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Researching Indigenous Australians in Tourism

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Researching Indigenous Australians in Tourism Researching Indigenous Australians in Tourism Mogens Raymond Simonsen BA (Monash); Grad.Dip.Ed. (Hawthorn IE); Cert. Catering (Copenhagen). This thesis was submitted posthumously in fulfilments of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Business and Law, Victoria University 2005 FTS THESIS 338.479194 SIM 30001008597165 Simonsen, Mogens Raymond Researching indigenous Australians in tourism Declaration of Originality Victoria University attests that this thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma. Also, to the best of the University's knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by atlother person except where aUe reference Is made in the text. 11 Acknowledgements On behalf of Mogens Raymond Simonsen, his family would like to sincerely thank the respondents who were interviewed in the course of data collection for this study, and to those who supplied information and assistance. In particular, the Simonsen family would like to express their gratitude to the various Indigenous peoples involved in the tourism enterprises that formed the focus of this investigation; for allowing this study to take place, and for permitting Ray to talk with them and share in their knowledge, experiences and concems. In the course of this research, Ray was taken 'on country' to conduct in-depth and personal interviews and expressed his delight to his family at being welcomed and accepted by traditional owners. He spoke often of the privilege of visiting some of the most beautiful parts of Australia and the valuable opportunities to live and participate in daily community activities that are significantly different to those in Australia's large cities. In his own words, as a person bom overseas, he was motivated to give something back to the wider community, and country, he called home for many years. He also wished to be an inspiring example to his children and to demonstrate that a boy who left school aged sixteen could one day complete a doctorate thesis. He dedicated this work to his beloved children, Kim and Pia Simonsen. This work demonstrated Ray's immense capacity for social inquiry, overarching concem for others and his ability to draw from a diverse professional career to contribute in a practical and meaningfiil way to the discourse on indigenous policy and practice. It draws together his years of experiences in hospitality and tourism industries, his passion for anthropology and the issues facing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The family also wish to express thanks to Ray's principal supervisor. Professor Brian King, for his support and assistance in the intellectual development of the work, and the Head of School of Hospitality, Tourism and Marketing for encouraging the work to be completed as part of the University's commitment to supporting the wider community. In addition, the Simonsen family would like to thank the University for allowing this work to be submitted for examination and reaching a successfiil conclusion. Again, on behalf of Mogens Raymond Simonsen, his family would like to express their deep appreciation to all those who supplied information, assistance and support in the course of this study. ill Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Graphs List of Tables Chapter One Researching Indigenous Australians in Tourism 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The research topic 3 1.3 The context 3 1.4 Aims 6 1.5 Research design 9 1.6 Definitions 11 1.7 Significance 13 1.8 Summary and outline of chapters 14 Chapter Two Indigenous Tourism in Australia 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 The social context 16 2.3 Indigenous tourism policy 19 2.4 Demand for Indigenous Tourism 22 2.5 Motivation for Indigenous involvement 25 2.6 Forms of Indigenous involvement in tourism 29 2.7 Indigenous tourism enterprises: performance and effectiveness 34 2.8 Community involvement in tourism enterprises 44 2.9 Conclusions 54 Chapter Three The Cultural Organisational Context of Indigenous Tourist Enterprise Management 56 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Concepts of ethnicity, Aboriginality, and perceptions of Aboriginal cultural practices 57 3.3 Indigenous people and work: attitudes to work and value ttansformation 69 3.4 Cultural constraints in management theory 73 3.5 Culture, management and work-related values 78 3.6 Critiques of Hofstede' s contribution to the study of culture, management and work-related values 84 3.7 Hospitality applications of Hofstede's constract 88 3.8 Conclusion 91 Chapter Four Profile of the Study Regions 4.1 Introduction 94 IV 4.2 Regional overview - Gadudju national Park 95 4.3 Aborigines and tourism development in Gagudju 96 4.4 Gagudju Crocodile Hotel and Cooinda Lodge: An overview 101 4.5 The Emergence of Altemative Tourism Strategies for Gagudju National Park 104 4.6 Regional overview - The Torres Strait 106 4.7 