Response to new Scientific Knowledge, Science and 105-116 Technology in Modern India: 3. Development of research organizations like CSIR and DRDO; 117-141 Establishment of Atomic Energy Commission; Launching of the space satellites. Unit-IV. Prominent scientist of India since beginning and their achievement 1. Mathematics and Astronomy: Baudhayan, Aryabhtatta, Brahmgupta, 142-158 Bhaskaracharya, Varahamihira, Nagarjuna. 2. Medical Science of Ancient India (Ayurveda & Yoga): Susruta, 159-173 Charak, Yoga & Patanjali. 3. Scientists of Modern India: Srinivas Ramanujan, C.V. Raman, 174-187 Jagdish Chandra Bose, Homi Jehangir Bhabha and Dr. -
Scientific Literature
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE (SKT2C08) STUDY MATERIAL II SEMESTER CORE COURSE MA SANSKRIT (GENERAL) (2019 Admission onwards) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY- P.O MALAPPURAM- 673635, KERALA 190208 SKT2C08-SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE (SANSKRIT-GENERAL) SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT STUDY MATERIAL SECOND SEMESTER MA SANSKRIT GENERAL (2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS) CORE COURSE: SKT2C08- SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE Prepared by: SRI.SUMESH.A.S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ON CONTRACT (SANSKRIT) SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Scrutinized By: DR.PUSHPADASAN KUNIYIL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & DIRECTOR SREE SANKARACHARYA UNIVERSITY OF SANSKRIT REGIONAL CAMPUS, KOYILANDY SKT2C08-SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE (SANSKRIT-GENERAL) SYLLUBUS Unit I :-An introduction to scientific literature in Sanskrit -Essentiality of the awareness of this branch of literature -A general study of major works (Bṛhatsaṃhitā, Manuṣyālayacandrikā, Yuktikalpataru, Samarāṅkaṇasūtradhā-ra, Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā, Śilparatna, Mayamata and Mātaṅgalāla) (No questions shall be asked from Unit 1 for external examination. This unit may be covered through components of Internal assessment.) Unit II: Intensive study of the following articles: 1. Sanskrit Literature on Medical Science: Dr. K. Raghavan Tirumulpad, inTechnical Literature in Sanskrit, Ed. S. Venkita Subramonia Iyer. 2. Scientific Methodology in Ancient India, Dr. K. N. N Elayath, in Indian Scientific Traditions. 3. Astronomy and Mathematics in Sanskrit Literature: K. V Sarma, in Technical Literature in Sanskrit, Ed. S. Venkita Subramonia Iyer. 4. TheCritical and Rational Approach of Kelallur Nilakantha Somayaji: N.K. Sundareswaran, in Kerala School of Mathematics: Trajectories and Impact 5. Yukti bhāṣā : T.B Venugopala Panikker, in Kerala School of Mathematics: Trajectories and Impact. Unit III: - Intensive study of the following articles: 6. Sanskrit Literature on Architecture and Iconography: Dr.