NOVEMBER, 1948 BULLETIN
Tkie little Poli~11ho? i. only one nl naillionc ot~r1rn:try cnf the war. Ilr. i- nar~rr 11t:nn :I rvnlindrr tlap 1):a.t. IIc i. a11o11 reelt~n~ihilil~(11 IJIP ~~rt-etnt itntl ollr rln:tllrne** of tltc ft~ltlrr.
ORPHANSg LEGACY OF WAR by ESTHER B. RHOADS and EMILIE BRADBURY SEE PAGES 4 and 5 AFSC Looks Forward U. N. Liaison 1:Iniorc jnckson lins resigned as As- c( ~lohf relief to rcli;lbilit:1tion" is hope tliat \\.e niigllt be a rnedinting sistant Executive Secretary of tlie Amcr- Ftlle clirrlctcristic plir;ise of rlmost infl~~cncc:' Can \vc, recognizing not ican 1:riends Service Co~nlnittecto bc- all ajiencics that I1.1ve been involucd in only the need of Western Europe, but corne the Co~nlnittcc'sliaison with the overseas assrstance. It will be necessary tlie deep need in Russia itself, find United Nations. He urill, in ;lddition. to sul>l>lerncnt diets nntl s~~pplyshoes new forms of contact between the serve as the cons~~ltantto tlic U. N. and clothing in parts of 1:urope and East and the West! Instead of clc- Economic and Social Collncil for thc Asia for at le;ist another yenr, but the pending solely on political action, can 1:riencls World Committee for Con- revival of religious, soci;il and indus- urc fintl \trays in wIiic11 the heart ant1 sultation. The new appointment bc- trial life, and espcci;illy tllc rchuilcling spirit of Americans can to~lcli the comes effective No\rc~nbcr 1. Elmore of mor;ilc ant1 hope are the central lives 2nd ncccls of Russian people? ;~n~llilizabcth Jackson will live at problems. Can u.e once again earn the right by Quaker Housc. in New York, in the Thirty-eight per ccnt of our 1:oreign st~~dyand prayer to Iise person to per- apartrnent made available to tlie AI:SC Service butlgct last year was spent on son relations with responsible Rus- to f;icilitate its United Nations c-on- relief and 62 per ccnt on rehabilitation sians to further understanding hetvrrecn tncts. ant1 rcconstr~~ction.That trend urill 11s ? The Scr\ricc Committee recognizes mo\,c further this ye;lr. Let no one \Y'c :ire probably at a point \vherc that its ~'orkfor 13e:~ceni~~st be carried feel easy :thout his res1)onsibility for more is dcmnntled of us in the arc1 of out in cons~~ltution\\it11 other apen- sharing foo~l,hut morc thnn food. politicnl action thnn has been true in ties and groups, international in char- must mnkc a tlecpcr spirit~~alcontri- the p:1st. nctcr. \\~liicli are striving to conciliate bution. The lxacetinie draft and the cnor- international clitfcrences and build an The very f~ctth,~t our Government rnous espcndit~ires for rnilitariz:ltion orderly world community. The Com- is particip,~ting in large-scale relief nre so sharply in conflict ~vitlithe cen- niittce's \vork has alrcntly led it into nctiuities makes it more esscnti,~ltliat tral beliefs and practices of ITriends a speci;~lconcern for the friction be- vol~~nt;iryagencies furnish additional th;lt it is probable that the AI:SC will t~veenIndin 2nd Pakistan, for the civil spiritu;ll serviics. be rnorc critical of Government action urar in China (wl~erc the AI:SC is One of the polx~lnr nrpl~mcnt.; for than r~sual, 2nd our actions may not opcr;lting on both sitlcs), for a relief .lssist:~nc-c, partic-t~lnrly in Central be easily ~~nrlerstoorl. ant1 refugee service in I'alestine, in co- Il~~ropc,is to huilcl a hul\vark against All of thcse trends tle~nan~lof LIS operation \vith the United Nations. Communism by offering aid to des- greater wisdom, fuller cornmit~ncnt, and into jointly sponsored projects in ~wratt' ~>cople.The A17SC must cm- cleeper faith anrl more profound tin- I'olantl and Mesico with UNESCO scio~~sly2nd insistently refuse the clerstanrling as \ve try to chart our (Unitctl Nations Ecll~cational, Social tempting lure of securing f~~ntlsand course, which we believe to be in the ant1 C~~lt~~rnlOrganization). approval of program5 on such a hasis. dcc1>est sense loyalty to our country. 