Development sttategies and cultural differences in the Torres Strait region 112 4.8 Cape York Peninsula 113 4.9 An overview of the Northern Peninsula area 117 4.10 A brief history of Injinoo Aboriginal community 122 4.11 Pajinka Wilderness Lodge 128 4.12 Conclusion 132 Chapter Five Research Methodology and the Treatment of Data 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 The multi-method approach 135 5.3 The research design 136 5.4 Sampling and sources of data 139 5.5 Samples, instruments and data analysis 140 5.5 The value survey component 140 5.6 The qualitative surveys 145 5.7 The qualitative work questionnaire 146 5.8 The longitudinal survey 148 5.9 The marketing analysis 149 5.10 The hospitality operation audit and historical research 151 5.11 Ethics and confidentiality 152 Chapter Six Presentation and Discussion of Data on Tourism in Gagudju National Park 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Recent tourism developments in Gagudju 155 6.3 The Gagudju tourism joint ventures 158 6.4 Indigenous attitudes to tourism and tourists 161 6.5 Indigenous perceptions of joint ventures 167 Chapter Seven Presentation and discussion of the data 172 7.1 ftitroduction 172 7.2 Tourism and the Injinoo community 173 7.3 The social and organizational context of Injinoo Aboriginal Corporation 174 7.4 Management and the organizational context of Pajinka Wilderness Lodge 178 7.5 Analysis of Pajinka's markets and evaluation of the total service product 184 V 7.6 Reasons for staying at Pajinka 188 7.7 Length of stay at Pajinka 189 7.8 Guests'sources of information about Pq/m^ 189 7.9 Methods of guest reservation 190 7.10 Access and visitation details 190 7.11 Summary of demographic details 191 7.12 Relationships between Pajinka Wilderness Lodge and the lAC 1 191 7.13 Concluding remark 194 Chapter Eight Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research 195 8.1 Introduction 195 BibUography 198 VI List of Figures Figure 3.1 Cultural differences: National, occupational and organisational levels 91 Figure 4.1 The Torres Strait Region 106 Figure 4.2 The NPA 119 Figure 5.1 Main research focus 137 Figure 5.2 The research design 138 List of Graphs Graph 5.1 Annual demand by occupancy 1996 102 Graph 7.1 Pajinka Annual Room Occupancy (%) 1997 185 List of Tables Table 3.1 Rank Order of Cultural Goals 69 Table 4.1 Major Tourism Features in Gagudju, 1996 98 Table 4.2 Property Details 101 Table 4.3 Sources of Guest Origins 103 Table 4.4 Main Islands' tourism facilities 111 Table 4.5 Main types of tourism facilities. Cape York 117 Table 4.6 Tourism facilities in the NPA 121 Table 6.2 Visitor Numbers to Major Northem Territory Parks 156 Table 7.3 Pajinka's market mix, 1997 186 Table 7.4 Pajinka's major customer segments 187 Table 7.5 Key guest characteristics 191 vu Chapter One Researching Indigenous Australians in Tourism 1.1 Introduction According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism has become the world's largest industry and constitutes a major element in the process of globalisation. From the colonial tradition of the European 'Grand Tour', to the present post-colonial phenomenon of mass tourism, developments in travel infrastracture and communications have made it possible for the urbanised populations of the affluent nations to penettate all comers of the globe in their search for leisure, different envirormients, and ethnically exotic people with quaint customs (Hitchcock 1999, p. 17). Given its importance to the post-industrial world economy, tourism is increasingly promoted as a socio-economic activity with the capacity to facilitate the sustainable development of host communities. In their foreword to the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Tourism Industry Strategy, senior Australian cabinet ministers stated that: Indigenous tourism can contribute significantly to the Australian tourism industry while at the same time fostering economic independence and cultural preservation for many participating Indigenous communities. With growing intemational demand for Indigenous tourism experiences, and as custodians of some of the world's oldest living cultures, many opportunities are emerging for Aboriginal and Torres Sttait people to be involved in tourism. Within this context, much work needs to be done to assist Aboriginal and Torres Strait people to understand the demands of the tourism industry, to remove obstacles to their participation ... and ... to participate profitably in tourism, and to present their culture on their own terms. (ATSIC 1997, p. iii) Similarly, many industry leaders and Aboriginal interest groups increasingly regard Indigenous tourism as 'the next big thing' in Austtalian tourism and emphasise the symbiotic nature of the involvement. The Indigenous Tourism Leadership Group recently claimed that Aboriginal tourism had the potential to generate new products to meet the increased overseas demand and would simultaneously act as a vehicle for sustainable cultural and economic development of Indigenous tourism enterprises (2002).
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