1:lmore J;ickson will c-ontinuc to be \Yfc offer our services to people bccn~lsc and at the same time, to express our rclate~l to the cliscussions \\,hich tlic they arc in ncctl and because \ve feel fundamental religious bclicfs. AFSC has ~rndertakcn in an effort to c;~llcdto help them. The political re- CI.ARI~N(.I~E. ~'~C.ICI:T?', s::. if. in some smnll way, it coulcl sr~lts must be left in tlic hantls of lessen the tension \vhich now exists thosc \vl10111 \ve Serve. l~ct\vcenRussia and the United States. Ho\vcver, n,c cannot ,~voicl recog- nizing tlic irnportnncc of political cvcnts. Driven by facts and by our New Addresses csj>crience, \\'e must atteln17t to en- Taro Service Committee offices have courage a path of political action changed their addresses. The New AFSC ~~~~i~~~ n.hich respects the rights and the sa- 'i'ork City Ofice is now located at 53 The nest meetings of the American credness of individunls. Rroa~l\vay, New York 6. The Dts Concretely this means: Is there hloines Regional Ofice is at 11 16 East 1-riends Service Committee will be cqro\ving out of our csperiencc on both University Avcnlle, Dcs Moincs 16, Ileltl in New York City on December sidcs ol the lines in China any slight Iowa, ns of November 1. 3 and .I.Write the AI:SC for details. Internes in Ove
I+I: t\vo young people in tile pic- the desire to see for them- T ture at the right ~\.orkeclh.~rtl for selves wI1:lt drc the C;~LIS~S the pri:iitge of p~~nc.llingthnt timc of t!lc tensions which chnr- clock nt 7 a.m., six cl*~ys'1 \veck. 'They ,~cterizcour incl~~striallitc. sc-nnned newsp:lpcr clnscitic~l ;lcI col- They felt that if they coulcl umns. stood in lincs in cro\j,clcd crn- \.ic\\. the scene firstllancl ploymcnt ottices, ancl po~rnclcd many and n'ith unclerst.~ncling, blocks of city pavements before they they !night be 'lhle to hell1 linally \Yere hireel hy tlie company bridge tllc g,~pthat now \vitll tlic time clock. exists bct\vecn employer And once hired, they founcl th;~t ;lnd employee. they must nrise at 5 :30 a.m., get The 10 internes nre liv- bre'lkfast, pack lunchch, ancl travel on Ing coopcr,~tivcly in the South I'hila- sonnel experts, economists, soc.iol- bus, sdnvay, nncl trolley for -17 min- clelpl1i;l ho~ne,not far from the busy 0,q"s. utes to get to their factory at seven. wh:~rvesof tlic I)cl:~\\,nrc River. They The project 113s reccivcel the co- \X'ho nre these two \vho ,Ire so eager share in the houscholcl chores ;~ndcon- oper.~tion of the I'l1il;~clclphia Cham- to p~~ncl~a timc clock? They arc I-cp- tribute pnrt of their earnings each ber of Co~nmcrcc,u,hich h,ls \vorkccl rescntntive "internes in inelustry," week to help meet the expenses of the with the proup in n1.lny \v;lys. Thc members of one of the \+.ark :mcl study project. T.abor I!cll~c.ation Association, n group projects spon~orccl by the American Tllcir first exl>eriencc \\!as, of course, \\.hich rcc.civcs support irom I'hilil- I:riends Scrvic.c (:ommittcc. to lind ;I job. This was not too cnsy. clell>hin ~~nions,nnd the city Ronrcl of This fall and ~vintcrtlle third group As one interne. a young engineer fro111 Ecl~~cntionthro~~gh its \\,orkcrs' ccl~l- of "internes" to meet for n nine-month I'eru, put it: "Jobs were SOLI~~I~for n cntion 1,rogruii h,~ve also lent their prograrn arc living i~tthe old scnmcn's period of eight clays. \vitll scarce support to the project. home in South Philnclelphia wlhich results." I3ut the most cnth~rsinstic support houses the project. Internes clo cvent~~allyfind cniploy- co~nes from the internes themsclvcs, pahi ;1rlcl ~\>\>ic>\~il 'fhcre arc 10 .youn,g .. ~,coplc . in this illent, ho\vcver, 2nd rile jobs r'uigc prchc~~t,T'l~cii . . <,I rvinter's project fivc girls and fivc from typicai asscmhly line work anti the intcrncshil> ;is 'In effective \\..~yto boys. They come from Inany back- truck Ioncling jobs, to work irnions develop .In understancling ot incll~s- grounrls. They rnnge in n'gc from 10 ,lnd \\it11 proups \\,orking in the ficlcl trial problems I>eyoncl that gninecl to 25. 'I'heir future plans vary. Somc oi I.lbor ecl~~c-'ltion. from texihooks 11.1s been the clecicfin:;: want to tench, others to do I;lhor eclu- After \vork, the internes get togctllcr factor in the continuntion and cxp,ln- cntion work, one wmts to he ;ln cngi- to cornpiire their cspcrienccs. TIlcy sion of the program. necr, another to do personnel work. come up ~vitlldifferent observations ot What niacle them corne to Intcrne- inJustri;il life. Sornc \\,ark \\.here tllcre in-Intl~rstry:' I:~~ncl:uncnt:~lly,it \vas 'ire unions; others \vhere unions arc trying to org;~nize:others \vllcrc there is not a tr.lce of unionization. Thosc
\\slit) work in ~~nionizedshops fine1 that unions (.In clifyer as clrnsticnlly xs .my other organiz;ltion mndc up of h~~rn.~n beings. Somc find re'lson for optimism from their cxpcricnc-cs wit11 fcllotr. ~vorkers;others fincl it h.~rcl to see solutions for the clc,~~l-cn~lsort of cs- istcnce forced upon a m~~ltitu~lcof w,orkcrs in ,ln inrl~rstrial;~ge. To I1elp thern in their tllinkin,~, leuclcrs rcprescntin,c m.ln!. poi~:t.; of \,ic\v come to t;tlk u.irl1 them. 'l'hey ,{re lxople in tllc ficlcl of 1;lhor cclu- c,~tiun. rcprcscnt,ltivc\ of unionh. per- < ., \ k- +a3 * c**
i L ss Orphans Legacy oi Regardless of whether- nations emerge from M the children are always the losers.
by ESTHER B. RHOADS
lirlir/ lc'or.h 171 ]d/11117 i.r NIIJPI.//7(~ directio,~ of LA11A-Lirel/.reil Agelzrje~ for /\'elre/ in Asin, o/ 1(,/7ir/7 //7~ AI:SC' ir a ti ember.. l:.~//~r.Rlloid.r, sr/ppor.ted by the Sr~.r a slnall fee and is presided over by ;I We have scen hundreds of children boss who claims a share of each boy's started back to normal again through In Japan earnings. On fine days they made the help of LARA supplies. One at- enough to buy food on the black tractive lad turned himself over to the market. \VIien it was warm enough to police because he had run out of IIOI;SANI)Sof war \v:~ifs\\,ere roam- sleep x>ithout bedding, life was easy, money. He had been evacuated with Ti ng t~icstreets in Japan when ancl of course, full of interest and free other children of a primary school. 1-ARA representatives arrived in 1')"i6. from restraints and responsibility. Rut After the bombing of Osaka, he never 13uring the first year after the sur- before long the g:lng learncd that \\el- heard from his fnmily. He returned render, so little food \v;~sa\lailable that fare oficials were picking LIP their to the temple in which the school was ninny of tlic children who had bcen conirades, and they scattered. Tadashi housed and stayed there for nearly a g.itliercc1 in orphanages ran away to boarclcd one of the Tokyo trains, mak- year after the close of the war. Finally, beg on the streets or to shine G.I. ing perhaps half a dozen stops in cities as the last unclaimed child, he was al- shoes for a fen coppers. Toclny, with along the way, where he fell in with lowed to set off on his own to hunt the help of LARA in supplying food similar vagrants ancl somchou~ eked for his relatives. He had the addresses .lnd c-lotliing for the Children's Homes, out a living. of four or five ~~nclesand aunts, but nearly all of these children are off the When are fount1 him, cold weather at each address lie found nothing but streets. was corning on and he apparently had rubble. Tadashi, one of these youngsters not had luck in joining a company in ~'110 had becn trying to make his own Tokyo. He had been picked up sevcn way t\vo years go, w;ls frequently times already, but had escaped from LI4R.4 Clotl~ingReplaces Rags scen around thc LARA ofice. His each receiving Home to \vliich he Iiad We have visited institutions where clotlics \\,ere r;lgge~l,his feet bare and been sent. This time he was taken to small children were taken immediately cnkcll with black dirt, for 11c spent his one of the best orplianagcs, where 60 after the bombings. These children nights on the l>l,itforms of the lower \vaifs had becn added to the pre-war were usually found about the railway level of Tokyo railn.ay station, where family of 25 or 30 orphan children. stations, most of them too young to frcigl~t2nd esprcss arc handled. We After months on the street, it is know their own names. Their last were interested in Tad;tshi, and aftcr hard for a boy to readjust to school names arc now registered as "Eki," scvernl attempts pcrsl1:ided Iiim to go life, and it \vas somc time before \vhich means "station." Any identify- to one of the orphnn;~pes. Tadashi was able to fit into the rcgulnr ing garment or early impressions were Tadashi \\as about 10 ye:lrs old, school pattern. The extra ration of carefully recorded. Though few have .lnd Iind comc all tlic way from food from LARA \vIiich this institu- found their relatives, somc are now Sliimonoscki 2.t hours distant by es- tion received, as did several hundred being iclentified by fathers who are re- ~wsstr;~in.His trip \\as made in others, was a help to Tad:~shi, and turning from Russian-occupied sections rnmy short st;lges. ]:or a \vliilc he ha~l soon lie \\,as feeling \veil and strong of Asia. shinccl sliocs at the Hirosliinla station. again ,~ndmaking friends \\.it11 his LARA clothing has bcen a great ivliere lie belonged to n company or roommates. Ten rnontlls later Tadashi's help to thosc in charge of these insti- p.lng of boys. Each cornlxiny cleman~ls relatives \\we located by the orphanage. War us victors or vanquished, by EMlLlE BRADBURY I~I:KI: are 1,500,000 orphans and tlirce years ot age, ;ind tlic hlinistry 01 T half-orphans in Poland. I came Iklucation for chilclren from four into contact with 14,000 of them in thro~igli eighteen. In Kr,tkow, \\.e In Poland the Krakow area, and I met the people \vlio represented the Anglo-American who have courageously assu~ned re- Quaker hlission worked more clos:ly sponsibility for them. It is a sobering with the latter group; however, m.e One of the chief jobs oi ,I forcign experience. Not that the boys and tried also to help tlie babies and their org;~nization allo\ved the privilege ot girls are sober, for they are as jolly and mothers. \Vhcn 15.c started, there were helping in the rebuilding of a country friendly and natural as our own already over 100 institutions caring for is to strenfithen, \\rIicrcver possible, the youngsters of the same ages. Perhaps. these children. \vork of the locally resyonsiblc agen- how~cvcr,they are not as carefree and It nit~stbe rcmernbere~lthat I'olan~l cies. The foreign agency slioulcl work scclningly tl~o~~glitlessas ours some- \v;ls one of the countries, if not /be itself out oi the job ns soon as times arc, for their experience has becn country, most damaged by the \v.lr. possible. In our case, the local or- different. Not only its pl~psicalproperty suffcrerl, ganization \\.;is the Child Welfare How many of us in the United but also n great proportion of its edu- Depxttnent of tlie Uoarcl of ECILIC;1 t.Ion States u~ouldhave tlie courage to un- c'ited j>opiilation was syste~n.~tically for the city nncl st.~tcoi Krako~v. It dertake the care of thousands of these selectecl and killed. Pcrsonncl, there- Iins heen an inspiring experience and boys ant1 girls when we sanr no im- fore, \\.as, and still is, a major problcln. mediate prospect of providing then] witli beds, bedding, linen, clothing, or proper food; when there was not even trained personnel a\~ailablcto care for them? Yet all over Poland this \~ork has been and is going on for 1,500.000 children. The beginning of this \vork in tlie Krakow area was undertaken almost i~nmediately after the liberation, for the Poles were determinccl not to have tlie gangsof "~vild children" \vllich dcvelol>ed in some countries after World W;lr I. Our first c-ontact \\,it11 their lxogrmn was in November, 19.i6, wlien it had becn going on for some montl1s. Responsibility for mi- nors is divided in I'oland between tlie Ministry of Labor and Soci:ll \Vel- fare for those from birth tlirougli HE AIIEI~ICANFI~II'NDS SEI LIP SLICII problems as cornrn~~nalism, T, P feudalism, the infiltration of the "pro- U. L. Dr. Turner, a gracluate of Howard gressive" r-naterialism of the West and Pacifist Conference Univcrsity, Harvard Univcrsity and the the status of \vomen. Approsi~nntrly 50 represcntativcs Univcrsity of Chicago, has done extcn- The suhtontincnt of India is des- from countries all over the \vorld will sivc resenrch in linguistics in the tined to play an increasingly impor- attend the World I'acifist Meeting at Unite11 States, Brazil and Europe. Sev- tant rdle in h~lnianaffairs. It is vital Santinikct'in, Inclia, in J.in~~,~ry.19 19. er:iI of his studies have been published that \\.e cnlargc our knowledge and The AFSC cspccts to send one or two both in book form and as articles in uncierstancling of the Indian people. delegates. ~nagazines. Hilcla Wernhcr nns\\.ers that need in Subjects to be iliscussecl include He h;ls taught at Howard Univer- a sntisfying \j2ny. 7'/?~,Sfor.) n/ Ii~il~r.nj,~ practical applications ot pacitism and sity; I'isk Univcrsity, Nashville, Tcnn. ; uas publisheel by Do~~bleclayant1 Co., non-violence in evcryday lifc, educa- ;in4 Ilas bccn at Roosevclt College Inc., New York. tion for peace, race and color problems since 19-16 ,~ncl their solutions, the pacifist np- Dr. Cookc, who has been ;~ssociated Gifts of Seed proacI1 to worl~l government, and \vith Ho~,;irdUniversity since 1945, plannrng for a world union of pacifists. previo~sly was director of drama at Japanese chilclrcn are sl1oa.n tending Although the forrnal confcrcncc \\rill Spelman College, Atlanta, Ga., direc- a garclcn u,hich provided food for hot last only one week, beginning January tor of the summer theater of Atlanta lunches in their school. Seeds were 17, it is hoped that represcntativcs University and coordinator of commu- sent by American school children from other countries lnny spend Inore nication centers at Hampton (Va.) In- through the AIK. "Gardens" this time in India studying ancl meeting stitute. From 1938 to 10.38 she was year will go to Germany and Japan. with Indian pacifist groups. director of one-week Dramatic Inter- ludes for the Association of American C0llcgc.s. Dr. Cookc is a graduate of Obcrlin (0.)College and of the Yale Univer- sity S:hool of Fine Arts. She has also sti~clicclin I'urope. Both Dr. Turner and Dr. Cooke will lecture for the Committee for four \\,ccks eac11. Those interested in secur- ing their services should contact tile AI5C Race Relations Committee. Prc\,ious Iccti~rcrs have included a sociologist, political scientist, psychol- ogist, college president and an artist. so~neho\vtlie oltl nre more likely to be neglected. They arc not forgotten in Pol.~ntl.but hecn~~scthere is not cno~rgh to go nround :IS yet, the young receive first attention. In M:ly \\.c \zisitctl many institutions 2nd ioun~l;I great shortage of sheets. ;lnd a pressing ncetl for clothing for the oltl people. Not one of the homes \ve \risitccl hntl riiore tlinn one c-omplcte chnnge of sheets, nlthauph there were ,I nul-nhcr of bcclridtlcn men and \vomcn in c:lch of them. This \v,ls bad enough, hut even Inore urgent \\?as the need for some :~ctivity or sirnplc oc-cup;~tionfor these indivitl- unls w11o co~11t1look for\vartl only to empty d~ysahearl. \Y'c \\,anteti to st.lrt .I \vork ~>rogra~nin Krnkow, not only to takc tlieir mintls off their ouPntrou- bles hut ;~lsoto provitle them \\.it11 :I Jgpqn LO~/I~NNCJ Poland --~~~~~~!i~~~~c~/ little spcncling money. This is not an tutions. Pr.lrtically every chiltl arrives .I true privilege to he allo\vetl to ivork easy job, for many of the o!d :Ire ;lble in rags, and it has been one of the \\.it11 them. I hnve never seen people to do little; their eycsi,cht is poor nncl firedest joys of those in charge to be \\,ark Iinrtler or more conscientiously. often tlie lighting is very bnd, for light ablc to tlrcss the chiltlrcn ancl sent1 In the beginning, \ve \Yere asked to hulbs are scnrcc. M,~terinlsof any kind them of'f to the ~v~blicschools looking help supl>ly hl'lnkets, bedtling ant1 ;ire also sc-nrcc. One of the Polish ns \\.ell as the cliilclren of the romrnu- clothing, cslwci;~lly slioes. Sometirnc~ \vomcn's organizations is heginning to nity. T\vo othcr contril,ution>. vit I- \\.c fell t11.1t thoic in c.l~;~rgc.of tl~c takc over this cl~lcstion of recre:ltion mins and snntonin (n \vorm ~nedicinc). orplinris neecletl some of these things for tlie 01t1 People's Homes in Kr.1- :I .IS ;IS have done great de:~I to Llrin,~tllcsc ~n~lcll tile chilclrcn tlicl; but time ko\v, and it will be 1117 to 11s to find c-liiltlrcn hack to normnl. 7.11~clircctor\ .~ftcrtime they refused our aitl. No\\,. the cloth in,^. bedtling ant1 recrentionnl of instit~rtionscaring Tor s~rchclliltlren '1ftc.r ;I yc.lr ~ntln h.1lf. I am glad to nintcrinls for the other hornes. tell 11s ngnin nnd n - - 68E 'ON I!uJad 'Vd 'VIHdl3aVllHd alvd -- ICKI Y AND TONYCHAPI 1.1.1 re- D cently spent seven nionths tralel- Ing through Europe photograph~ng work of the AFSC. A transcribed ra- d~o~nttrv~cu~ with Lowell Thomas and the photographers, which tells thc story of the G~rlScout clot13ing drlve, can be heard currently on stdt~ons across the country. In the ~ntcrvienr,the Chapelles de- scribe the need they obscrved during 12,000 mllcc of travel across seven Eu- ropean countr~cs,and tell the story ot some Girl Sco~~tkits, whlch they saw d~ctr~butcdin Offenburg, Germany. ' There w~sone p~rlat the distribu- tion whose entire wardrobe consisted of only five garments," Dickey sa~d "I:rom the G~rlScouts she received t\vo dresses, a skirt, a hat, a warm % u~ntercoat, pajamas, handbag and a --. wwing kit. Rut best of all was a letter enclosed by Arner~canScouts." Amrrivxn (iirl >vvatt tell- I.on~~11'~IIov~;~. tricl~t), r:tcli,t conlnt>ent:ttor. at~c~utth~ "(:lotl~e. for Frien